diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 8683bcce..2d6d4724 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -104,6 +104,21 @@ cd artemis
 
 > **Tip**: Opens `http://localhost:8000` in your default browser with a device connection wizard, live screen mirroring, prompt sandbox, and execution replays. You can also run directly from CLI: `uv run artemis run "Open Settings, find Battery and tell me current level" --profile flash`.
 
+### iOS Devices (macOS, Xcode 27+)
+
+CLI, embedded Python SDK, web console, and daemon tasks can target iOS
+simulators through Xcode's native MCP device-interaction tools, and paired
+physical iPhones/iPads through `devicectl` plus a WebDriverAgent runner
+installed on the device. See the
+[iOS setup and usage guide](./docs/ios.md) for prerequisites, Xcode access
+approval, WDA setup, and current limits:
+
+```bash
+bash scripts/setup_ios_env.sh
+uv run artemis run "Open Settings and inspect the General screen" \
+  --platform ios --standalone --device-serial <SIMULATOR-UDID> --profile flash
+```
+
 <a id="mcp-setup"></a>
 <a id="mcp"></a>
 <details>
@@ -300,7 +315,7 @@ ARTEMIS supports two execution profiles tailored for different automation requir
 ## Roadmap
 
 - [ ] **Android Studio Integration**: Native IDE plugin and workflow integration to enable in-editor debugging, test recording, and automated device control directly within Android Studio.
-- [ ] **iOS Platform Expansion**: Extending multimodal perception and mobile automation to iOS devices and simulators.
+- [x] **iOS Platform Expansion**: [iOS support](./docs/ios.md) is available with Xcode 27+ across the CLI, SDK, web console, daemon, MCP, replay, and streaming, covering simulators and paired physical devices.
 - [ ] **On-Device Lightweight VLMs**: Local execution with lightweight edge vision models for low-latency, privacy-first automation.
 - [ ] **Real-time Duplex Voice Interaction**: Voice-driven task dispatch with real-time conversational control and interruption handling.
 
diff --git a/README_CN.md b/README_CN.md
index 67f461c5..2594d444 100644
--- a/README_CN.md
+++ b/README_CN.md
@@ -106,6 +106,17 @@ cd artemis
 
 > **提示**：启动后将自动在默认浏览器中打开 Web 控制台（`http://localhost:8000`），提供设备连接向导、实时投屏、任务演练与状态回放面板。你也可以通过命令行直接运行：`uv run artemis run "打开系统设置，找到电池选项并告诉我当前电量" --profile flash`。
 
+### iOS 设备（macOS，Xcode 27+）
+
+CLI、嵌入式 Python SDK、Web 控制台与守护进程任务都可以通过 Xcode 原生 MCP 设备交互工具控制 iOS 模拟器；真机（iPhone/iPad）则通过 `devicectl` 管理生命周期、并在设备上安装 WebDriverAgent 负责界面操作。
+安装要求、Xcode 权限审批、WDA 配置和当前限制见 [iOS 使用指南（英文）](./docs/ios.md)：
+
+```bash
+bash scripts/setup_ios_env.sh
+uv run artemis run "打开系统设置并查看通用页面" \
+  --platform ios --standalone --device-serial <SIMULATOR-UDID> --profile flash
+```
+
 <a id="mcp-setup"></a>
 <a id="mcp"></a>
 <details>
@@ -298,7 +309,7 @@ ARTEMIS 提供两种运行模式以适应不同的自动化需求：
 ## 路线图
 
 - [ ] **Android Studio 深度集成**：推出官方 IDE 插件与协同工作流，支持在 Android Studio 内直接进行自动化测试、设备交互与断点调试。
-- [ ] **iOS 跨平台支持**：将视觉感知与自动化执行引擎拓展至 iOS 真机与模拟器。
+- [x] **iOS 跨平台支持**：[iOS 支持](./docs/ios.md)已支持 Xcode 27+，覆盖 CLI、SDK、Web 控制台、守护进程、MCP、回放与投屏，含模拟器与已配对真机。
 - [ ] **端侧轻量化模型**：支持离线运行的轻量级 Edge VLM，实现低延迟与隐私安全的本地自动化。
 - [ ] **实时语音双工交互**：支持自然语音下发任务与实时打断（Barge-in）控制。
 
diff --git a/apps/admin_console/index.html b/apps/admin_console/index.html
index 0d60c4c0..fc0fc2df 100644
--- a/apps/admin_console/index.html
+++ b/apps/admin_console/index.html
@@ -1442,29 +1442,6 @@ <h3 style="font-size: 0.95rem; margin-bottom: 3px; margin-top: 0; white-space: n
         let activeReplayNodeDetails = null;
         const replayInProgressSteps = new Set();
 
-        async function fetchDevices() {
-            try {
-                const res = await fetch(`/api/devices?_t=${Date.now()}`);
-                const devices = await res.json();
-                const select = document.getElementById('replay-device-select');
-                select.innerHTML = '';
-                
-                if (devices.length === 0) {
-                    select.innerHTML = '<option value="">No devices detected</option>';
-                    return;
-                }
-                
-                devices.forEach(d => {
-                    const opt = document.createElement('option');
-                    opt.value = d.serial;
-                    opt.innerText = `${d.serial} (${d.status})`;
-                    select.appendChild(opt);
-                });
-            } catch (err) {
-                console.error("Failed to fetch devices:", err);
-            }
-        }
-
         let replayTools = [];
 
         async function fetchReplayTools() {
diff --git a/apps/admin_console/replay_manager.py b/apps/admin_console/replay_manager.py
index c708629d..50af4250 100644
--- a/apps/admin_console/replay_manager.py
+++ b/apps/admin_console/replay_manager.py
@@ -113,21 +113,15 @@ class ReplayManager:
     def __init__(
         self,
         workspace_root: Path = WORKSPACE_ROOT,
-        device_id: str = None,
         original_db_path: Path = None,
-        init_device: bool = False,
     ):
-        """Initializes the ReplayManager and autodetects the connected Android device.
+        """Initializes the ReplayManager.
 
         Args:
             workspace_root (Path, optional): The absolute path to the workspace
               root. Defaults to WORKSPACE_ROOT.
-            device_id (str, optional): The serial ID of the target Android
-              device. If not specified, autodetects the first connected device.
             original_db_path (Path, optional): Path to the master SQLite
               database. Defaults to DB_PATH.
-            init_device (bool, optional): Whether to initialize the ADB device
-              connection on startup.
         """
         self.workspace_root = workspace_root
         self.traces_path = TRACES_PATH
@@ -137,62 +131,6 @@ def __init__(
         self.db_path = Path(original_db_path) if original_db_path else DB_PATH
         self.images_dir = IMAGES_DIR
 
-        # Device connection and autodetection
-        self.device_id = None
-        self.w = None
-        self.h = None
-        self.adb = None
-        self.ui_client = None
-
-        if init_device:
-            try:
-                self._init_device(device_id)
-            except Exception as e:
-                print(
-                    "Warning: Connected device could not be initialized during"
-                    f" ReplayManager startup: {e}"
-                )
-
-    def _init_device(self, device_id: str = None):
-        """Initializes connection to the target device and queries screen metrics."""
-        from adbutils import AdbClient
-
-        try:
-            from third_party.mobile_use.clients.ui_automator_client import UIAutomatorClient
-        except ImportError:
-            raise ImportError(
-                "Failed to import UIAutomatorClient. Ensure artemis package is installed in path."
-            )
-
-        self.adb = AdbClient(host="localhost", port=5037)
-        try:
-            devices = self.adb.device_list()
-        except Exception as adb_err:
-            raise ConnectionError(
-                f"Failed to query device list from ADB server: {adb_err}"
-            ) from adb_err
-
-        if not devices:
-            raise ConnectionError(
-                "No active ADB devices connected. Please connect an Android device via ADB."
-            )
-
-        if device_id:
-            matched_device = next((d.serial for d in devices if d.serial == device_id), None)
-            if not matched_device:
-                raise ConnectionError(
-                    f"Requested device '{device_id}' is not connected."
-                    f" Connected devices: {[d.serial for d in devices]}"
-                )
-            self.device_id = matched_device
-        else:
-            self.device_id = devices[0].serial
-
-        self.ui_client = UIAutomatorClient(device_id=self.device_id)
-        ui_data = self.ui_client.get_screen_data()
-        self.w, self.h = ui_data.width, ui_data.height
-        print(f"Connected to device: {self.device_id} ({self.w}x{self.h})")
-
     def chunk_session_traces(self, session_id: str, output_dir: Path = None) -> Path:
         """Chunks traces, screenshots, and metadata for a specific execution session.
 
