diff --git a/data/country_tiers.csv b/data/country_tiers.csv index ad10ae92..b5d61b41 100644 --- a/data/country_tiers.csv +++ b/data/country_tiers.csv @@ -1,149 +1,149 @@ -iso3,tier,io_source -AUS,2,FIGARO -AUT,2,FIGARO -BEL,2,FIGARO -CAN,2,FIGARO -CHL,2,ICIO -COL,2,ICIO -CRI,2,ICIO -CZE,2,FIGARO -DNK,2,FIGARO -EST,2,FIGARO -FIN,2,FIGARO -FRA,2,FIGARO -DEU,2,FIGARO -GRC,2,FIGARO -HUN,2,FIGARO -ISL,2,ICIO -IRL,2,FIGARO -ISR,2,ICIO -ITA,2,FIGARO -JPN,1,National statistical agency -KOR,1,National statistical agency -LVA,2,FIGARO -LTU,2,FIGARO -LUX,2,FIGARO -MEX,2,FIGARO -NLD,2,FIGARO -NZL,2,ICIO -NOR,2,FIGARO -POL,2,FIGARO -PRT,2,FIGARO -SVK,2,FIGARO -SVN,2,FIGARO -ESP,2,FIGARO -SWE,2,FIGARO -CHE,2,FIGARO -TUR,2,FIGARO -GBR,1,National statistical agency -USA,0,Cornerstone nowcast -ARG,2,FIGARO -BRA,2,FIGARO -BGR,2,FIGARO -KHM,2,ICIO -CHN,1,National statistical agency -HRV,2,FIGARO -CYP,2,FIGARO -IND,2,FIGARO -IDN,2,FIGARO -HKG,2,ICIO -KAZ,2,ICIO -LAO,2,ICIO -MYS,2,ICIO -MLT,2,FIGARO -MAR,2,ICIO -MMR,2,ICIO -PER,2,ICIO -PHL,2,ICIO -ROU,2,FIGARO -RUS,2,FIGARO -SAU,2,FIGARO -SGP,2,ICIO -ZAF,2,FIGARO -TWN,2,ICIO -THA,2,ICIO -TUN,2,ICIO -VNM,2,ICIO -AFG,3,Template -AGO,3,Template -ALB,3,Template -ARE,3,Template -ATG,3,Template -BDI,3,Template -BEN,3,Template -BFA,3,Template -BGD,3,Template -BHR,3,Template -BHS,3,Template -BLZ,3,Template -BOL,3,Template -BRB,3,Template -BTN,3,Template -CAF,3,Template -CIV,3,Template -CMR,3,Template -COG,3,Template -DMA,3,Template -DOM,3,Template -DZA,3,Template -ECU,3,Template -EGY,3,Template -ETH,3,Template -FJI,3,Template -GAB,3,Template -GIN,3,Template -GMB,3,Template -GNB,3,Template -GNQ,3,Template -GRD,3,Template -GTM,3,Template -HND,3,Template -HTI,3,Template -IRN,3,Template -IRQ,3,Template -JAM,3,Template -JOR,3,Template -KEN,3,Template -KIR,3,Template -KNA,3,Template -KWT,3,Template -LBN,3,Template -LCA,3,Template -LKA,3,Template -LSO,3,Template -MDA,3,Template -MDV,3,Template -MKD,3,Template -MLI,3,Template -MNG,3,Template -MUS,3,Template -MWI,3,Template -NAM,3,Template -NER,3,Template -NGA,3,Template -NIC,3,Template -NPL,3,Template -NRU,3,Template -OMN,3,Template -PAK,3,Template -PNG,3,Template -PRY,3,Template -QAT,3,Template -RWA,3,Template -SEN,3,Template -SLB,3,Template -SLE,3,Template -SLV,3,Template -SWZ,3,Template -SYC,3,Template -TCD,3,Template -TGO,3,Template -TLS,3,Template -TTO,3,Template -TZA,3,Template -UGA,3,Template -UKR,3,Template -URY,3,Template -VCT,3,Template -VUT,3,Template -WSM,3,Template +iso3,country,tier,io_source,io_year,ghg_source,ghg_year +AFG,Afghanistan,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +ALB,Albania,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +DZA,Algeria,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +AGO,Angola,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +ATG,Antigua and Barbuda,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +ARG,Argentina,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections",2023 +AUS,Australia,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections",2023 +AUT,Austria,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +BHS,Bahamas,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +BHR,Bahrain,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +BGD,Bangladesh,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +BRB,Barbados,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +BEL,Belgium,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +BLZ,Belize,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +BEN,Benin,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +BTN,Bhutan,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +BOL,Bolivia,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +BRA,Brazil,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections",2023 +BGR,Bulgaria,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +BFA,Burkina Faso,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +BDI,Burundi,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +KHM,Cambodia,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +CMR,Cameroon,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +CAN,Canada,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections",2023 +CAF,Central African Republic,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +TCD,Chad,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +CHL,Chile,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +CHN,China,1,China National Bureau of Statistics IO table,2023,"Built from OWID, CEDS, national energy statistics, and China's BTR1",2023 +COL,Colombia,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +COG,Congo,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +CRI,Costa Rica,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +CIV,Côte d'Ivoire,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +HRV,Croatia,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +CYP,Cyprus,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +CZE,Czechia,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +DNK,Denmark,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +DMA,Dominica,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +DOM,Dominican Republic,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +ECU,Ecuador,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +EGY,Egypt,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +SLV,El Salvador,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +GNQ,Equatorial Guinea,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +EST,Estonia,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +SWZ,Eswatini,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +ETH,Ethiopia,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +FJI,Fiji,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +FIN,Finland,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +FRA,France,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +GAB,Gabon,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +GMB,Gambia,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +DEU,Germany,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +GRC,Greece,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +GRD,Grenada,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +GTM,Guatemala,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +GIN,Guinea,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +GNB,Guinea-Bissau,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +HTI,Haiti,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +HND,Honduras,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +HKG,Hong Kong,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +HUN,Hungary,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +ISL,Iceland,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +IND,India,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections",2023 +IDN,Indonesia,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections",2023 +IRN,Iran,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +IRQ,Iraq,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +IRL,Ireland,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +ISR,Israel,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +ITA,Italy,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +JAM,Jamaica,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +JPN,Japan,1,Input-Output Tables for Japan,2020,Environmental data published with the Japan IO tables,2020 +JOR,Jordan,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +KAZ,Kazakhstan,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +KEN,Kenya,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +KIR,Kiribati,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +KWT,Kuwait,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +LAO,Laos,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +LVA,Latvia,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +LBN,Lebanon,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +LSO,Lesotho,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +LTU,Lithuania,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +LUX,Luxembourg,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +MWI,Malawi,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +MYS,Malaysia,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +MDV,Maldives,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +MLI,Mali,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +MLT,Malta,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +MUS,Mauritius,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +MEX,Mexico,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections",2023 +MDA,Moldova,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +MNG,Mongolia,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +MAR,Morocco,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +MMR,Myanmar,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +NAM,Namibia,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +NRU,Nauru,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +NPL,Nepal,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +NLD,Netherlands,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +NZL,New Zealand,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +NIC,Nicaragua,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +NER,Niger,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +NGA,Nigeria,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +MKD,North Macedonia,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +NOR,Norway,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +OMN,Oman,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +PAK,Pakistan,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +PNG,Papua New Guinea,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +PRY,Paraguay,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +PER,Peru,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +PHL,Philippines,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +POL,Poland,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +PRT,Portugal,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +QAT,Qatar,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +ROU,Romania,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +RUS,Russia,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections",2023 +RWA,Rwanda,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +KNA,Saint Kitts and Nevis,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +LCA,Saint Lucia,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +VCT,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +WSM,Samoa,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +SAU,Saudi Arabia,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections",2023 +SEN,Senegal,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +SYC,Seychelles,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +SLE,Sierra Leone,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +SGP,Singapore,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +SVK,Slovakia,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +SVN,Slovenia,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +SLB,Solomon Islands,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +ZAF,South Africa,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections",2023 +KOR,South Korea,1,Bank of Korea IO tables,2018,GHG data published with the Bank of Korea IO tables,2018 +ESP,Spain,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +LKA,Sri Lanka,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +SWE,Sweden,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +CHE,Switzerland,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +TWN,Taiwan,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +TZA,Tanzania,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +THA,Thailand,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +TLS,Timor-Leste,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +TGO,Togo,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +TTO,Trinidad and Tobago,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +TUN,Tunisia,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 +TUR,Türkiye,2,"FIGARO, 2026 edition",2023,"FIGARO, from air emissions accounts",2023 +UGA,Uganda,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +UKR,Ukraine,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +ARE,United Arab Emirates,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +GBR,United Kingdom,1,ONS IO Analytical Tables,2023,ONS atmospheric emissions accounts,2023 +USA,United States,0,Cornerstone nowcast Make and Use tables,2024,U.S. GHG inventory with facility data,2024 +URY,Uruguay,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +VUT,Vanuatu,3,Tier 3 IO template,2020,"Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total",2018 +VNM,Viet Nam,2,"ICIO, 2025 edition",2020,"OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition",2020 diff --git a/ee/country-tiers.md b/ee/country-tiers.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f815ecf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/ee/country-tiers.md @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ +--- +title: "GHG data by country tier" +--- + +:::{tip} Summary +The emissions data for each country follow its {term}`tier `: a detailed facility- and inventory-based model for the U.S., national sources for the four Tier 1 countries, the FIGARO or ICIO emissions data for Tier 2, and a scaled template for Tier 3. Within Tier 2, the detail available differs by source. +::: + +:::{note} Draft +:class: dropdown +**Key visuals to add:** world map colored by GHG data source; timeline of emissions data years. +::: + +## What each tier starts from + +| {term}`Country tier` | Countries | Emissions source | Data year | Gas detail | +|---|---|---|---|---| +| Tier 0 | United States | National GHG inventory, placed on industries with facility, energy, and economic data | 2024 | All 7 gases | +| Tier 1 | China, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom | National sources for each country | 2018–2023 | All 7 gases, with gaps filled for South Korea | +| Tier 2, FIGARO | 40 countries | FIGARO emissions data from Eurostat | 2023 | 6 gas groups | +| Tier 2, ICIO | 20 countries | OECD emissions data matched to the ICIO tables | 2020 | Total CO₂e only | +| Tier 3 | 83 countries | A template scaled to each country's fossil CO₂ per unit of GDP from {term}`EDGAR` | 2018 | CO₂, with other gases from U.S. ratios | +| Rest of world | | Pooled from four Tier 2 countries | 2020–2023 | As for those countries | + +## Tier 0: The U.S. GHG model + +The U.S. has the most detailed emissions data, and its model is built on all 405 common sectors. + +**National totals.** The U.S. greenhouse gas inventory sets the national totals for 2024, by emitting activity and gas. These come from the University of Maryland's GHG inventory analysis [@desaiGreenhouseGasInventory2026], which follows the tables of EPA's *Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks*, with detail from EPA's inventory for 2023 where it is needed (for example, agricultural soils and fluorinated gases) [@epaInventoryUSGreenhouse2025]. The inventory is on a {term}`territorial basis `. + +**Placing the totals on industries.** The inventory names an industry for some emissions and not others, so each emitting activity is placed on industries by one of these routes: + +- **Directly.** Where the inventory names the industry, as for most process and fugitive emissions (petroleum and natural gas systems, cement, and other industrial processes), the emissions go to that industry. +- **Facility reports.** Most fuel burned at industrial plants is placed using what the plants themselves report: emissions reported to EPA's {term}`GHGRP` [@epaGreenhouseGasReporting2026], and to the National Emissions Inventory [@epaNationalEmissionsInventory2025], matched to one record per site. Power plants come from eGRID for 2024 [@cornerstoneEGRID20242026]. For manufacturing natural gas, coal, and petroleum fuels, each industry's share comes from facility reports where they cover at least 80% of the industry's combustion, and from the Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (2022) where they don't [@eiaManufacturingEnergyConsumption2025]. +- **Physical fuel use.** Fuel burned in vehicles and equipment is placed on the industries that use it, based on fuel volumes. Highway fuel is split by vehicle owner using Federal Highway Administration data for 2024 [@fhwaHighwayStatistics2025], with federal fleets from GSA's Federal Fleet Report [@gsaFederalFleetReport2025] and private trucks by business type from the Census Bureau's Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (2021) [@censusVehicleInventoryUse2023]. Industrial diesel is split across agriculture, construction, mining, and manufacturing from fuel sales and survey data [@eiaFuelOilKerosene2022; @eiaManufacturingEnergyConsumption2025]. +- **Purchases.** The remaining emissions are allocated to the industries that buy the relevant fuel or product, in proportion to their purchases in the U.S. Use table. + +**Households.** Emissions the inventory places in homes and personal vehicles go to households and are not in `B` (see [](index.md)). + +## Tier 1: National sources + +Each Tier 1 country's emissions come from its own national data. + +| Country | Source | Data year | Sectors | +|---|---|---|---| +| China | Built from several sources (see below) | 2023 | 211, matching the IO table | +| Japan | NIES 3EID dataset [@nansai3EID2020IOT2025] | 2020 | Matching the IO table | +| South Korea | GHG data published with the Bank of Korea input-output tables [@bokUpdatedInputOutput2020] | 2018 | Matching the IO table | +| United Kingdom | ONS atmospheric emissions accounts [@onsAtmosphericEmissionsGreenhouse2026] | 2023 | By industry | + +China's data are on a territorial basis, and the UK's on a residence basis. Japan's 3EID data are built on the same 2020 IO table and reconciled to Japan's national GHG inventory. + +**China** has no published emissions table matching its IO table, so we build one: + +- CO₂ from fossil fuels and cement sets the totals, from Our World in Data [@ritchieCO2GreenhouseGas2023], and is placed on sectors by each sector's physical fuel use from China's national energy statistics. +- Power-sector CO₂ is set to match China's official 2023 grid emission factor [@meeAnnouncementRelease2025]. +- CH₄ and N₂O come from the Community Emissions Data System ({term}`CEDS`) [@hoeslyCEDSAggregate2025; @hoeslyHistorical17502014Anthropogenic2018], and farm CH₄ and N₂O from China's first Biennial Transparency Report [@chinaFirstBiennialTransparency2024]. +- Fluorinated gases come from China's first Biennial Transparency Report, brought forward to 2023 with {term}`EDGAR` trends [@crippaGHGEmissionsAll2025]. + +Household fuel use is not separated in China's national totals, so its CO₂ is spread over the industries rather than left out. + +**South Korea's** source covers six gases. The missing gas (NF₃) is estimated from the sector's CO₂ using the U.S. ratio. + +Each country's emissions are then mapped to the common sectors with {term}`structural reflection `, the same as its IO table. Each national total is kept. + +## Tier 2: FIGARO and ICIO emissions data + +Tier 2 countries take their emissions from the same source as their IO table, so emissions and output line up sector by sector. The two sources differ a lot in detail. + +| | FIGARO | ICIO | +|---|---|---| +| Publisher | Eurostat [@eurostatGreenhouseGasEmission2026] | OECD [@oecdGreenhouseGasFootprints2025; @yamanoCO2EmissionsEmbodied2020] | +| Version | 2025 FIGARO tables | 2025 | +| Data year | 2023 | 2020 | +| Sectors | 64 industries (NACE Rev. 2) | 50 industries (ISIC Rev. 4) | +| Gases | CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆ with NF₃ | Total CO₂e only | +| GWPs in source | AR5 | AR5 | +| Basis | Residence | Residence | + +### FIGARO countries + +FIGARO emissions come from two kinds of underlying data: + +- **Air emissions accounts (30 countries).