diff --git a/python/pyarrow/table.pxi b/python/pyarrow/table.pxi
index 1abe4235c41..b712dce6c39 100644
--- a/python/pyarrow/table.pxi
+++ b/python/pyarrow/table.pxi
@@ -6292,6 +6292,8 @@ def concat_tables(tables, MemoryPool memory_pool=None, str promote_options="none
     promote_options : str, default none
         Accepts strings "none", "default" and "permissive".
     **kwargs : dict, optional
+        Additional arguments. The deprecated ``promote`` argument is accepted
+        for backward compatibility.
 
     Examples
     --------
@@ -6321,6 +6323,12 @@ def concat_tables(tables, MemoryPool memory_pool=None, str promote_options="none
         CConcatenateTablesOptions options = (
             CConcatenateTablesOptions.Defaults())
 
+    unexpected_kwargs = [key for key in kwargs if key != "promote"]
+    if unexpected_kwargs:
+        raise TypeError(
+            f"concat_tables() got an unexpected keyword argument "
+            f"'{unexpected_kwargs[0]}'")
+
     if "promote" in kwargs:
         warnings.warn(
             "promote has been superseded by promote_options='default'.",
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/tests/test_table.py b/python/pyarrow/tests/test_table.py
index bf6e5773ddf..f4d219ef5a9 100644
--- a/python/pyarrow/tests/test_table.py
+++ b/python/pyarrow/tests/test_table.py
@@ -2013,6 +2013,15 @@ def test_concat_tables_invalid_option():
         pa.concat_tables([t, t], promote_options="invalid")
 
 
+def test_concat_tables_rejects_unknown_keyword_arguments():
+    t = pa.Table.from_arrays([list(range(10))], names=('a',))
+
+    with pytest.raises(
+            TypeError,
+            match="unexpected keyword argument 'totally_bogus_kwarg'"):
+        pa.concat_tables([t, t], totally_bogus_kwarg=True)
+
+
 def test_concat_tables_none_table():
     # ARROW-11997
     with pytest.raises(AttributeError):