diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d5743df..1f7efdc 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/).
   below each term, preserving code blocks without requiring a definition-list extension.
   Nested lists beginning with an empty item are separated from preceding text. Hard
   breaks inside headings and link labels are flattened so they cannot close the
-  container before later inline code.
+  container before later inline code. Redundant nested bold, italic and
+  strikethrough wrappers no longer emit delimiters that close their outer span,
+  and adjacent bracketed nodes cannot combine with following text into a link.
 
 - PDF stream guards honor escaped dictionary keys and bound compressed prefixes
   before image filters, including when OCR is disabled.
diff --git a/crates/markkit/fuzz/seeds/render_ir/footnote-link-adjacency.bin b/crates/markkit/fuzz/seeds/render_ir/footnote-link-adjacency.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef240c1
Binary files /dev/null and b/crates/markkit/fuzz/seeds/render_ir/footnote-link-adjacency.bin differ
diff --git a/crates/markkit/fuzz/seeds/render_ir/repeated-bold-inline-block.bin b/crates/markkit/fuzz/seeds/render_ir/repeated-bold-inline-block.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..044025a
Binary files /dev/null and b/crates/markkit/fuzz/seeds/render_ir/repeated-bold-inline-block.bin differ
diff --git a/crates/markkit/src/render/markdown.rs b/crates/markkit/src/render/markdown.rs
index eee091f..578c855 100644
--- a/crates/markkit/src/render/markdown.rs
+++ b/crates/markkit/src/render/markdown.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ const MAX_TABLE_GRID_CELLS: usize = 1_000_000;
 /// Span clamps applied at layout time (HTML limits; IR may come from anywhere).
 const MAX_COLSPAN: usize = 1000;
 const MAX_ROWSPAN: usize = 65534;
+const WRAP_BOLD: u8 = 1;
+const WRAP_ITALIC: u8 = 2;
+const WRAP_STRIKETHROUGH: u8 = 4;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 enum Trip {
@@ -53,6 +56,9 @@ pub struct MarkdownRenderer {
     in_link: bool,
     /// Rendering inline content that must stay on one Markdown line.
     single_line: bool,
+    /// Active emphasis delimiters. Repeating the same delimiter would close the
+    /// outer span, so redundant nested wrappers are omitted.
+    active_wrappers: u8,
 }
 
 impl MarkdownRenderer {
@@ -66,6 +72,7 @@ impl MarkdownRenderer {
             in_table: false,
             in_link: false,
             single_line: false,
+            active_wrappers: 0,
         }
     }
 
@@ -76,6 +83,7 @@ impl MarkdownRenderer {
         self.in_table = false;
         self.in_link = false;
         self.single_line = false;
+        self.active_wrappers = 0;
         self.render_nodes(&doc.nodes, 0);
         normalize_output(&self.buf)
     }
@@ -463,11 +471,18 @@ impl MarkdownRenderer {
                 } else {
                     Position::Inline
                 };
+                // A footnote reference followed by a new text node beginning
+                // with `(` would combine into an inline link (`[^x](...)`).
+                if self.buf.ends_with(']') && t.starts_with('(') {
+                    self.buf.push('\\');
+                }
                 self.line_start = escape::push_text(&mut self.buf, t, pos);
             }
-            Node::Bold { children } => self.render_wrapped("**", children),
-            Node::Italic { children } => self.render_wrapped("*", children),
-            Node::Strikethrough { children } => self.render_wrapped("~~", children),
+            Node::Bold { children } => self.render_wrapped("**", WRAP_BOLD, children),
+            Node::Italic { children } => self.render_wrapped("*", WRAP_ITALIC, children),
+            Node::Strikethrough { children } => {
+                self.render_wrapped("~~", WRAP_STRIKETHROUGH, children);
+            }
             Node::InlineCode(code) => {
                 escape::push_code_span(&mut self.buf, code, self.in_table);
                 self.line_start = false;
@@ -553,11 +568,17 @@ impl MarkdownRenderer {
         }
     }
 