@@ -396,18 +334,6 @@ def chunk_session_traces(self, session_id: str, output_dir: Path = None) -> Path
         print("Chunking trace completion status: success")
         return output_dir
 
-    def list_devices(self) -> list[dict]:
-        """Dynamically queries the ADB server for connected Android devices."""
-        try:
-            from adbutils import AdbClient
-
-            adb = AdbClient(host="localhost", port=5037)
-            devices = adb.device_list()
-            return [{"serial": d.serial, "status": "online"} for d in devices]
-        except Exception as e:
-            print(f"Warning: Failed to query device list from ADB: {e}")
-            return []
-
     def load_session_goal(
         self, session_id: str, step_dir: Path, original_db_path: str = None
     ) -> str:
@@ -1604,12 +1530,69 @@ def _preemptive_clip_video(
         except Exception as e:
             print(f"Warning: Failed to update sandbox SQLite database: {e}")
 
+    def _session_device_info(self, session_id: str) -> dict:
+        """The recorded session's ``device_info`` blob (``{}`` when absent)."""
+        import sqlite3
+
+        try:
+            conn = sqlite3.connect(self.db_path)
+            try:
+                row = conn.execute(
+                    "SELECT device_info FROM sessions WHERE session_id = ?",
+                    (session_id,),
+                ).fetchone()
+            finally:
+                conn.close()
+        except sqlite3.Error:
+            return {}
+        if not row or not row[0]:
+            return {}
+        try:
+            info = json.loads(row[0])
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            # Malformed device_info: simulate with the defaults.
+            return {}
+        return info if isinstance(info, dict) else {}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _replay_device_context(device_info: dict, override_device_id: str | None):
+        """Build the simulated ``DeviceContext`` for a replayed session.
+
+        The recorded session decides the platform: an iOS session replays
+        through the native iOS driver, never through ADB. The frontend's
+        device pick only retargets iOS replays (the picker was always
+        decorative for Android and stays that way); the driver still
+        validates the UDID — simctl for simulators, devicectl for physical
+        devices — at connect time.
+        """
+        from artemis.context import DeviceContext, DevicePlatform
+
+        sim_platform = str(
+            device_info.get("mobile_platform") or DevicePlatform.ANDROID.value
+        ).lower()
+        mobile_platform = (
+            DevicePlatform.IOS
+            if sim_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS.value
+            else DevicePlatform.ANDROID
+        )
+        sim_device_id = device_info.get("device_id", "replay-device")
+        if mobile_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS and override_device_id:
+            sim_device_id = override_device_id
+        return DeviceContext(
+            host_platform=("DARWIN" if mobile_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS else "LINUX"),
+            mobile_platform=mobile_platform,
+            device_id=sim_device_id,
+            device_width=device_info.get("device_width", 1080),
+            device_height=device_info.get("device_height", 2400),
+        )
+
     def create_ctx(
         self,
         session_id: str,
         step_number: int,
         agent_name: str = "explorer",
         replay_id: str = None,
+        override_device_id: str = None,
     ) -> ArtemisContext:
         """Creates a sandboxed ArtemisContext and DataEngine for the given session and step."""
         self._ensure_session_chunked(session_id)
@@ -1682,37 +1665,13 @@ def create_ctx(
         except ImportError as import_err:
             raise ImportError(f"Failed to import Artemis core modules: {import_err}")
 
-        import sqlite3
-
-        conn = sqlite3.connect(self.db_path)
-        cursor = conn.cursor()
-        cursor.execute(
-            "SELECT device_info FROM sessions WHERE session_id = ?",
-            (session_id,),
-        )
-        row = cursor.fetchone()
-        conn.close()
-
-        device_info = {}
-        if row and row[0]:
-            try:
-                device_info = json.loads(row[0])
-            except (ValueError, TypeError):
-                # Malformed device_info: simulate with the defaults below.
-                pass
-
-        sim_device_id = device_info.get("device_id", "replay-device")
-        sim_w = device_info.get("device_width", 1080)
-        sim_h = device_info.get("device_height", 2400)
-
-        device_context = DeviceContext(
-            host_platform="LINUX",
-            mobile_platform=DevicePlatform.ANDROID,
-            device_id=sim_device_id,
-            device_width=sim_w,
-            device_height=sim_h,
+        device_info = self._session_device_info(session_id)
+        device_context = self._replay_device_context(device_info, override_device_id)
+        sim_device_id = device_context.device_id
+        print(
+            f"Replay simulated device: {sim_device_id} "
+            f"({device_context.device_width}x{device_context.device_height})"
         )
-        print(f"Replay simulated device: {sim_device_id} ({sim_w}x{sim_h})")
 
         from artemis.config import get_default_llm_config
 
@@ -1765,6 +1724,7 @@ def instantiate_state(
                 pre_image_meta = json.load(f)
 
         initial_goal = self.load_session_goal(session_id, step_dir, str(self.db_path))
+        device_info = self._session_device_info(session_id)
 
         # State has no fields for the app info or device date (extra="forbid").
         ui_hier, decisions, _app_info, _dev_date = self.extract_state_prepopulation_data(
@@ -1781,7 +1741,10 @@ def instantiate_state(
             latest_screenshot=str(step_dir / "pre.jpg")
             if (step_dir / "pre.jpg").exists()
             else str(step_dir / "post.jpg"),
-            operator_raw_data={"width": self.w, "height": self.h},
+            operator_raw_data={
+                "width": device_info.get("device_width"),
+                "height": device_info.get("device_height"),
+            },
             current_step_id=step_data["step_id"],
             subagent_calls=step_data.get("subagent_calls") or [],
             latest_ui_hierarchy=ui_hier,
@@ -1872,6 +1835,7 @@ async def replay_step_tool(
             step_number=step_number,
             agent_name=agent_name,
             replay_id=replay_id,
+            override_device_id=override_device_id,
         )
 
         state = self.instantiate_state(
diff --git a/apps/admin_console/routers/replay.py b/apps/admin_console/routers/replay.py
index 2a83b6e2..d6de82c9 100644
--- a/apps/admin_console/routers/replay.py
+++ b/apps/admin_console/routers/replay.py
@@ -30,12 +30,6 @@
 router = APIRouter(tags=["replay"])
 