** The 27 EU member states report emissions by industry in their air emissions accounts [@eurostatAirEmissionsAccounts2026]. For Norway, Switzerland, and Türkiye, Eurostat fills in the industry split. +- **EDGAR estimates (10 countries).** For Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa, Eurostat estimates emissions by industry from {term}`EDGAR` [@crippaGHGEmissionsAll2025; @schaafEmissionsDatabaseGlobal2025]. EDGAR groups some activities together, so we correct the split. Within mining, refining, and the power and gas utilities, CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O are re-split using {term}`CEDS` shares [@hoeslyCEDSAggregate2025], holding the combined total fixed. Shares for steel, chemicals, and non-metallic minerals are also reset to CEDS, and process CO₂ is kept off trade and service industries. + +For both groups, FIGARO's industries are first converted to products using FIGARO's supply table, to match the product-by-product IO table. The same broad sectors split in the IO table are split here too: + +- Electricity, gas, and heat are separated using Eurostat energy balances [@eurostatCompleteEnergyBalances2026] and CEDS gas distribution methane. +- Agriculture is split into farm sectors using FAOSTAT CH₄ and N₂O [@faoFAOSTATEmissionsTotals2025] and Eurostat agricultural accounts [@eurostatEconomicAccountsAgriculture2026]. +- Mining, non-metallic minerals, and basic metals are split as in the IO table. + +The emissions are built on the 2025 FIGARO tables, while the FIGARO IO tables are the 2026 edition. Only each country's direct emissions by industry are used, so the difference matters mainly for non-EU countries, where Eurostat estimates the emissions. + +The products are then mapped to the common sectors with {term}`ABSR`. The last gas group, SF₆ with NF₃, is split using the U.S. share of SF₆ in each sector. + +### ICIO countries + +The OECD data give one CO₂e total for each of the 50 industries, with no split by gas. Farming is split out first, using FAOSTAT CH₄ and N₂O [@faoFAOSTATEmissionsTotals2025], before the totals are mapped to the common sectors with ABSR. The split by gas comes entirely from the U.S. mix for each sector. Electricity is mapped as one sector, with no separate split for gas and heat. + +## Tier 3: Template emissions + +Tier 3 countries have no emissions data matched to an IO table. Their direct emission intensities start from the same template as their input recipe, a blend of Mexico (30%), Malaysia (30%), and Tunisia (40%). The template uses those countries' CO₂ emissions by industry for 2018, from the OECD's 2021 edition of CO₂ emissions embodied in international trade [@oecdCarbonDioxideEmissions2021]. Other gases are added using the U.S. ratio of total CO₂e to CO₂ in each sector. + +Each country then adjusts the template two ways: + +- **Overall level.** All intensities are scaled by the country's fossil CO₂ per unit of GDP relative to the template's. Fossil CO₂ is from EDGAR (version 6.0) for 2018 [@crippaGHGEmissionsAll2021; @monfortiferrarioEDGARV60Greenhouse2021], and GDP from the IMF World Economic Outlook (October 2021) [@imfWorldEconomicOutlook2021]. +- **Electricity.** The electricity sector uses the country's own power-sector CO₂ from EDGAR for 2018, divided by the value of its electricity output: 2018 generation from the U.S. Energy Information Administration [@eiaInternationalEnergyStatistics2026] times an average electricity price from the World Bank. + +## Rest of world + +The rest-of-world region's direct emission intensities are the output-weighted average of four Tier 2 countries: Colombia and Chile (from ICIO) and Mexico and Türkiye (from FIGARO). See [](../io/index.md) for how the region is used. + +(ghg-data-years)= +## Data years + +Emissions data are published on different schedules, and the model uses the most recent for each country. + +| Tier | Countries | Emissions data year | +|---|---|---| +| Tier 0 | United States | 2024 | +| Tier 1 | China, United Kingdom | 2023 | +| Tier 1 | Japan | 2020 | +| Tier 1 | South Korea | 2018 | +| Tier 2 | FIGARO countries | 2023 | +| Tier 2 | ICIO countries | 2020 | +| Tier 3 | 83 countries | 2018 | +| Rest of world | | 2020–2023, from its four countries | + +Emissions stay at their data year. For the data year of each country's IO table, see [](../reference/methods-by-country.md). + +:::{important} Key assumptions +:class: dropdown +**Data-year emissions describe current production** + +- **Assumption:** Each country's emissions from its data year still describe 2024 production. +- **Why we make it:** Emissions data by sector, matched to each source's IO sectors, are published with a lag, in some cases of several years. +- **How it affects results:** Where emissions per unit of output have fallen since the data year, for example as electricity grids get cleaner, factors may be too high. The gap is largest for South Korea and Tier 3 countries (2018) and for Japan and ICIO countries (2020). + +**ICIO countries take the U.S. gas mix** + +- **Assumption:** For ICIO countries, the split of each sector's CO₂e total into gases follows the U.S. mix for that sector. +- **Why we make it:** The OECD data give only total CO₂e by industry. +- **How it affects results:** Total CO₂e for each sector is unchanged, but results by gas are less reliable. Where a country's methane or fluorinated-gas share differs from the U.S., for example in rice farming, gas-level results could be off. + +**EDGAR-based FIGARO countries are re-split with CEDS** + +- **Assumption:** For the 10 FIGARO countries whose emissions Eurostat estimates from EDGAR, CEDS gives a better split between mining, refining, and power and gas utilities. +- **Why we make it:** EDGAR merges some activities that CEDS keeps separate, such as public power plants and on-site generation, and refining and extraction. +- **How it affects results:** The split between these industries changes, but the country's total for the group is unchanged. + +**Tier 3 countries share one template** + +- **Assumption:** Tier 3 countries share one pattern of direct emission intensities. They differ only in their overall level, set by fossil CO₂ per unit of GDP, and in their electricity intensity. +- **Why we make it:** These countries have no emissions data by sector. +- **How it affects results:** Differences between Tier 3 countries in which sectors emit the most are not captured, and non-CO₂ gases are scaled with fossil CO₂. Factors for these countries carry more uncertainty than those for Tiers 0 to 2. +::: + +:::{seealso} Checks we run +- Each country's total emissions are kept through splitting and allocation. +- **U.S. facility floor and ceiling.** After the U.S. emissions are allocated, every industry's emissions are held at or above what its own facilities report to the {term}`GHGRP`, and industries whose facilities cover nearly all their combustion are held at or below it. U.S. national totals for each activity and gas are unchanged. + +See [Validation](#validation-hub). +::: + ++++ + +:::{div} +:class: page-status +Applies to: RC · Last reviewed: RC +::: diff --git a/ee/data-sources.md b/ee/data-sources.md deleted file mode 100644 index edbd646b..00000000 --- a/ee/data-sources.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: "Data sources by tier" ---- - -:::{tip} Summary -*To be written.* -::: - -:::{note} Draft placeholder -:class: dropdown -Plan §3.3.2 · target: **RC (Oct 27)** - - -**Planned content** - -- One table per tier with source, coverage, gases, and vintage - -**Key visuals** - -- 🖼 World map colored by GHG data source -- 🖼 Timeline of data vintages -::: - -:::{important} Key assumptions -:class: dropdown -*Assumptions specific to this step, using the assumption card: Assumption · Why we make it · -How it affects results · Alternatives or sensitivity tested.* -::: - -:::{seealso} Checks we run -*The validation behind this part of the model. See [Validation](#validation-hub).* -::: - -## Learn more - -- **From the field:** *to be added* -- **Cornerstone papers:** *to be added* -- **Code:** *to be added* - -+++ - -:::{div} -:class: page-status -Applies to: RC · Last reviewed: RC -::: diff --git a/ee/index.md b/ee/index.md index 2369b026..318c2e1e 100644 --- a/ee/index.md +++ b/ee/index.md @@ -3,38 +3,90 @@ title: "The GHG extension: overview" --- :::{tip} Summary -*To be written.* +The GHG extension attaches each sector's own greenhouse gas emissions to the IO model, as emissions of each gas per dollar of output (`B`). Every country follows the same steps, but the emissions data behind them, and how much detail they carry, depend on the country's tier. ::: -:::{note} Draft placeholder -:class: dropdown -Plan §3.3.1 · target: **RC (Oct 27)** +:::{figure} ../figures/diagrams/ghg-pipeline.svg +:label: fig-ghg-pipeline +:alt: Seven boxes in a row joined by arrows: 1, source emissions by source sector; 2, split broad sectors; 3, allocate to the 405 common sectors; 4, fill in gas detail where needed, drawn dashed, with a note that it is not needed for the U.S., China, Japan, or the UK; 5, convert to AR6; 6, divide by output, first industry output x and then per commodity output q. The result is B, kilograms of each gas per dollar. A bracket under steps 2 to 4 notes that each country's source totals are kept through them. +From source emissions to direct emission intensities (`B`). Every country follows the same steps; step 4 is needed only where a source does not separate every gas. +::: +## What the extension adds -**Planned content** +The IO model traces the dollars that flow through supply chains. The GHG extension adds what each sector emits while making its output. For each country and sector it records: -- Gases (CO₂, CH₄ fossil and non-fossil, N₂O, F-gases), AR6 GWPs (100-year), units +- **Emissions** (`E`): kilograms of each gas emitted by the sector in a year. +- **Direct emission intensities** (`B`): those emissions divided by output, so kilograms of each gas