Cpp1_3.html

<article>
    <h1>C++ I: Page 3 - Operators & Logic</h1>

    <section>
        <h2>Manipulating Data with Operators</h2>
        <p>C++ provides a rich set of operators for manipulating data, ranging from basic arithmetic to low-level bitwise operations. Understanding operator precedence is critical for complex expressions.</p>
        
        <h3>The Code implementation</h3>
        <pre><code class="language-cpp">/*
 * File: operators.cpp
 * Demonstration of various C++ operator categories
 */
#include &lt;iostream&gt;
#include &lt;bitset&gt;
#include &lt;string&gt;

using namespace std;

// Function to demonstrate precedence
void PrecedenceDemo() {
    int a = 2;
    int b = 3;
    int c = 4;
    
    // Parentheses explicitly force order
    int result1 = a + b * c;         // 2 + 12 = 14 (Multiplication first)
    int result2 = (a + b) * c;       // 5 * 4 = 20 (Addition first)
    
    cout << "Precedence 1: " << result1 << endl;
    cout << "Precedence 2: " << result2 << endl;
}

int main() {
    // 1. Arithmetic Operators
    int a = 10, b = 3;
    cout << "Arithmetic: " << a + b << ", " << a % b << endl;

    // 2. Relational Operators
    bool isEqual = (a == b);
    bool isGreater = (a > b);
    
    // 3. Logical Operators
    bool result = (isGreater && !isEqual); // AND and NOT

    // 4. Bitwise Operators
    int val1 = 5;  // 0101
    int val2 = 3;  // 0011
    int bitAnd = val1 & val2; // 0001
    int bitOr = val1 | val2;  // 0111
    int bitXor = val1 ^ val2; // 0110

    cout << "Bitwise AND: " << bitAnd << endl;
    
    // 5. Assignment Operators
    a += 5; // Equivalent to a = a + 5
    a *= 2;
    
    // 6. Unary Operators
    int x = 5;
    int y = ++x; // Prefix: Increment x, then assign to y (x=6, y=6)
    int z = x++; // Postfix: Assign x to z, then increment x (z=6, x=7)

    cout << "Prefix/Postfix: " << y << ", " << z << endl;

    // 7. Ternary Operator
    string status = (a > 10) ? "High" : "Low";

    // 8. Bitwise Shifts
    int shifted = val1 << 1; // Left shift: 5 * 2 = 10

    // 9. Precedence Demo
    PrecedenceDemo();

    return 0;
}

/*
 * Operator Precedence & Notes:
 * 1. Parentheses () have highest precedence.
 * 2. Logical AND (&&) higher than logical OR (||).
 * 3. Assignment (=, +=) has very low precedence.
 * 4. Always use parentheses when mixing bitwise and arithmetic operators.
 * 5. Bitwise shifts are useful for performance-critical low-level manipulation.
 * 6. Ternary operator can simplify basic conditional assignments.
 * 7. Unary increment/decrement (x++, ++x) behavior depends on position.
 * 8. Precedence rules should not be relied upon if they make the code unclear; 
 *    use extra parentheses to clarify intent.
 */
        </code></pre>
        <div class="interactive-sim">
            <h3>Operator Simulator</h3>
            <button class="sim-button" onclick="
                const out = document.getElementById('sim-output-cpp1_3');
                out.innerHTML = 'x = 10; y = 3;<br>';
                setTimeout(() => out.innerHTML += '>> x % y is ' + (10 % 3), 800);
            ">Run Simulation</button>
            <div id="sim-output-cpp1_3" class="sim-output"></div>
        </div>
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