 
-@router.get("/api/devices")
-async def list_devices():
-    """Dynamically queries the ADB server for connected Android devices."""
-    return replay_manager.list_devices()
-
-
 @router.get("/api/replay/tools")
 async def get_replay_tools():
     """Returns the list of registered tools available for replay."""
diff --git a/apps/admin_console/routers/stream.py b/apps/admin_console/routers/stream.py
index 5bc3c688..6cdd2f58 100644
--- a/apps/admin_console/routers/stream.py
+++ b/apps/admin_console/routers/stream.py
@@ -45,12 +45,13 @@ async def stream_device_live():
 
 @router.get("/api/stream/device-state")
 async def get_device_stream_state():
-    """Returns whether an ADB device is connected and live streaming is available."""
-    serial = await device_stream_service.get_device_serial()
+    """Returns whether a device is connected and live streaming is available."""
+    target = await device_stream_service.get_stream_target()
     return JSONResponse(
         {
-            "connected": serial is not None,
-            "serial": serial,
-            "live_stream_url": "/api/stream/device-live" if serial else None,
+            "connected": target is not None,
+            "serial": target["serial"] if target else None,
+            "platform": target["platform"] if target else None,
+            "live_stream_url": "/api/stream/device-live" if target else None,
         }
     )
diff --git a/apps/admin_console/routers/system.py b/apps/admin_console/routers/system.py
index c8ce1834..b6d6685b 100644
--- a/apps/admin_console/routers/system.py
+++ b/apps/admin_console/routers/system.py
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
     adb_server_connection,
 )
 from artemis.core.diagnostics.schema import SystemReadinessReport
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import normalize_device_platform
 
 router = APIRouter(prefix="/api/system", tags=["system"])
 
@@ -93,9 +94,13 @@ def _require_local_lifecycle_request(request: Request) -> None:
 
 
 class SelectDeviceRequest(BaseModel):
-    """Payload to select an active target Android device."""
+    """Payload to select an active target device."""
 
-    serial: str = Field(description="Serial number or identifier of the Android device to select")
+    serial: str = Field(description="Serial number or identifier of the device to select")
+    platform: str = Field(
+        default="android",
+        description="Device platform: 'android' (default) or 'ios' (device UDID)",
+    )
 
 
 @router.get("/readiness", response_model=SystemReadinessReport)
@@ -106,11 +111,28 @@ async def get_system_readiness(force: bool = False) -> SystemReadinessReport:
 
 @router.post("/devices/select")
 async def select_active_device(request: SelectDeviceRequest):
-    """Select the active Android device or emulator for subsequent automated tasks."""
+    """Select the active Android or iOS device for subsequent automated tasks."""
     serial = request.serial.strip()
     if not serial:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Device serial cannot be empty.")
 
+    try:
+        platform = normalize_device_platform(request.platform)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=400,
+            detail=f"Unsupported platform '{request.platform}'. Expected 'android' or 'ios'.",
+        )
+    if platform == "ios":
+        # iOS has no ADB probe to retarget; validate the UDID and let the
+        # task payload's device_serial + platform carry the binding.
+        from artemis.runtime import ios_device_pool
+
+        rejection = await ios_device_pool.validate_explicit_serial_async(serial)
+        if rejection:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=rejection)
+        return {"status": "success", "selected_serial": serial, "platform": "ios"}
+
     readiness_engine.set_probe_target_serial(serial)
     # Return updated readiness
     report = await readiness_engine.run_all(force_refresh=True)
diff --git a/apps/admin_console/routers/tasks.py b/apps/admin_console/routers/tasks.py
index 26fca461..d655581e 100644
--- a/apps/admin_console/routers/tasks.py
+++ b/apps/admin_console/routers/tasks.py
@@ -19,7 +19,12 @@
 from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException, Request
 from fastapi.responses import StreamingResponse
 from artemis.core.diagnostics import readiness_engine
-from artemis.runtime import DeviceExecutionLock, device_pool
+from artemis.runtime import DeviceExecutionLock, device_pool, ios_device_pool
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import (
+    IOS_LOCK_SCOPE,
+    device_pool_for,
+    normalize_device_platform,
+)
 
 try:
     from admin_console.core.state import state
@@ -66,6 +71,26 @@ async def get_task_catalog():
     }
 
 
+@router.get("/api/v1/capabilities")
+async def get_capabilities():
+    """Static wire-feature advertisement — no device or service probing.
+
+    ``platform.ios`` means the API accepts iOS submissions; it does not
+    imply Xcode approval or attached hardware on this host.
+    """
+    return {
+        "api_version": "1",
+        "features": [
+            "tasks.submit",
+            "tasks.get",
+            "tasks.stop",
+            "devices.list",
+            "system.readiness",
+            "platform.ios",
+        ],
+    }
+
+
 @router.post("/api/run")
 async def run_task(request: RunRequest):
     incoming_goals = []
@@ -113,6 +138,19 @@ async def run_task(request: RunRequest):
                 "total_queued": len(state.queue_tasks),
             }
 
+    try:
+        platform = normalize_device_platform(request.platform)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=400,
+            detail=f"Unsupported platform '{request.platform}'. Expected 'android' or 'ios'.",
+        )
+    if platform == "ios" and request.locked_app_package:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=400,
+            detail="locked_app_package is unavailable for iOS tasks.",
+        )
+
     # Reject an explicit unknown/offline target before running the more
     # expensive readiness probe. Besides producing a stable SDK response,
     # this avoids probing the currently active device for a serial that can
@@ -121,7 +159,9 @@ async def run_task(request: RunRequest):
     # fail downstream with a clear error instead.
     if request.device_serial:
         try:
-            rejection = await device_pool.validate_explicit_serial_async(request.device_serial)
+            rejection = await device_pool_for(platform).validate_explicit_serial_async(
+                request.device_serial
+            )
         except Exception:
             rejection = None
         if rejection:
@@ -140,30 +180,35 @@ async def run_task(request: RunRequest):
     # With no explicit serial the probe itself resolves a live target (it
     # prefers the diagnostics target preference, then any unlocked ready
     # device); the verified serial is bound below.
+    # iOS skips the Android screen-lock probe entirely: the Xcode driver
+    # validates and boots the pinned simulator at execution time.
     target_serial = request.device_serial
-    device_probe = await readiness_engine.run_device_submission_probe(target_serial=target_serial)
-    if device_probe and device_probe.summary in {"Device Locked", "Lock State Unknown"}:
-        locked_serial = (
-            device_probe.metadata.get("active_device", {}).get("serial") or target_serial or ""
-        )
-        detail = (
-            f"Android device {locked_serial} is locked. Unlock it and enter the home screen before running a task.".replace(
-                "  ", " "
-            ).strip()
-            if device_probe.summary == "Device Locked"
-            else f"Android device {locked_serial} lock state could not be verified. Keep it unlocked on the home screen and try again.".replace(
-                "  ", " "
-            ).strip()
+    if platform != "ios":
+        device_probe = await readiness_engine.run_device_submission_probe(
+            target_serial=target_serial
         )
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=409, detail=detail)
+        if device_probe and device_probe.summary in {"Device Locked", "Lock State Unknown"}:
+            locked_serial = (
+                device_probe.metadata.get("active_device", {}).get("serial") or target_serial or ""
+            )
+            detail = (
+                f"Android device {locked_serial} is locked. Unlock it and enter the home screen before running a task.".replace(
+                    "  ", " "
+                ).strip()
+                if device_probe.summary == "Device Locked"
+                else f"Android device {locked_serial} lock state could not be verified. Keep it unlocked on the home screen and try again.".replace(
+                    "  ", " "
+                ).strip()
+            )
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=409, detail=detail)
 