per dollar of output. -**Key visuals** +`B` holds direct emissions only: what the sector emits from its own fuel use, processes, and other activities. Emissions from the sector's suppliers come in through the supply chain ([`L`](../io/index.md#total-requirements)), not through `B`. For example, the emissions from generating electricity stay with the power sector, and other sectors' purchased electricity reaches them through `L`. -- 🖼 Pipeline: emissions data → sector assignment → `B` -::: +Characterization factors (`C`) then weight each gas by its global warming potential, which gives the direct emission factors `D = C × B` (see [](../reference/notation.md)). + +## Gases and global warming potentials + +`B` has a row for each of seven gases or gas groups: carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃). + +They are combined into CO₂-equivalent with 100-year {term}`GWPs ` from the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) [@forsterEarthsEnergyBudget2021]. Methane is valued two ways: fossil methane, from fuel production and use, at 29.8, and non-fossil methane, from farming and waste, at 27.0. Fossil methane is valued higher because, once it breaks down, it leaves CO₂ that was not already in the atmosphere. + +Several sources report emissions as CO₂-equivalent using older GWPs from the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) [@myhreAnthropogenicNaturalRadiative2013]. These are converted to AR6, gas by gas. + +## What is and isn't counted + +`B` covers emissions from producing goods and services. Some emissions in national inventories do not come from a producing sector, and they are left out: + +- **Household direct emissions.** Fuel burned in homes and in personal vehicles is emitted by households, not by an industry, so it is not in `B`. +- **Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF).** National inventories, following IPCC guidelines [@egglestonIPCCGuidelinesNational2006], report farming and LULUCF as separate sectors. Farming emissions are counted, in the farm sectors: methane from livestock and rice, N₂O from agricultural soils, CO₂ from liming and urea, and methane and N₂O from burning crop residues in the field. The LULUCF sector is not counted. This leaves out changes in the carbon stored in forests, soils, and other land, including CO₂ removed from the atmosphere, along with emissions from flooded lands and from forest and grassland fires. + +## Accounting basis + +Emissions data are compiled on one of two bases, and the model uses each source as published: + +- **{term}`Territorial basis`:** emissions that occur within the country's borders. National GHG inventories use this basis, and so do the U.S. and China data. +- **{term}`Residence basis`:** emissions by the country's resident businesses, wherever they occur. Air emissions accounts use this basis, as do the {term}`FIGARO` and {term}`ICIO` emissions data. Emissions from a country's airlines and shipping companies abroad are counted for that country. + +The residence basis matches how IO tables define a country's economy, so it suits an IO model. The two bases differ most for countries with large international transport fleets or many visitors. See [](country-tiers.md) for the basis of each source. + +## From source emissions to `B` + +Every country's emissions go through the same steps: + +1. **Start from source emissions by source sector.** Each source reports emissions on its own sector list, which can be anything from hundreds of activities (the U.S. inventory) to 50 industries (ICIO). +2. **Split broad sectors where better data exist.** Some sources lump together sectors with very different emissions, such as electricity, gas, and heat, or all of farming. Where other data can separate them, the broad sector is split first, keeping its total. +3. **Allocate to the common sectors.** For the U.S., each inventory activity is allocated to the industries that emit it. For other countries, each source sector's emissions are allocated to the matching common sectors with {term}`ABSR`, weighted by U.S. emission intensities. The country's total for each source sector is kept. +4. **Fill in missing gas detail.** Where a source does not separate every gas, the missing split is taken from the U.S. mix for the same sector. This is not needed for the U.S., China, Japan, or the UK, whose sources cover all seven gases. +5. **Convert to AR6** where the source used other GWPs. +6. **Divide by output.** Each industry's emissions are divided by its output (`x`), then converted to commodities using market shares (who makes each commodity), giving `B` per dollar of commodity output (`q`). Emissions data years differ by country; see [](country-tiers.md#ghg-data-years). + +[](country-tiers.md) gives the sources and how each step is done for each tier. :::{important} Key assumptions :class: dropdown -*Assumptions specific to this step, using the assumption card: Assumption · Why we make it · -How it affects results · Alternatives or sensitivity tested.* -::: +**U.S. intensities shape detail within each source sector** -:::{seealso} Checks we run -*The validation behind this part of the model. See [Validation](#validation-hub).* +- **Assumption:** Within each source sector, a country's emissions are allocated to the common sectors in proportion to U.S. emission intensities. +- **Why we make it:** Outside the U.S., emissions data come on far fewer sectors than the 405 common sectors, and the U.S. data are the most detailed available. +- **How it affects results:** Each country's total for each source sector is correct, but its split between detailed sectors follows the U.S. pattern. Where a country's mix of processes differs from the U.S. (for example, a different steelmaking route), detailed sectors within the same source sector could be too high or too low. + +**Household emissions are excluded** + +- **Assumption:** Direct emissions from homes and personal vehicles are not assigned to any sector. +- **Why we make it:** They are not emitted in producing goods or services, so they do not belong in emission factors for purchases. +- **How it affects results:** Totals in `B` are lower than national inventory totals. Emissions from fuel *production* for household use, such as refining, are still counted, in the producing sectors. + +**Mixed accounting basis** + +- **Assumption:** Each source is used on its published basis, territorial or residence. +- **Why we make it:** Converting between bases needs data on emissions by residents abroad and non-residents at home, which are not consistently available. +- **How it affects results:** Transport emissions in particular may be counted differently for territorial-basis countries (the U.S. and China) than for the others. ::: -## Learn more +:::{seealso} Checks we run +- Splitting and allocation keep each country's source totals, so its total emissions in the model match its source data. +- U.S. totals by gas match the national inventory. -- **From the field:** *to be added* -- **Cornerstone papers:** *to be added* -- **Code:** *to be added* +See [Validation](#validation-hub). +::: +++ diff --git a/factors/year-and-currency.md b/factors/year-and-currency.md index 0ee194d6..3b845315 100644 --- a/factors/year-and-currency.md +++ b/factors/year-and-currency.md @@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ Plan §3.4.4 · target: **RC (Oct 27)** **Planned content** - Pick the file for your spend year (RC dollar years to confirm) +- How the 2024, 2025, and 2026 factors are made from the same data: price indices used, and the exception for Tier 3 countries, whose direct intensities are not re-priced from 2018 dollars - Spend in another year: sector-specific price indices vs. general CPI - Spend in another currency: market exchange rate for the year of spend, then the factor for that year - Reporting across years and recalculating when a new release comes out diff --git a/figures/diagrams/ghg-pipeline.svg b/figures/diagrams/ghg-pipeline.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..154036f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/figures/diagrams/ghg-pipeline.svg @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + Source + emissions + by source sector + + + + 2 + Split broad + sectors + + + + 3 + Allocate to + 405 sectors + + + + 4 + Fill in + gas detail + where needed + + + + 5 + Convert + to AR6 + + + + 6 + Divide by + output + x, then per q + + + + B + kg gas per $ + + + + + + + + + + + Not needed for the U.S., + China, Japan, or the UK + + + + Each country's source totals are kept through steps 2 to 4 + diff --git a/figures/figures.csv b/figures/figures.csv index dd8bf7f0..500ca58c 100644 --- a/figures/figures.csv +++ b/figures/figures.csv @@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ io-domestic-imported,io/index.md,diagram (SVG),hand-made,,,draft io-tables-to-a,io/index.md,diagram (SVG),hand-made,,,draft io-mrio-blocks,io/index.md,diagram (SVG),hand-made (after CEDA team slide 19),,,draft country-tiers-map,io/country-tiers.md,map (SVG),data/country_tiers.csv + Natural Earth 1:50m admin-0,figures/scripts/tier_map.py,,draft +ghg-pipeline,ee/index.md,diagram (SVG),hand-made,,,draft diff --git a/figures/scripts/methods_by_country.py b/figures/scripts/methods_by_country.py new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4c23b1d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/figures/scripts/methods_by_country.py @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +"""Write the country table in reference/methods-by-country.md from data/country_tiers.csv. + +Usage: + python figures/scripts/methods_by_country.py + +The table is written between the BEGIN and END markers in the page; everything +else on the page is left as it is. Rows keep the CSV's order (by country name). +""" + +from __future__ import annotations + +import csv +import os + +ROOT = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))) +TIERS_CSV = os.path.join(ROOT, "data", "country_tiers.csv") +PAGE = os.path.join(ROOT, "reference", "methods-by-country.md") +BEGIN = "" +END = "" + +HEADER = ( + "| Country | ISO3 | Tier | IO table | IO data year | GHG data | GHG data year |\n" + "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n" +) + + +def build_table() -> str: + with open(TIERS_CSV, encoding="utf-8", newline="") as f: + rows = list(csv.DictReader(f)) + lines = [ + f"| {r['country']} | {r['iso3']} | {r['tier']} | {r['io_source']} " + f"| {r['io_year']} | {r['ghg_source']} | {r['ghg_year']} |" + for r in rows + ] + return HEADER + "\n".join(lines) + "\n" + + +def main() -> None: + with open(PAGE, encoding="utf-8") as f: + page = f.read() + start = page.index(BEGIN) + len(BEGIN) + stop = page.index(END) + page = page[:start] + "\n\n" + build_table() + "\n" + page[stop:] + with open(PAGE, "w", encoding="utf-8", newline="\n") as f: + f.write(page) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + main() diff --git a/io/country-tiers.md b/io/country-tiers.md index a3d378d6..cfebce55 100644 --- a/io/country-tiers.md +++ b/io/country-tiers.