-    fn render_wrapped(&mut self, delim: &str, children: &[Node]) {
+    fn render_wrapped(&mut self, delim: &str, wrapper: u8, children: &[Node]) {
+        if self.active_wrappers & wrapper != 0 {
+            self.render_inline(children);
+            return;
+        }
+        self.active_wrappers |= wrapper;
         self.buf.push_str(delim);
         self.line_start = false;
         self.render_inline(children);
         self.buf.push_str(delim);
+        self.active_wrappers &= !wrapper;
     }
 
     /// Render a block node as single-line inline content.
diff --git a/crates/markkit/tests/fixtures/html/malformed.md b/crates/markkit/tests/fixtures/html/malformed.md
index 2161df6..ee23a3a 100644
--- a/crates/markkit/tests/fixtures/html/malformed.md
+++ b/crates/markkit/tests/fixtures/html/malformed.md
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ Next paragraph
 
 Mismatched **bold with no close**
 
-**Entities: & \< > " ' Nested *italic **and bold***** crossed** **
+**Entities: & \< > " ' Nested *italic and bold* crossed **
diff --git a/crates/markkit/tests/output_safety.rs b/crates/markkit/tests/output_safety.rs
index d1800c2..aabcbc8 100644
--- a/crates/markkit/tests/output_safety.rs
+++ b/crates/markkit/tests/output_safety.rs
@@ -617,6 +617,73 @@ fn blockquote_heading_inline_blocks_cannot_expose_html() {
     assert!(visible_text(&md).contains("<<<!t``"), "{md}");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn repeated_emphasis_wrappers_cannot_expose_inline_blocks() {
+    let md = render(vec![Node::Heading {
+        source: None,
+        level: 4,
+        children: vec![Node::Bold {
+            children: vec![
+                Node::Heading {
+                    source: None,
+                    level: 6,
+                    children: vec![
+                        text("  "),
+                        Node::FootnoteReference {
+                            label: "\u{1f}".into(),
+                        },
+                        text("(<<0<w"),
+                        Node::Bold {
+                            children: vec![Node::CodeBlock {
+                                language: None,
+                                code: ")<<!E<<<<".into(),
+                                source: None,
+                            }],
+                        },
+                    ],
+                },
+                Node::Image {
+                    src: String::new(),
+                    alt: String::new(),
+                },
+                Node::Heading {
+                    source: None,
+                    level: 1,
+                    children: vec![],
+                },
+            ],
+        }],
+    }]);
+    assert_safe(&md);
+    assert!(visible_text(&md).contains(")<<!E<<<<"), "{md}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn footnote_reference_cannot_become_inline_link() {
+    let md = render(vec![para(vec![
+        Node::FootnoteReference { label: "x".into() },
+        text("(<<0<w"),
+        Node::Bold {
+            children: vec![
+                Node::CodeBlock {
+                    language: None,
+                    code: ")\u{7f}\0\0\0\0\0\0\u{13}<!t".into(),
+                    source: None,
+                },
+                Node::FootnoteReference {
+                    label: String::new(),
+                },
+                Node::Image {
+                    src: String::new(),
+                    alt: String::new(),
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+    ])]);
+    assert_safe(&md);
+    assert!(visible_text(&md).contains("<!t"), "{md}");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn empty_destination_cannot_swallow_title() {
     let md = render(vec![para(vec![Node::Link {
diff --git a/knowledge/foundations/ir.md b/knowledge/foundations/ir.md
index 023536b..6cf4015 100644
--- a/knowledge/foundations/ir.md
+++ b/knowledge/foundations/ir.md
@@ -158,6 +158,10 @@ At render time, the `normalize_output` function:
 - Inline content concatenated directly
 - Hard breaks are preserved in paragraphs and flattened to spaces in headings,
   link labels, tables, and block nodes rendered in inline context.
+- Redundant nested bold, italic, and strikethrough wrappers render once so their
+  delimiters cannot close an enclosing span.
+- Text beginning with `(` is escaped after a preceding `]` so separately rendered
+  nodes, including footnote references, cannot combine into an inline link.
 - List item bodies (continuation lines, nested lists, sub-blocks) indented by the marker
   width (`- ` = 2, `1. ` = 3)
 - BlockQuote lines prefixed with `> `
diff --git a/knowledge/log.md b/knowledge/log.md
index ecadd9f..c5e6d1e 100644
--- a/knowledge/log.md
+++ b/knowledge/log.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 ## 2026-10-31
 