-    if device_probe and device_probe.metadata.get("active_device"):
-        verified_serial = device_probe.metadata["active_device"].get("serial")
-        # Only auto-selected targets may be re-bound to the probed device. An
-        # explicitly requested serial is never silently replaced -- if it is
-        # invalid, enqueue_tasks rejects the submission with a clear error.
-        if verified_serial and not request.device_serial:
-            target_serial = verified_serial
+        if device_probe and device_probe.metadata.get("active_device"):
+            verified_serial = device_probe.metadata["active_device"].get("serial")
+            # Only auto-selected targets may be re-bound to the probed device. An
+            # explicitly requested serial is never silently replaced -- if it is
+            # invalid, enqueue_tasks rejects the submission with a clear error.
+            if verified_serial and not request.device_serial:
+                target_serial = verified_serial
 
     return await task_queue_service.enqueue_tasks(
         incoming_goals,
@@ -178,6 +223,8 @@ async def run_task(request: RunRequest):
         ingress=request.ingress or "frontend",
         session_id=request.session_id,
         conversation_id=request.conversation_id,
+        platform=platform,
+        ios_workspace=request.ios_workspace,
     )
 
 
@@ -199,9 +246,11 @@ async def get_run_defaults():
 
 @router.get("/api/devices")
 async def list_devices():
-    """List all connected Android devices with their busy / idle status."""
-    devices = await device_pool.list_devices_async()
-    return {"devices": [d.to_dict() for d in devices]}
+    """List all connected devices (Android + iOS) with lock status."""
+    android_devices, ios_devices = await asyncio.gather(
+        device_pool.list_devices_async(), ios_device_pool.list_devices_async()
+    )
+    return {"devices": [d.to_dict() for d in (*android_devices, *ios_devices)]}
 
 
 @router.post("/api/stop")
@@ -276,6 +325,9 @@ async def get_status():
             "pid": owner.pid,
             "ingress": owner.ingress,
             "acquired_at": owner.acquired_at,
+            "platform": "ios"
+            if getattr(owner, "lock_scope", None) == IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
+            else "android",
         }
         for owner in active_owners.values()
     ]
diff --git a/apps/admin_console/schemas/task_schema.py b/apps/admin_console/schemas/task_schema.py
index 144a9720..e0ee9cbe 100644
--- a/apps/admin_console/schemas/task_schema.py
+++ b/apps/admin_console/schemas/task_schema.py
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ class RunRequest(BaseModel):
     locked_app_package: str | None = None
     app_path: str | None = None
     device_serial: str | None = None
+    # Target platform: "android" (default) or "ios". For iOS, device_serial is a
+    # simulator or physical UDID and ios_workspace optionally scopes the Xcode approval grant.
+    platform: str | None = None
+    ios_workspace: str | None = None
     ingress: str | None = "frontend"
     session_id: str | None = None
     conversation_id: str | None = None
diff --git a/apps/admin_console/services/device_stream_service.py b/apps/admin_console/services/device_stream_service.py
index 6455a3e7..199edf6e 100644
--- a/apps/admin_console/services/device_stream_service.py
+++ b/apps/admin_console/services/device_stream_service.py
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@
 """Device Live Screen Streaming Service.
 
 Provides real-time, low-latency device screen frames over HTTP MJPEG and WebSocket.
-Operates concurrently with ADB agent actions with zero interference.
+Android frames come from ``adb exec-out screencap``; iOS frames come
+from the native ``xcrun simctl io <UDID> screenshot`` capture. The target is
+picked per frame so the stream follows whichever platform is under automation.
 """
 
 import asyncio
@@ -23,7 +25,11 @@
 import subprocess
 import time
 from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
+from pathlib import Path
 
+from artemis.config.paths import get_temp_dir
+from artemis.runtime import DeviceExecutionLock, ios_device_pool
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
 from artemis.toolchain import find_adb
 
 logger = logging.getLogger("artemis.stream_service")
@@ -39,8 +45,41 @@ def __init__(self):
         self._last_frame_time: float = 0.0
         self._is_capturing = False
         self._capture_task: asyncio.Task | None = None
+        self._last_target: dict[str, str] | None = None
+
+    async def get_stream_target(self) -> dict[str, str] | None:
+        """Pick the device the stream should follow right now.
+
+        An actively locked iOS device wins (it is the device under
+        automation), then a connected Android device, then the single
+        unambiguous booted simulator. Returns ``{"platform", "serial"}``.
+        """
+        try:
+            for owner in DeviceExecutionLock.get_active_owners().values():
+                if (
+                    owner
+                    and getattr(owner, "lock_scope", None) == IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
+                    and owner.device_id
+                ):
+                    return {"platform": "ios", "serial": str(owner.device_id)}
+        except Exception as exc:
+            logger.debug(f"[StreamService] iOS lock-owner scan failed: {exc}")
+
+        serial = await self._android_serial()
+        if serial:
+            return {"platform": "android", "serial": serial}
+
+        udid = await ios_device_pool.select_device_async()
+        if udid:
+            return {"platform": "ios", "serial": udid}
+        return None
 
     async def get_device_serial(self) -> str | None:
+        """Serial of the currently streamable device, regardless of platform."""
+        target = await self.get_stream_target()
+        return target["serial"] if target else None
+
+    async def _android_serial(self) -> str | None:
         """Find the currently connected active ADB device serial."""
         try:
             adb_bin = find_adb()
@@ -60,27 +99,95 @@ async def get_device_serial(self) -> str | None:
             logger.warning(f"Error checking adb devices: {e}")
         return None
 
+    async def _capture_android(self, serial: str | None) -> bytes | None:
+        adb_bin = find_adb()
+        cmd = (
+            [adb_bin, "-s", serial, "exec-out", "screencap", "-p"]
+            if serial
+            else [adb_bin, "exec-out", "screencap", "-p"]
+        )
+        proc = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
+            *cmd,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
+        stdout, _ = await proc.communicate()
+        return stdout if proc.returncode == 0 and len(stdout) > 1000 else None
+
+    async def _capture_ios(self, udid: str) -> bytes | None:
+        """One PNG frame via simctl (simulator) or devicectl (physical).
+
+        Both tools only write files, so frames stream through one reused temp
+        path per UDID.
+        """
+        from artemis.drivers.ios.discovery import find_physical_ios_device_sync
+
+        frame_path = Path(get_temp_dir("streams")) / f"ios_stream_{udid}.png"
+        physical = await asyncio.to_thread(find_physical_ios_device_sync, udid)
+        if physical is not None:
+            cmd = [
+                "xcrun",
+                "devicectl",
+                "device",
+                "capture",
+                "screenshot",
+                "--device",
+                udid,
+                "--destination",
+                str(frame_path),
+            ]
+        else:
+            cmd = [
+                "xcrun",
+                "simctl",
+                "io",
+                udid,
+                "screenshot",
+                "--type=png",
+                str(frame_path),
+            ]
+        try:
+            proc = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
+                *cmd,
+                stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+                stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            )
+            try:
+                await proc.communicate()
+            except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                if proc.returncode is None:
+                    try:
+                        proc.kill()
+                    except ProcessLookupError:
+                        pass
+                await proc.communicate()
+                raise
+            if proc.returncode == 0 and frame_path.exists():
+                data = frame_path.read_bytes()
+                return data if len(data) > 1000 else None
+        finally:
+            frame_path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        return None
+
     async def _capture_loop(self):
         """Background frame capture loop that runs while listeners > 0."""
         logger.info("[StreamService] Starting live screen capture loop...")
         while self._active_listeners > 0:
             try:
                 start_t = time.time()
-                serial = await self.get_device_serial()
-                adb_bin = find_adb()
-                cmd = (
-                    [adb_bin, "-s", serial, "exec-out", "screencap", "-p"]
-                    if serial
-                    else [adb_bin, "exec-out", "screencap", "-p"]
-                )
-                proc = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
-                    *cmd,
-                    stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                    stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
-                )
-                stdout, _ = await proc.communicate()
-                if proc.returncode == 0 and len(stdout) > 1000:
-                    self._latest_frame = stdout
+                target = await self.get_stream_target()
+                if target != self._last_target:
+                    # Never carry frames across a device/platform switch.
+                    self._latest_frame = None
+                    self._last_target = target
+                frame = None
+                if target is not None:
+                    if target["platform"] == "ios":
+                        frame = await self._capture_ios(target["serial"])
+                    else:
+                        frame = await self._capture_android(target["serial"])
+                if frame is not None:
+                    self._latest_frame = frame
                     self._last_frame_time = time.time()
 