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ --- -title: "Country tiers" +title: "IO sources by country tier" --- :::{tip} Summary diff --git a/myst.yml b/myst.yml index 1b9a0469..8e9f796e 100644 --- a/myst.yml +++ b/myst.yml @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ project: - title: The GHG extension children: - file: ee/index.md - - file: ee/data-sources.md + - file: ee/country-tiers.md - title: Emission factors children: - file: factors/whats-in-a-release.md diff --git a/reference/glossary.md b/reference/glossary.md index b15ccca3..30bd2ec1 100644 --- a/reference/glossary.md +++ b/reference/glossary.md @@ -17,15 +17,24 @@ Basic price BACI : The CEPII database of bilateral international trade by product, used to split each country's imports by country of origin. +CEDS +: Community Emissions Data System. A global inventory of emissions by country and detailed activity, used to refine the split of emissions between energy industries and for China's CH₄ and N₂O. + Country tier : A group of countries modeled with the same level of detail and the same kinds of data sources: Tier 0, detailed annual IO tables (the United States); Tier 1, detailed periodic national IO tables; Tier 2, coarse multi-regional tables from FIGARO or ICIO; and Tier 3, no IO tables (a template built from other countries). +EDGAR +: Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, from the European Commission's Joint Research Centre. Global emissions by country and activity; the basis of FIGARO emissions for its non-European countries. + EEIO : Environmentally-extended input-output model. An input-output model of an economy with environmental data (here, greenhouse gas emissions) attached to each sector. FIGARO : Full International and Global Accounts for Research in input-Output analysis. Multi-regional IO tables from Eurostat and the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, used for many Tier 2 countries. +GHGRP +: EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program, under which large U.S. facilities report their emissions each year. + GWP : Global warming potential. The warming effect of 1 kg of a gas relative to 1 kg of CO₂ over a time horizon. The model uses AR6 values with a 100-year horizon. @@ -53,8 +62,14 @@ RAS Redefinitions : Adjustments that move secondary products (and their inputs) to the industry where they are the primary product. +Residence basis +: Emissions accounting that counts emissions by a country's resident businesses and households wherever they occur, matching the boundary of national accounts and IO tables. + Structural reflection : Using a detailed table's structure (here, the U.S. tables) as weights to split a coarser table into finer sectors. + +Territorial basis +: Emissions accounting that counts emissions occurring within a country's borders, as national GHG inventories do. ::: +++ diff --git a/reference/methods-by-country.md b/reference/methods-by-country.md index 41e37350..69d2c86f 100644 --- a/reference/methods-by-country.md +++ b/reference/methods-by-country.md @@ -3,21 +3,180 @@ title: "Methods by country" --- :::{tip} Summary -*To be written.* +The IO table and greenhouse gas data behind each of the 148 countries in the model, with the data year of each. ::: -:::{note} Draft placeholder +:::{note} Draft :class: dropdown -Plan §3.8 · target: **RC (Oct 27)** +Planned for v1.0: a filterable table with a clickable map, and per-country details on trade reconciliation, accounting basis, currency and price index, and benchmarked sectors. +::: +Each country's {term}`tier ` sets which kind of IO table and emissions data it starts from. See [](../io/country-tiers.md) for the IO tables and [](../ee/country-tiers.md) for the emissions data. -**Planned content** +The data sources and years used can differ between the dollar years that factors are published for, so the table is given for each set of dollar years that share the same data. -- RC: a simple table of all countries generated from the version record -- v1.0: filterable table with a clickable map, plus one page per country at `/countries//` -- Per country: tier, IO source/edition/year, trade reconciliation, GHG source/year, accounting basis, currency and price index, benchmarked sectors, "Changed in" notes -- Per country: data years for the IO table, trade shares, and gap-fill shares, and any country-specific assumptions (e.g., where data years differ) -::: +Tier 3 countries share one IO template, a blend of Malaysia (30%) and Tunisia (40%) from the ICIO for 2020 and Mexico (30%) from FIGARO for 2023; the table gives 2020, the year of most of the blend. They also share one GHG template, scaled to each country's fossil CO₂ total from {term}`EDGAR` (see [](../ee/country-tiers.md#tier-3-template-emissions)). + +The rest-of-world region is not in the table. Its input recipe and emission intensities are pooled from Colombia, Mexico, Türkiye, and Chile. + +## 2024, 2025, and 2026 emission factors + +The release candidate's 2024, 2025, and 2026 factors are all built from the same data, below. Each is expressed in its own year's dollars; see [](../factors/year-and-currency.md). + + + +| Country | ISO3 | Tier | IO table | IO data year | GHG data | GHG data year | +|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| +| Afghanistan | AFG | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Albania | ALB | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Algeria | DZA | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Angola | AGO | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Antigua and Barbuda | ATG | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Argentina | ARG | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections | 2023 | +| Australia | AUS | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections | 2023 | +| Austria | AUT | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Bahamas | BHS | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Bahrain | BHR | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Bangladesh | BGD | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Barbados | BRB | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Belgium | BEL | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Belize | BLZ | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Benin | BEN | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Bhutan | BTN | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Bolivia | BOL | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Brazil | BRA | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections | 2023 | +| Bulgaria | BGR | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Burkina Faso | BFA | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Burundi | BDI | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Cambodia | KHM | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Cameroon | CMR | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Canada | CAN | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections | 2023 | +| Central African Republic | CAF | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Chad | TCD | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Chile | CHL | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| China | CHN | 1 | China National Bureau of Statistics IO table | 2023 | Built from OWID, CEDS, national energy statistics, and China's BTR1 | 2023 | +| Colombia | COL | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Congo | COG | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Costa Rica | CRI | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Côte d'Ivoire | CIV | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Croatia | HRV | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Cyprus | CYP | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Czechia | CZE | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Denmark | DNK | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Dominica | DMA | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Dominican Republic | DOM | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Ecuador | ECU | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Egypt | EGY | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| El Salvador | SLV | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Equatorial Guinea | GNQ | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Estonia | EST | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Eswatini | SWZ | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Ethiopia | ETH | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Fiji | FJI | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Finland | FIN | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| France | FRA | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Gabon | GAB | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Gambia | GMB | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Germany | DEU | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Greece | GRC | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Grenada | GRD | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Guatemala | GTM | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Guinea | GIN | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Guinea-Bissau | GNB | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Haiti | HTI | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Honduras | HND | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Hong Kong | HKG | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Hungary | HUN | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Iceland | ISL | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| India | IND | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections | 2023 | +| Indonesia | IDN | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections | 2023 | +| Iran | IRN | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Iraq | IRQ | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Ireland | IRL | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Israel | ISR | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Italy | ITA | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Jamaica | JAM | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Japan | JPN | 1 | Input-Output Tables for Japan | 2020 | NIES 3EID dataset | 2020 | +| Jordan | JOR | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Kazakhstan | KAZ | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Kenya | KEN | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Kiribati | KIR | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Kuwait | KWT | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Laos | LAO | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Latvia | LVA | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Lebanon | LBN | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Lesotho | LSO | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Lithuania | LTU | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Luxembourg | LUX | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Malawi | MWI | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Malaysia | MYS | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Maldives | MDV | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Mali | MLI | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Malta | MLT | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Mauritius | MUS | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Mexico | MEX | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections | 2023 | +| Moldova | MDA | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Mongolia | MNG | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Morocco | MAR | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Myanmar | MMR | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Namibia | NAM | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Nauru | NRU | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Nepal | NPL | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Netherlands | NLD | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| New Zealand | NZL | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Nicaragua | NIC | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Niger | NER | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Nigeria | NGA | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| North Macedonia | MKD | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Norway | NOR | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Oman | OMN | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Pakistan | PAK | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Papua New Guinea | PNG | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Paraguay | PRY | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Peru | PER | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Philippines | PHL | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Poland | POL | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Portugal | PRT | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Qatar | QAT | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Romania | ROU | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Russia | RUS | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections | 2023 | +| Rwanda | RWA | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Saint Kitts and Nevis | KNA | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Saint Lucia | LCA | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | VCT | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Samoa | WSM | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Saudi Arabia | SAU | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections | 2023 | +| Senegal | SEN | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Seychelles | SYC | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Sierra Leone | SLE | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Singapore | SGP | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Slovakia | SVK | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Slovenia | SVN | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Solomon Islands | SLB | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| South Africa | ZAF | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from EDGAR with CEDS corrections | 2023 | +| South Korea | KOR | 1 | Bank of Korea IO tables | 2018 | GHG data published with the Bank of Korea IO tables | 2018 | +| Spain | ESP | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Sri Lanka | LKA | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Sweden | SWE | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Switzerland | CHE | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Taiwan | TWN | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Tanzania | TZA | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Thailand | THA | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Timor-Leste | TLS | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Togo | TGO | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Trinidad and Tobago | TTO | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Tunisia | TUN | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | +| Türkiye | TUR | 2 | FIGARO, 2026 edition | 2023 | FIGARO, from air emissions accounts | 2023 | +| Uganda | UGA | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Ukraine | UKR | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| United Arab Emirates | ARE | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| United Kingdom | GBR | 1 | ONS IO Analytical Tables | 2023 | ONS atmospheric emissions accounts | 2023 | +| United States | USA | 0 | Cornerstone nowcast Make and Use tables | 2024 | U.S. GHG inventory with facility data | 2024 | +| Uruguay | URY | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Vanuatu | VUT | 3 | Tier 3 IO template | 2020 | Tier 3 GHG template, scaled to national CO₂ total | 2018 | +| Viet Nam | VNM | 2 | ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | OECD GHG emissions for ICIO, 2025 edition | 2020 | + + +++ diff --git a/references.bib b/references.bib index f11e9417..91a8d448 100644 --- a/references.bib +++ b/references.bib @@ -37,4 +37,442 @@ @report{beaConceptsMethodsUS2009 url = {https://www.bea.gov/resources/methodologies/concepts-methods-io-accounts}, urldate = {2019-10-29}, } - \ No newline at end of file + +@report{desaiGreenhouseGasInventory2026, + title = {Greenhouse {{Gas Inventory}} and {{Analysis}} for the {{United States}}: 1990--2024}, + author = {Desai, Mausami and Camobreco, Vincent and Hedger, Toby and Irving, William and Rewcastle, Kenna and Steller, John and Barbieri, Lindsay and Weitz, Melissa and Murumkar, Tanvi and Fawcett, Allen and Lou, Jiehong and Cui, Ryna and Hultman, Nate}, + date = {2026}, + institution = {Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland}, + location = {College Park, MD}, + doi = {10.13016/g1xw-qftw}, + url = {https://ghgi.cgs.umd.edu/Web%20Content/Chapters/GHGIA_FullReport_2026.pdf}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@report{epaInventoryUSGreenhouse2025, + title = {Inventory of {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Greenhouse Gas Emissions}} and {{Sinks}}: 1990--2023}, + author = {{U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}}, + date = {2025}, + institution = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}, + location = {Washington, DC}, + number = {EPA 430-R-25-003}, + note = {Not published by EPA; released via Freedom of Information Act request to the Environmental Defense Fund, posted May 8, 2025}, + url = {https://www.edf.org/freedom-information-act-documents-epas-greenhouse-gas-inventory}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@dataset{epaGreenhouseGasReporting2026, + title = {Greenhouse {{Gas Reporting Program}} ({{GHGRP}}): {{Reporting Year}} 2024 {{Data}}}, + author = {{U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}}, + date = {2026-03-12}, + publisher = {Environmental Integrity Project}, + location = {Washington, DC}, + note = {Facility-level data reported to EPA under 40 CFR Part 98 for calendar year 2024; not published by EPA, obtained via Freedom of Information Act request and released by the Environmental Integrity Project}, + url = {https://environmentalintegrity.org/2024-greenhouse-gas-reporting-program-data/}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@dataset{epaNationalEmissionsInventory2025, + title = {2022 {{National Emissions Inventory}} ({{NEI}})}, + author = {{U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}}, + date = {2025}, + publisher = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}, + location = {Research Triangle Park, NC}, + note = {2022 inventory-year data, including facility summaries by pollutant and the 2022 emissions modeling platform}, + url = {https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/get-air-emissions-data-0}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@dataset{cornerstoneEGRID20242026, + title = {{{eGRID2024}}}, + author = {{Cornerstone Sustainability Data Initiative}}, + date = {2026-03-17}, + publisher = {Cornerstone Sustainability Data Initiative}, + version = {1.0.0}, + doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18968658}, + note = {Generated by running U.S. EPA's public eGRID source code on 2024 input data; not an official EPA release}, + url = {https://zenodo.org/records/18968658}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@dataset{eiaManufacturingEnergyConsumption2025, + title = {2022 {{Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey}} ({{MECS}})}, + author = {{U.S. Energy Information Administration}}, + date = {2025}, + publisher = {U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)}, + location = {Washington, DC}, + note = {Tables released August 6, 2025 through March 18, 2026}, + url = {https://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/data/2022/}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@dataset{fhwaHighwayStatistics2025, + title = {Highway {{Statistics}} 2024}, + author = {{Federal Highway Administration}}, + date = {2025-12/2026-01}, + publisher = {U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Policy Information}, + location = {Washington, DC}, + note = {Tables MF-21 (Motor-Fuel Use), MV-7 (Publicly Owned Vehicles), and MV-10 (Bus Registrations)}, + url = {https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2024/}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@dataset{gsaFederalFleetReport2025, + title = {Federal {{Fleet Report}}: {{Fiscal Year}} 2024}, + author = {{U.S. General Services Administration}}, + date = {2025}, + publisher = {U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), Office of Government-wide Policy}, + location = {Washington, DC}, + note = {Agency fleet inventory, cost, fuel, and use data reported through the Federal Automotive Statistical Tool (FAST)}, + url = {https://www.gsa.gov/policy-regulations/policy/motor-vehicle-management-policy/federal-fleet-report-ffr}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@dataset{censusVehicleInventoryUse2023, + title = {2021 {{Vehicle Inventory}} and {{Use Survey}} ({{VIUS}}): {{National Estimates}}}, + author = {{U.S. Census Bureau} and {Bureau of Transportation Statistics}}, + date = {2023}, + publisher = {U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics}, + location = {Washington, DC}, + note = {Data tables released September 28, 2023; public use file released December 28, 2023}, + url = {https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/vius.html}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@dataset{eiaFuelOilKerosene2022, + title = {Fuel {{Oil}} and {{Kerosene Sales}} 2020}, + author = {{U.S. Energy Information Administration}}, + date = {2022-02-14}, + publisher = {U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)}, + location = {Washington, DC}, + note = {2020 data; final release, series suspended}, + url = {https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/fueloilkerosene/}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@incollection{forsterEarthsEnergyBudget2021, + title = {The {{Earth}}'s {{Energy Budget}}, {{Climate Feedbacks}}, and {{Climate Sensitivity}}}, + booktitle = {Climate {{Change}} 2021: {{The Physical Science Basis}}. {{Contribution}} of {{Working Group I}} to the {{Sixth Assessment Report}} of the {{Intergovernmental Panel}} on {{Climate Change}}}, + author = {Forster, Piers and Storelvmo, Trude and Armour, Kyle and Collins, William and Dufresne, Jean-Louis and Frame, David and Lunt, Daniel J. and Mauritsen, Thorsten and Palmer, Matthew D. and Watanabe, Masahiro and Wild, Martin and Zhang, Hua}, + editor = {Masson-Delmotte, Valérie and Zhai, Panmao and Pirani, Anna and Connors, Sarah L. and Péan, Clotilde and Berger, Sophie and Caud, Nada and Chen, Yang and Goldfarb, Leah and Gomis, Melissa I. and Huang, Mengtian and Leitzell, Katherine and Lonnoy, Elisabeth and Matthews, J. B. Robin and Maycock, Thomas K. and Waterfield, Tim and Yelekçi, Özge and Yu, Rong and Zhou, Baiquan}, + date = {2021}, + pages = {923--1054}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + location = {Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA}, + doi = {10.1017/9781009157896.009}, +} + +@collection{egglestonIPCCGuidelinesNational2006, + title = {2006 {{IPCC Guidelines}} for {{National Greenhouse Gas Inventories}}}, + editor = {Eggleston, H. S. and Buendia, L. and Miwa, K. and Ngara, T. and Tanabe, K.}, + date = {2006}, + publisher = {Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)}, + location = {Hayama, Japan}, + note = {Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}, + url = {https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@incollection{myhreAnthropogenicNaturalRadiative2013, + title = {Anthropogenic and {{Natural Radiative Forcing}}}, + booktitle = {Climate {{Change}} 2013: {{The Physical Science Basis}}. {{Contribution}} of {{Working Group I}} to the {{Fifth Assessment Report}} of the {{Intergovernmental Panel}} on {{Climate Change}}}, + author = {Myhre, Gunnar and Shindell, Drew and Bréon, François-Marie and Collins, William and Fuglestvedt, Jan and Huang, Jianping and Koch, Dorothy and Lamarque, Jean-François and Lee, David and Mendoza, Blanca and Nakajima, Teruyuki and Robock, Alan and Stephens, Graeme and Takemura, Toshihiko and Zhang, Hua}, + editor = {Stocker, T. F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S. K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P. M.}, + date = {2013}, + pages = {659--740}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + location = {Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA}, + doi = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.018}, +} + +@dataset{monfortiferrarioEDGARV60Greenhouse2021, + title = {{{EDGAR}} v6.0 {{Greenhouse Gas Emissions}}}, + author = {Monforti-Ferrario, Fabio and Crippa, Monica and Guizzardi, Diego and Muntean, Marilena and Schaaf, Edwin and Lo Vullo, Eleonora and Solazzo, Efisio and Olivier, Jos and Vignati, Elisabetta}, + date = {2021}, + publisher = {{European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)}}, + version = {6.0}, + doi = {10.2905/JRC.787T5VR}, + url = {https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg60}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@report{crippaGHGEmissionsAll2021, + title = {{{GHG}} Emissions of All World Countries -- 2021 Report}, + author = {Crippa, Monica and Guizzardi, Diego and Solazzo, Efisio and Muntean, Marilena and Schaaf, Edwin and Monforti-Ferrario, Fabio and Banja, Manjola and Olivier, Jos and Grassi, Giacomo and Rossi, Simone and Vignati, Elisabetta}, + date = {2021}, + number = {EUR 30831 EN; JRC126363}, + institution = {{Publications Office of the European Union}}, + location = {Luxembourg}, + isbn = {978-92-76-41546-6}, + doi = {10.2760/173513}, + url = {https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC126363}, +} + +@dataset{schaafEmissionsDatabaseGlobal2025, + title = {Emissions {{Database}} for {{Global Atmospheric Research}}, Version 2025 ({{EDGAR}}\_2025\_{{GHG}})}, + author = {Schaaf, Edwin and Crippa, Monica and Guizzardi, Diego and Pisoni, Enrico and Rossi, Simone and Banja, Manjola and Muntean, Marilena and Grassi, Giacomo and Pagani, Federico and Jacome Felix Oom, Duarte and Branco, Alfredo and San-Miguel, Jesus and Brandao De Melo, Joana and Pekar, Ferenc and Manca, Giovanni and Köykkä, Juha and Suarez-Moreno, Maria}, + date = {2025}, + publisher = {{European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)}}, + version = {EDGAR\_2025\_GHG}, + doi = {10.2905/JRC.SYNW48G}, + url = {https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg2025}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, + note = {Includes IEA-EDGAR CO2, EDGAR CH4, EDGAR N2O and EDGAR F-gases, 1970--2024}, +} + +@report{crippaGHGEmissionsAll2025, + title = {{{GHG}} Emissions of All World Countries -- 2025 Report}, + author = {Crippa, Monica and Guizzardi, Diego and Pagani, Federico and Banja, Manjola and Muntean, Marilena and Schaaf, Edwin and Quadrelli, Roberta and Risquez Martin, A. and Taghavi-Moharamli, Pouya and Köykkä, Juha and Grassi, Giacomo and Rossi, Simone and Melo, Joana and Jacome Felix Oom, Duarte and Branco, Alfredo and Suárez-Moreno, M. and Sedano, Fernando and San-Miguel, Jesus and Manca, Giovanni and Pisoni, Enrico and Pekar, Ferenc}, + date = {2025}, + number = {EUR 40443; JRC143227}, + institution = {{Publications Office of the European Union}}, + location = {Luxembourg}, + isbn = {978-92-68-31401-2}, + doi = {10.2760/9816914}, + url = {https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC143227}, +} + +@dataset{hoeslyCEDSAggregate2025, + title = {{{CEDS}} v\_2025\_03\_18 {{Aggregate Data}}}, + author = {Hoesly, Rachel and Smith, Steven J. and Ahsan, Hamza and Prime, Noah and O'Rourke, Patrick and Crippa, Monica and Klimont, Zbigniew and Guizzardi, Diego and Feng, Leyang and Harkins, Colin and McDonald, Brian and Wang, Shuxiao}, + date = {2025-03-18}, + publisher = {Zenodo}, + version = {v\_2025\_03\_18}, + doi = {10.5281/zenodo.15059443}, + url = {https://zenodo.org/records/15059443}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@article{hoeslyHistorical17502014Anthropogenic2018, + title = {Historical (1750--2014) Anthropogenic Emissions of Reactive Gases and Aerosols from the {{Community Emissions Data System}} ({{CEDS}})}, + author = {Hoesly, Rachel M. and Smith, Steven J. and Feng, Leyang and Klimont, Zbigniew and Janssens-Maenhout, Greet and Pitkanen, Tyler and Seibert, Jonathan J. and Vu, Linh and Andres, Robert J. and Bolt, Ryan M. and Bond, Tami C. and Dawidowski, Laura and Kholod, Nazar and Kurokawa, June-ichi and Li, Meng and Liu, Liang and Lu, Zifeng and Moura, Maria Cecilia P. and O'Rourke, Patrick R. and Zhang, Qiang}, + date = {2018}, + journaltitle = {Geoscientific Model Development}, + volume = {11}, + number = {1}, + pages = {369--408}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018}, +} + +@online{ritchieCO2GreenhouseGas2023, + title = {{{CO2}} and {{Greenhouse Gas Emissions}}}, + author = {Ritchie, Hannah and Rosado, Pablo and Roser, Max}, + date = {2023}, + organization = {{Our World in Data}}, + url = {https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@report{chinaFirstBiennialTransparency2024, + title = {The {{People's Republic}} of {{China First Biennial Transparency Report}} on {{Climate Change}}}, + author = {{People's Republic of China}}, + date = {2024-12}, + institution = {{United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}}, + type = {Biennial Transparency Report}, + url = {https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/The%20People%E2%80%99s%20Republic%20of%20China%20First%20Biennial%20Transparency%20Report%20on%20Climate%20Change.pdf}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, + note = {Unofficial English translation}, +} + +@online{meeAnnouncementRelease2025, + title = {Announcement on the Release of the 2023 Electricity Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors}, + author = {{Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China} and {National Bureau of Statistics of China}}, + date = {2025-12-31}, + number = {Announcement No. 47 of 2025}, + url = {https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/202512/t20251231_1139517.html}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, + langid = {chinese}, + note = {关于发布2023年电力二氧化碳排放因子的公告 (公告 2025年 第47号). National average electricity CO2 emission factor 0.5306 kg CO2/kWh}, +} + +@dataset{faoFAOSTATEmissionsTotals2025, + title = {{{FAOSTAT}}: {{Emissions Totals}}}, + author = {{FAO}}, + date = {2025}, + publisher = {{Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}, + location = {Rome}, + url = {https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GT}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, + note = {Climate Change: Agrifood systems emissions domain (GT)}, +} + +@dataset{eurostatFIGAROEUInterCountry2026, + title = {{{FIGARO}} -- {{EU Inter-Country Supply}}, {{Use}} and {{Input-Output Tables}}, 2026 Edition}, + author = {{Eurostat}}, + date = {2026}, + publisher = {Eurostat}, + location = {Luxembourg}, + version = {2026 edition}, + url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/esa-supply-use-input-tables/database}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, + note = {Covers 2010--2024; 64 industries (NACE Rev. 2) by 64 products (CPA 2.1)}, +} + +@report{remondtiedrezEUInterCountrySupply2019, + title = {{{EU}} Inter-Country Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables -- {{Full}} International and Global Accounts for Research in Input-Output Analysis ({{FIGARO}})}, + editor = {Remond-Tiedrez, Isabelle and Rueda-Cantuche, José M.}, + date = {2019}, + institution = {{Publications Office of the European Union}}, + location = {Luxembourg}, + type = {Statistical Working Papers}, + number = {KS-TC-19-002}, + isbn = {978-92-76-00805-7}, + doi = {10.2785/008780}, + url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-statistical-working-papers/-/ks-tc-19-002}, +} + +@dataset{eurostatGreenhouseGasEmission2026, + title = {Greenhouse Gas Emission Footprints (in {{CO2}} Equivalent, {{FIGARO}} Application)}, + author = {{Eurostat}}, + date = {2026}, + publisher = {Eurostat}, + number = {env\_ac\_ghgfp}, + doi = {10.2908/ENV_AC_GHGFP}, + url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_ac_ghgfp/default/table}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, + note = {Last updated 22 January 2026; built on the 2025 FIGARO tables; covers 2010--2023}, +} + +@dataset{eurostatAirEmissionsAccounts2026, + title = {Air Emissions Accounts by {{NACE Rev}}. 2 Activity}, + author = {{Eurostat}}, + date = {2026}, + publisher = {Eurostat}, + number = {env\_ac\_ainah\_r2}, + doi = {10.2908/ENV_AC_AINAH_R2}, + url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_ac_ainah_r2/default/table}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@dataset{eurostatCompleteEnergyBalances2026, + title = {Complete Energy Balances}, + author = {{Eurostat}}, + date = {2026}, + publisher = {Eurostat}, + number = {nrg\_bal\_c}, + doi = {10.2908/NRG_BAL_C}, + url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_bal_c/default/table}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@dataset{eurostatEconomicAccountsAgriculture2026, + title = {Economic Accounts for Agriculture -- Values at Current Prices}, + author = {{Eurostat}}, + date = {2026}, + publisher = {Eurostat}, + number = {aact\_eaa01}, + doi = {10.2908/AACT_EAA01}, + url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/aact_eaa01/default/table}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@dataset{oecdGreenhouseGasFootprints2025, + title = {Greenhouse {{Gas Footprints}} ({{GHGFP}}) 2025 Edition}, + author = {{OECD}}, + date = {2025}, + publisher = {{OECD Publishing}}, + location = {Paris}, + version = {2025 edition}, + url = {https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/greenhouse-gas-footprint-indicators.html}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, + note = {OECD Data Explorer dataflows OECD.STI.PIE:DSD\_ICIO\_GHG\_MAIN\_2025@DF\_ICIO\_GHG\_MAIN\_2025 (principal indicators), DF\_ICIO\_GHG\_SCOPE\_2025, DF\_ICIO\_GHG\_TRADE\_2025, DF\_ICIO\_GHG\_ORGN\_2025, DF\_ICIO\_GHG\_EXPD\_2025}, +} + +@report{yamanoCO2EmissionsEmbodied2020, + title = {{{CO2}} Emissions Embodied in International Trade and Domestic Final Demand: {{Methodology}} and Results Using the {{OECD Inter-Country Input-Output Database}}}, + author = {Yamano, Norihiko and Guilhoto, Joaquim}, + date = {2020}, + institution = {{OECD Publishing}}, + location = {Paris}, + type = {{{OECD Science}}, {{Technology}} and {{Industry Working Papers}}}, + number = {2020/11}, + doi = {10.1787/8f2963b8-en}, +} + +@dataset{oecdCarbonDioxideEmissions2021, + title = {Carbon Dioxide Emissions Embodied in International Trade ({{TECO2}}), 2021 Edition}, + author = {{OECD}}, + date = {2021-11}, + publisher = {{OECD Publishing}}, + location = {Paris}, + version = {2021 edition}, + url = {https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/carbon-dioxide-emissions-embodied-in-international-trade.html}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, + note = {Based on the 2021 editions of the OECD ICIO tables and IEA CO2 emissions from fuel combustion; production and final demand estimates 1995--2018}, +} + +@dataset{oecdInterCountryInputOutput2025, + title = {Inter-{{Country Input-Output}} ({{ICIO}}) {{Tables}}, 2025 Edition}, + author = {{OECD}}, + date = {2025}, + publisher = {{OECD Publishing}}, + location = {Paris}, + version = {2025 edition}, + url = {https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/inter-country-input-output-tables.html}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, + note = {Covers 1995--2022}, +} + +@dataset{onsAtmosphericEmissionsGreenhouse2026, + title = {Atmospheric Emissions: Greenhouse Gases by Industry and Gas}, + author = {{Office for National Statistics}}, + date = {2026-06-05}, + publisher = {{Office for National Statistics}}, + location = {Newport}, + url = {https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datasets/ukenvironmentalaccountsatmosphericemissionsgreenhousegasemissionsbyeconomicsectorandgasunitedkingdom}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, + note = {UK Environmental Accounts, June 2026 release; covers 1990--2024; SIC 2007 groups (around 130 industries)}, +} + +@dataset{nansai3EID2020IOT2025, + title = {Embodied Energy and Emission Intensity Data for {{Japan}} Using Input-Output Tables ({{3EID}}) for the 2020 {{Input-Output Tables}}}, + author = {Nansai, Keisuke}, + date = {2025-06-03}, + publisher = {{National Institute for Environmental Studies}}, + location = {Tsukuba, Japan}, + version = {2025-06-03}, + url = {https://3eid.nies.go.jp/database/index.html}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, + note = {Built on the 2020 Input-Output Tables for Japan (390 sectors); reconciled to Japan's GHG inventory submitted to the UNFCCC in April 2025}, +} + +@dataset{micInputOutputTables2024, + title = {2020 {{Input-Output Tables}} for {{Japan}}}, + author = {{Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications}}, + date = {2024-06-25}, + publisher = {{Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Director-General for Policy Planning (Statistical Policy)}}, + location = {Tokyo}, + url = {https://www.soumu.go.jp/english/dgpp_ss/data/io/io20_00001.html}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, + note = {Compiled jointly by ten ministries and agencies; also on e-Stat, statistics code 00200603 (https://www.e-stat.go.jp/en/statistics/00200603)}, +} + +@dataset{bokUpdatedInputOutput2020, + title = {2018 {{Updated Input-Output Tables}}}, + author = {{Bank of Korea}}, + date = {2020-06-24}, + publisher = {{Bank of Korea, Economic Statistics Department}}, + location = {Seoul}, + url = {https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?nttId=10058883&menuNo=400069}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@dataset{imfWorldEconomicOutlook2021, + title = {World {{Economic Outlook Database}}, {{October}} 2021}, + author = {{International Monetary Fund}}, + date = {2021-10}, + publisher = {{International Monetary Fund}}, + location = {Washington, DC}, + url = {https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/weo-database/2021/october}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +} + +@online{eiaInternationalEnergyStatistics2026, + title = {International {{Energy Statistics}}: {{Electricity Generation}}}, + author = {{U.S. Energy Information Administration}}, + date = {2026}, + organization = {{U.S. Energy Information Administration}}, + location = {Washington, DC}, + url = {https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world}, + urldate = {2026-10-21}, +}