-* **Container fence safety**: task checkboxes render on their own line; definition bodies use ordinary GFM list items below their term. This prevents markers from consuming code fences and exposing raw HTML, including empty leading paragraphs and nested definitions. A nested list with an empty first item also requires a blank line before it; the renderer checks actual output once, within the remaining output budget. Headings, link labels and block nodes flattened into inline content now collapse hard breaks to spaces, preventing a break from closing the container before later inline code. Exact nightly crash seeds and content/grouping regressions cover these paths. See [Threat Model](security/threat-model.md) T1 and [IR Specification](foundations/ir.md).
+* **Container fence safety**: task checkboxes render on their own line; definition bodies use ordinary GFM list items below their term. This prevents markers from consuming code fences and exposing raw HTML, including empty leading paragraphs and nested definitions. A nested list with an empty first item also requires a blank line before it; the renderer checks actual output once, within the remaining output budget. Headings, link labels and block nodes flattened into inline content collapse hard breaks to spaces, preventing a break from closing the container before later inline code. Redundant nested bold, italic and strikethrough wrappers render once so an inner delimiter cannot close its outer span. A bracketed node followed by text beginning with `(` is separated so it cannot form an unintended inline link. Exact nightly crash seeds and content/grouping regressions cover these paths. See [Threat Model](security/threat-model.md) T1 and [IR Specification](foundations/ir.md).
 
 ## 2026-10-28
 
diff --git a/knowledge/security/fuzzing.md b/knowledge/security/fuzzing.md
index b40571b..fffc631 100644
--- a/knowledge/security/fuzzing.md
+++ b/knowledge/security/fuzzing.md
@@ -82,7 +82,10 @@ the Actions cache; crashes upload as `fuzz-crashes-<target>` artifacts.
   links, adjacent code spans merging, and code fences consumed as paragraph
   text after task-checkbox, nested definition markers, or a nested ordered list
   with an empty first item. A hard break inside a link label nested in a heading
-  also closed both containers before later inline code. Exact crash seeds for
+  also closed both containers before later inline code; repeating a bold wrapper
+  inside bold closed the outer span with the same result. A footnote reference
+  followed by text beginning with `(` could also combine into an inline link and
+  consume later delimiters. Exact crash seeds for
   these cases are retained in `fuzz/seeds/render_ir/` and `fuzz/seeds/markdown/`.
 - XLS (calamine 0.37): unchecked reads in FILEPASS, CODEPAGE, DATEMODE, BOF,
   BOUNDSHEET, LBL (incl. defined-name tokens), EXTERNSHEET, SST (cRun /
diff --git a/knowledge/security/threat-model.md b/knowledge/security/threat-model.md
index 0ca9ce8..45a4b02 100644
--- a/knowledge/security/threat-model.md
+++ b/knowledge/security/threat-model.md
@@ -58,8 +58,9 @@ that renders as headings, links, code fences or tables).
     inside headings and link labels; list item bodies
     are indented by the marker width (`1. ` = 3, `10. ` = 4); a block always starts
     on its own line after a blank line; hard breaks never produce a blank line;
-    nested links render as text; empty destinations are written `<>`; link titles
-    escape `"`, `\` and `<`.
+    nested links render as text; redundant nested emphasis wrappers render once;
+    adjacent bracketed nodes and opening parentheses are separated; empty
+    destinations are written `<>`; link titles escape `"`, `\` and `<`.
   - Task checkboxes occupy their own line before the item body so they cannot
     turn a leading code fence into paragraph text. Definition lists render as
     a term paragraph and ordinary GFM list items, keeping nested blocks safe