                 elapsed = time.time() - start_t
diff --git a/apps/admin_console/services/task_queue_service.py b/apps/admin_console/services/task_queue_service.py
index b99b4c91..93e7613b 100644
--- a/apps/admin_console/services/task_queue_service.py
+++ b/apps/admin_console/services/task_queue_service.py
@@ -52,6 +52,13 @@
     request_cancel,
     trace_store,
 )
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import (
+    IOS_LOCK_SCOPE,
+    IosTarget,
+    device_pool_for,
+    normalize_device_platform,
+    target_for_platform,
+)
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -216,15 +223,16 @@ def _enforce_sync() -> None:
         ).start()
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _task_target(task_item: dict[str, Any]) -> AdbTarget:
+    def _task_target(task_item: dict[str, Any]) -> AdbTarget | IosTarget:
+        serial = str(task_item.get("device_serial") or "") or None
+        if normalize_device_platform(task_item.get("platform"), strict=False) == "ios":
+            # iOS targets never read a stale/malformed Android endpoint blob.
+            return IosTarget(serial=serial)
         endpoint_data = task_item.get("adb_endpoint")
         endpoint = (
-            AdbEndpoint.from_mapping(endpoint_data)
-            if isinstance(endpoint_data, dict)
-            else current_adb_endpoint()
+            AdbEndpoint.from_mapping(endpoint_data) if isinstance(endpoint_data, dict) else None
         )
-        serial = task_item.get("device_serial")
-        return AdbTarget(endpoint=endpoint, serial=str(serial) if serial else None)
+        return target_for_platform(task_item.get("platform"), serial=serial, endpoint=endpoint)
 
     @classmethod
     def _broadcast_event(cls, event_type: str, data: Any):
@@ -498,7 +506,7 @@ def _build_worker_invocation(
         sess_id: Any,
         goal: str,
         profile: str,
-        target: AdbTarget,
+        target: AdbTarget | IosTarget,
     ) -> tuple[list[str], dict[str, str]]:
         """Assemble the worker subprocess command line and environment."""
         expected_output = task_item.get("expected_output")
@@ -525,7 +533,7 @@ def _build_worker_invocation(
             env["ARTEMIS_SESSION_ID"] = str(sess_id)
         env["ARTEMIS_TASK_INGRESS"] = str(task_item.get("ingress", "frontend"))
         env["ARTEMIS_TASK_WORKER"] = "1"
-        target.endpoint.apply_to_environment(env)
+        target.apply_to_environment(env)
         env[DeviceExecutionLock.LOCK_SCOPE_ENV] = target.lock_scope
         queue_ticket = task_item.get("queue_ticket")
         if queue_ticket:
@@ -556,7 +564,14 @@ def _build_worker_invocation(
         if app_path:
             cmd.extend(["--app-path", str(app_path)])
         device_serial = task_item.get("device_serial")
-        if device_serial:
+        if isinstance(target, IosTarget):
+            cmd.extend(["--platform", "ios"])
+            ios_workspace = task_item.get("ios_workspace")
+            if ios_workspace:
+                cmd.extend(["--ios-workspace", str(ios_workspace)])
+            if device_serial:
+                cmd.extend(["--device-serial", str(device_serial)])
+        elif device_serial:
             cmd.extend(["--device-serial", str(device_serial)])
             env["ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL"] = str(device_serial)
         return cmd, env
@@ -569,7 +584,7 @@ def _register_worker_run(
         sess_id: Any,
         goal: str,
         profile: str,
-        target: AdbTarget,
+        target: AdbTarget | IosTarget,
         proc: asyncio.subprocess.Process,
     ) -> None:
         """Record the spawned worker in shared state and hand it the device reservation."""
@@ -580,7 +595,9 @@ def _register_worker_run(
             "process": proc,
             "device_id": str(device_serial) if device_serial else None,
             "lock_key": target.lock_key if device_serial else None,
-            "adb_endpoint": target.endpoint.to_dict(),
+            "platform": target.platform,
+            "target": target.to_dict(),
+            "adb_endpoint": (target.endpoint.to_dict() if isinstance(target, AdbTarget) else None),
             "goal": goal,
             "profile": profile,
         }
@@ -909,6 +926,8 @@ def _find_duplicate_submission(
         device_serial: str | None,
         endpoint: AdbEndpoint,
         now: float,
+        *,
+        platform: str = "android",
     ) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
         """Return the short-circuit response for a duplicate submission, if any."""
         # 1. Deduplication by session_id: if session_id is already running or queued, do not re-enqueue
@@ -947,8 +966,14 @@ def _find_duplicate_submission(
                     if isinstance(item, dict)
                     and item.get("status") == "pending"
                     and item.get("goal") == first_goal
+                    and normalize_device_platform(item.get("platform"), strict=False) == platform
                     and (not device_serial or item.get("device_serial") == device_serial)
-                    and item.get("adb_endpoint", {}).get("identity") == endpoint.identity
+                    # iOS items carry no ADB endpoint snapshot; matching the
+                    # platform + serial is the whole identity there.
+                    and (
+                        platform == "ios"
+                        or (item.get("adb_endpoint") or {}).get("identity") == endpoint.identity
+                    )
                     and (now - float(item.get("created_at", 0))) < 1.0
                 ),
                 None,
@@ -963,7 +988,9 @@ def _find_duplicate_submission(
         return None
 
     @classmethod
-    async def _reject_unavailable_device(cls, device_serial: str | None) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    async def _reject_unavailable_device(
+        cls, device_serial: str | None, platform: str = "android"
+    ) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
         """Return the rejection response for an unattached explicit serial, if any."""
         # Strict device binding: reject an explicitly requested serial that is not
         # attached and authorized, instead of silently running on another device.
@@ -971,9 +998,9 @@ async def _reject_unavailable_device(cls, device_serial: str | None) -> dict[str
         # the task can proceed and fail downstream with a clear no-device error.
         if device_serial:
             try:
-                from artemis.runtime import device_pool
-
-                rejection = await device_pool.validate_explicit_serial_async(device_serial)
+                rejection = await device_pool_for(platform).validate_explicit_serial_async(
+                    device_serial
+                )
             except Exception:
                 rejection = None
             if rejection:
@@ -1004,6 +1031,8 @@ def _create_queue_item(
         conversation_id: str | None,
         verification_level: str | None = None,
         explorer_mode: str | None = None,
+        platform: str = "android",
+        ios_workspace: str | None = None,
     ) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Reserve a device slot and build one pending queue item for a goal."""
         sess_id = single_session_id if single_session_id else str(uuid.uuid4())
@@ -1015,7 +1044,7 @@ def _create_queue_item(
             device_id=assigned_serial or "pending",
             session_id=sess_id,
             ingress=ingress,
-            lock_scope=endpoint.identity,
+            lock_scope=IOS_LOCK_SCOPE if platform == "ios" else endpoint.identity,
         )
         return {
             "session_id": sess_id,
@@ -1029,6 +1058,8 @@ def _create_queue_item(
             "app_path": app_path,
             "device_serial": assigned_serial,
             "adb_endpoint": endpoint.to_dict(),
+            "platform": platform,
+            "ios_workspace": ios_workspace,
             "ingress": ingress,
             "conversation_id": conversation_id,
             "status": "pending",
@@ -1052,13 +1083,20 @@ async def enqueue_tasks(
         conversation_id: str | None = None,
         verification_level: str | None = None,
         explorer_mode: str | None = None,
+        platform: str | None = None,
+        ios_workspace: str | None = None,
     ) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Enqueues one or more goals and wakes up the background worker.
 
         ``verification_level`` and ``explorer_mode`` are Pro-profile tuning knobs
         forwarded to the worker as ``--verification-level`` / ``--explorer-pro-mode``;
         they are normalised here so the queue item and the CLI see one spelling.
+
+        ``platform="ios"`` enqueues a native iOS task: the serial is a simulator
+        or paired physical UDID, the device lock is scoped under ``ios``, and the worker
+        runs with ``--platform ios`` instead of ADB bindings.
         """
+        platform = normalize_device_platform(platform, strict=False)
         verification_level = (
             str(verification_level).strip().lower() or None if verification_level else None
         )
@@ -1070,22 +1108,19 @@ async def enqueue_tasks(
         endpoint = current_adb_endpoint()
 
         duplicate_response = cls._find_duplicate_submission(
-            goals, session_id, device_serial, endpoint, now
+            goals, session_id, device_serial, endpoint, now, platform=platform
         )
         if duplicate_response is not None:
             return duplicate_response
 
-        rejection_response = await cls._reject_unavailable_device(device_serial)
+        rejection_response = await cls._reject_unavailable_device(device_serial, platform)
         if rejection_response is not None:
             return rejection_response
 
         single_session_id = session_id if (session_id and len(goals) == 1) else None
         if not device_serial:
-            # Device enumeration may block on ADB.
-            from artemis.runtime import device_pool
-
             try:
-                device_serial = await device_pool.select_device_async()
+                device_serial = await device_pool_for(platform).select_device_async()
             except Exception:
                 device_serial = None
         for i, goal in enumerate(goals):
@@ -1105,6 +1140,8 @@ async def enqueue_tasks(
                 conversation_id,
                 verification_level=verification_level,
                 explorer_mode=explorer_mode,
+                platform=platform,
+                ios_workspace=ios_workspace,
             )
             state.queue_items.append(task_item)
             enqueued_tasks.append(task_item)
diff --git a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/components/legacy-agent-stream/legacy-agent-stream.component.html b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/components/legacy-agent-stream/legacy-agent-stream.component.html
index 44ec4120..c7bd726b 100644
--- a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/components/legacy-agent-stream/legacy-agent-stream.component.html
+++ b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/components/legacy-agent-stream/legacy-agent-stream.component.html
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ <h2>👣 Real-time Agent Stream (Legacy Card View)</h2>
           <option
             [value]="session.session_id"
             >
-            {{ session.initial_goal || 'Unnamed Goal' }} ({{ session.device_serial ? session.device_serial + ' · ' : '' }}{{ session.start_time * 1000 | date:'short' }})
+            {{ session.initial_goal || 'Unnamed Goal' }} ({{ session.platform === 'ios' ? 'iOS · ' : '' }}{{ session.device_serial ? session.device_serial + ' · ' : '' }}{{ session.start_time * 1000 | date:'short' }})
           </option>
         }
       </select>
diff --git a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/core/models/session.model.ts b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/core/models/session.model.ts
index ef322d1c..8733ac3d 100644
--- a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/core/models/session.model.ts
+++ b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/core/models/session.model.ts
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ export interface TaskQueueItem {
   start_time?: number;
   device_serial?: string | null;
   device_id?: string | null;
+  platform?: 'android' | 'ios' | string | null;
 }
 
 export interface Session {
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ export interface Session {
   device_serial?: string | null;
   device_id?: string | null;
   device_info?: any;
+  platform?: 'android' | 'ios' | string | null;
 }
 
 export interface AgentStatusResponse {
diff --git a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/core/models/system.model.ts b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/core/models/system.model.ts
index cf15406f..cfa52957 100644
--- a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/core/models/system.model.ts
+++ b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/core/models/system.model.ts
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ export interface DeviceInfo {
   is_locked: boolean | null;
   is_emulator: boolean;
   installed_packages?: string[];
+  /** 'android' (default) or 'ios' (iOS Simulator; serial is the UDID). */
+  platform?: 'android' | 'ios';
 }
 
 export interface AdbServerEndpoint {
diff --git a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/pages/home/home.component.html b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/pages/home/home.component.html
index 060a01d2..571e0c82 100644
--- a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/pages/home/home.component.html
+++ b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/pages/home/home.component.html
@@ -672,11 +672,12 @@ <h3 class="step-title">AI Model Setup</h3>
             </div>
             <div class="step-info">
               <div class="step-title-row">
-                <h3 class="step-title">Android Device & Emulator Connection</h3>
+                <h3 class="step-title">Device & Emulator Connection</h3>
               </div>
-              <p class="step-desc">Local emulator, attached phone, wireless device, or another ADB server</p>
+              <p class="step-desc">Android device or emulator via ADB, or an iOS Simulator / paired iPhone or iPad (Xcode 27+)</p>
             </div>
 
+            @if (deviceGuidePlatform() === 'android') {
             <button
               type="button"
               class="btn-restart-adb btn-connection-options"
@@ -704,12 +705,43 @@ <h3 class="step-title">Android Device & Emulator Connection</h3>
               <span>{{ isRemoteAdbServer() ? 'Refresh Devices' : 'Restart ADB' }}</span>
               }
             </button>
+            }
           </div>
 
           <div class="guide-card-body">
 
+            <!-- Platform split: Android (ADB) vs iOS devices -->
+            <div class="platform-tabs">
+              <button
+                type="button"
+                class="platform-tab"
+                [class.active]="deviceGuidePlatform() === 'android'"
+                (click)="deviceGuidePlatform.set('android')"
+              >
+                <span class="material-symbols-outlined plat-icon">android</span>
+                <span>Android</span>
+                @if (androidDevices().length > 0) {
+                  <span class="plat-count">{{ androidDevices().length }}</span>
+                }
+              </button>
+              <button
+                type="button"
+                class="platform-tab"
+                [class.active]="deviceGuidePlatform() === 'ios'"
+                (click)="deviceGuidePlatform.set('ios')"
+              >
+                <span class="material-symbols-outlined plat-icon">phone_iphone</span>
+                <span>iOS Devices</span>
+                @if (iosDevices().length > 0) {
+                  <span class="plat-count">{{ iosDevices().length }}</span>
+                }
+              </button>
+            </div>
+
+            @if (deviceGuidePlatform() === 'android') {
+
             <!-- STATE A: CONNECTED & READY -->
-            @if (isDeviceReady()) {
+            @if (androidDeviceReady()) {
               <div class="connected-device-panel">
                 <div class="device-hero-card">
                   <div class="device-avatar">
@@ -750,22 +782,22 @@ <h3 class="step-title">Android Device & Emulator Connection</h3>
                 </div>
 
                 <!-- Multi-Device Switcher if multiple devices detected -->
-                @if (connectedDevices().length > 1) {
+                @if (androidDevices().length > 1) {
                   <div class="multi-device-switcher">
                     <span class="switcher-label">Select Active Device:</span>
                     <div class="switcher-chips">
-                      @for (dev of connectedDevices(); track dev.serial) {
+                      @for (dev of androidDevices(); track dev.serial) {
                         <button
                           type="button"
                           class="device-chip-btn"
-                          [class.selected]="dev.serial === activeDevice()?.serial"
-                          (click)="selectTargetDevice(dev.serial)"
+                          [class.selected]="dev.serial === selectedDeviceSerial()"
+                          (click)="selectTargetDevice(dev)"
                         >
                           <span class="material-symbols-outlined chip-icon">
                             phone_android
                           </span>
                           <span>{{ dev.model || dev.serial }}</span>
-                          @if (dev.serial === activeDevice()?.serial) {
+                          @if (dev.serial === selectedDeviceSerial()) {
                             <span class="active-check">✓ Active</span>
                           }
                         </button>
@@ -777,7 +809,7 @@ <h3 class="step-title">Android Device & Emulator Connection</h3>
             }
 
             <!-- STATE B-1: EMULATOR LAUNCHING / DEVICE BOOTING LIVE TRACKER -->
-            @if (isEmulatorLaunching() || (!isDeviceReady() && adbProbe()?.summary === 'Device Booting')) {
+            @if (isEmulatorLaunching() || (!androidDeviceReady() && adbProbe()?.summary === 'Device Booting')) {
               <div class="emulator-boot-tracker-container">
                 <div class="emulator-boot-tracker-card">
                   <div class="tracker-header">
@@ -1561,22 +1593,22 @@ <h4 class="empty-title">No Android Virtual Devices (AVD) Detected</h4>
                 </div>
 
                 <!-- Multi-Device Switcher if multiple devices detected -->
-                @if (connectedDevices().length > 1) {
+                @if (androidDevices().length > 1) {
                   <div class="multi-device-switcher" style="margin-top: 12px;">
                     <span class="switcher-label">Select Active Device:</span>
                     <div class="switcher-chips">
-                      @for (dev of connectedDevices(); track dev.serial) {
+                      @for (dev of androidDevices(); track dev.serial) {
                         <button
                           type="button"
                           class="device-chip-btn"
-                          [class.selected]="dev.serial === activeDevice()?.serial"
-                          (click)="selectTargetDevice(dev.serial)"
+                          [class.selected]="dev.serial === selectedDeviceSerial()"
+                          (click)="selectTargetDevice(dev)"
                         >
                           <span class="material-symbols-outlined chip-icon">
                             phone_android
                           </span>
                           <span>{{ dev.model || dev.serial }}</span>
-                          @if (dev.serial === activeDevice()?.serial) {
+                          @if (dev.serial === selectedDeviceSerial()) {
                             <span class="active-check">✓ Active</span>
                           }
                         </button>
@@ -1674,6 +1706,90 @@ <h4 class="empty-title">No Android Virtual Devices (AVD) Detected</h4>
               </div>
             }
 
+            } @else {
+
+            <!-- iOS TAB: SIMULATORS AND PAIRED DEVICES VIA XCODE 27+ -->
+            <div class="ios-device-panel">
+
+              <!-- Selected simulator hero -->
+              @if (selectedIosDevice(); as sim) {
+                <div class="connected-device-panel">
+                  <div class="device-hero-card">
+                    <div class="device-avatar">
+                      <span class="material-symbols-outlined device-hero-icon">
+                        {{ sim.model?.includes('iPad') ? 'tablet_mac' : 'phone_iphone' }}
+                      </span>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="device-hero-details">
+                      <div class="device-hero-name">
+                        {{ sim.model || sim.serial }}
+                      </div>
+                      <div class="device-hero-meta">
+                        <span>{{ sim.is_emulator ? 'iOS Simulator' : 'Physical iOS Device' }}</span>
+                        <span class="meta-dot">·</span>
+                        <span>{{ sim.serial }}</span>
+                        @if (sim.product) {
+                          <span class="meta-dot">·</span>
+                          <span>{{ sim.product }}</span>
+                        }
+                      </div>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="device-hero-status" [class.status-idle]="sim.state !== 'device'">
+                      <span class="status-dot" [class.dot-pass]="sim.state === 'device'" [class.dot-warn]="sim.state !== 'device'"></span>
+                      <span class="status-text">{{ sim.state === 'device' ? (sim.is_emulator ? 'Booted' : 'Connected') : (sim.is_emulator ? 'Shutdown — boots on run' : sim.state) }}</span>
+                    </div>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              }
+
+              <!-- iOS device picker -->
+              @if (iosDevices().length > 0) {
+                <div class="ios-sim-panel">
+                  <div class="ios-sim-header">
+                    <span class="material-symbols-outlined ios-sim-icon">phone_iphone</span>
+                    <div class="ios-sim-header-text">
+                      <span class="ios-sim-title">iOS Devices</span>
+                      <span class="ios-sim-desc">
+                        {{ iosDevices().length }} available — select a simulator or paired iPhone/iPad to run iOS tasks
+                      </span>
+                    </div>
+                  </div>
+                  <div class="multi-device-switcher switcher-chips">
+                    @for (dev of iosDevices(); track dev.serial) {
+                      <button
+                        type="button"
+                        class="device-chip-btn"
+                        [class.selected]="dev.serial === selectedDeviceSerial()"
+                        (click)="selectTargetDevice(dev)"
+                      >
+                        <span class="material-symbols-outlined chip-icon">
+                          {{ dev.model?.includes('iPad') ? 'tablet_mac' : 'phone_iphone' }}
+                        </span>
+                        <span class="chip-name">{{ dev.model || dev.serial }}</span>
+                        <span class="sim-state-dot" [class.booted]="dev.state === 'device'" [class.booting]="dev.state === 'Booting'" [title]="dev.state === 'device' ? (dev.is_emulator ? 'Booted' : 'Connected') : dev.state"></span>
+                        @if (dev.serial === selectedDeviceSerial()) {
+                          <span class="active-check">✓ Active</span>
+                        }
+                      </button>
+                    }
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              } @else {
+                <div class="ios-empty-state">
+                  <span class="material-symbols-outlined ios-empty-icon">phone_iphone</span>
+                  <div class="ios-empty-text">
+                    <div class="ios-empty-title">No iOS Devices Available</div>
+                    <div class="ios-empty-desc">
+                      {{ iosProbe()?.description || 'iOS automation requires macOS with Xcode 27+ and an available simulator or a paired iPhone/iPad. Physical devices also need WebDriverAgent on the device.' }}
+                    </div>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              }
+
+            </div>
+
+            }
+
           </div>
         </div>
 
@@ -1686,7 +1802,7 @@ <h4 class="empty-title">No Android Virtual Devices (AVD) Detected</h4>
               </div>
               <div class="ready-text-group">
                 <h4 class="ready-title">System Ready for Autonomous Tasks</h4>
-                <p class="ready-desc">All dependencies, AI model credentials, and Android device are verified and ready to run.</p>
+                <p class="ready-desc">All dependencies, AI model credentials, and a target device are verified and ready to run.</p>
               </div>
             </div>
             <button type="button" class="btn-proceed-launch" (click)="setTab('launcher')">
@@ -1712,7 +1828,7 @@ <h4 class="ready-title">System Ready for Autonomous Tasks</h4>
             <span>
               {{ adbProbe()?.summary === 'Device Locked'
                 ? 'Android device is locked. Unlock it and enter the home screen before running a task.'
-                : 'Prerequisites incomplete: runtime, credentials, or Android device is not ready. Click here to open Setup Guide.' }}
+                : 'Prerequisites incomplete: runtime, credentials, or device is not ready. Click here to open Setup Guide.' }}
             </span>
             <span class="material-symbols-outlined arrow">arrow_forward</span>
           </div>
@@ -1808,6 +1924,23 @@ <h4 class="ready-title">System Ready for Autonomous Tasks</h4>
                   <span class="btn-text">Pro</span>
                 </button>
               </div>
+
+              <!-- Run target indicator (selected in System Setup) -->
+              @if (selectedTarget(); as tgt) {
+                <button
+                  type="button"
+                  class="target-device-chip"
+                  [class.is-ios]="tgt.platform === 'ios'"
+                  (click)="setTab('diagnostics')"
+                  [title]="'Run target: ' + (tgt.model || tgt.serial) + ' — click to change'"
+                >
+                  <span class="material-symbols-outlined target-icon">
+                    {{ tgt.platform === 'ios' ? 'phone_iphone' : 'phone_android' }}
+                  </span>
+                  <span class="target-name">{{ tgt.model || tgt.serial }}</span>
+                  <span class="target-plat">{{ tgt.platform === 'ios' ? 'iOS' : 'Android' }}</span>
+                </button>
+              }
             </div>
 
             <div class="bar-right">
diff --git a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/pages/home/home.component.scss b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/pages/home/home.component.scss
index c1a5e68d..14c3c4db 100644
--- a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/pages/home/home.component.scss
+++ b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/pages/home/home.component.scss
@@ -1761,6 +1761,10 @@ $text-light: #94a3b8;
             margin-left: auto;
             flex-shrink: 0;
 
+            &.status-idle {
+              color: #b45309;
+            }
+
             .status-dot {
               width: 7px;
               height: 7px;
@@ -1768,6 +1772,12 @@ $text-light: #94a3b8;
               background: #10b981;
               box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(16, 185, 129, 0.7);
               animation: statusDotPulse 2s infinite cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.6, 1);
+
+              &.dot-warn {
+                background: #f59e0b;
+                box-shadow: none;
+                animation: none;
+              }
             }
           }
 
@@ -1811,6 +1821,26 @@ $text-light: #94a3b8;
                 font-size: 14px;
               }
 
+              .chip-name {
+                color: $text-main;
+              }
+
+              .sim-state-dot {
+                width: 7px;
+                height: 7px;
+                border-radius: 50%;
+                background: #94a3b8;
+                flex-shrink: 0;
+
+                &.booted {
+                  background: #10b981;
+                }
+
+                &.booting {
+                  background: #f59e0b;
+                }
+              }
+
               .active-check {
                 color: $emerald;
                 font-size: 10.5px;
@@ -2394,6 +2424,120 @@ $text-light: #94a3b8;
         display: flex;
         flex-direction: column;
         gap: 12px;
+      }
+
+      .platform-tabs {
+        display: inline-flex;
+        align-items: center;
+        gap: 4px;
+        align-self: flex-start;
+        background: rgba(241, 245, 249, 0.85);
+        padding: 3px;
+        border-radius: 10px;
+        margin-bottom: 12px;
+
+        .platform-tab {
+          display: inline-flex;
+          align-items: center;
+          gap: 6px;
+          height: 28px;
+          padding: 0 12px;
+          border: none;
+          border-radius: 8px;
+          background: transparent;
+          font-family: inherit;
+          font-size: 12px;
+          font-weight: 600;
+          color: $text-muted;
+          cursor: pointer;
+          transition: all 0.15s ease;
+
+          .plat-icon {
+            font-size: 15px;
+          }
+
+          .plat-count {
+            font-size: 10px;
+            font-weight: 700;
+            padding: 1px 6px;
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            background: rgba(100, 116, 139, 0.12);
+            color: inherit;
+          }
+
+          &.active {
+            background: #ffffff;
+            color: $text-main;
+            box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.1);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      .ios-empty-state {
+        display: flex;
+        align-items: flex-start;
+        gap: 10px;
+        padding: 16px;
+        border: 1px dashed $card-border-hover;
+        border-radius: 8px;
+        background: #fafbff;
+
+        .ios-empty-icon {
+          font-size: 22px;
+          color: #818cf8;
+        }
+
+        .ios-empty-title {
+          font-size: 12.5px;
+          font-weight: 700;
+          color: $text-main;
+          margin-bottom: 3px;
+        }
+
+        .ios-empty-desc {
+          font-size: 11.5px;
+          color: $text-secondary;
+          line-height: 1.5;
+        }
+      }
+
+      .ios-sim-panel {
+          display: flex;
+          flex-direction: column;
+          gap: 10px;
+          padding: 12px;
+          border: 1px solid #e0e7ff;
+          border-radius: 8px;
+          background: #f8faff;
+
+          .ios-sim-header {
+            display: flex;
+            align-items: center;
+            gap: 10px;
+
+            .ios-sim-icon {
+              font-size: 20px;
+              color: #4f46e5;
+            }
+
+            .ios-sim-header-text {
+              display: flex;
+              flex-direction: column;
+            }
+
+            .ios-sim-title {
+              font-size: 12.5px;
+              font-weight: 700;
+              color: $text-main;
+            }
+
+            .ios-sim-desc {
+              font-size: 11px;
+              color: $text-secondary;
+            }
+          }
+
+        }
 
         .connection-methods-nav {
           display: grid;
@@ -4056,6 +4200,55 @@ $text-light: #94a3b8;
           .bar-left {
             display: flex;
             align-items: center;
+            gap: 8px;
+
+            .target-device-chip {
+              display: inline-flex;
+              align-items: center;
+              gap: 6px;
+              height: 30px;
+              padding: 0 10px;
+              background: #ffffff;
+              border: 1px solid $card-border;
+              border-radius: 15px;
+              font-family: inherit;
+              font-size: 11.5px;
+              font-weight: 600;
+              color: $text-secondary;
+              cursor: pointer;
+              transition: all 0.15s ease;
+
+              .target-icon {
+                font-size: 15px;
+              }
+
+              .target-name {
+                max-width: 160px;
+                overflow: hidden;
+                text-overflow: ellipsis;
+                white-space: nowrap;
+              }
+
+              .target-plat {
+                font-size: 9px;
+                font-weight: 700;
+                padding: 1px 5px;
+                border-radius: 4px;
+                background: #f1f5f9;
+                color: $text-muted;
+                letter-spacing: 0.3px;
+              }
+
+              &.is-ios {
+                border-color: #c7d2fe;
+                color: #4338ca;
+
+                .target-plat {
+                  background: #eef2ff;
+                  color: #4f46e5;
+                }
+              }
+            }
 
             .model-toggle-capsule {
               display: inline-flex;
@@ -4993,7 +5186,6 @@ $text-light: #94a3b8;
     }
 
   }
-}
 
 // =============================================================================
 // KEYFRAME ANIMATIONS
diff --git a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/pages/home/home.component.ts b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/pages/home/home.component.ts
index e189b9ce..b4d98f3d 100644
--- a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/pages/home/home.component.ts
+++ b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/pages/home/home.component.ts
@@ -371,6 +371,21 @@ export class HomeComponent implements OnInit, OnDestroy {
   // Device information
   public activeDevice = computed(() => this.systemService.activeDevice());
   public connectedDevices = computed(() => this.systemService.connectedDevices());
+  public selectedDeviceSerial = computed(() => this.systemService.selectedDeviceSerial());
+  public iosDevices = computed(() => this.systemService.iosDevices());
+  public selectedIosDevice = computed(() => this.systemService.selectedIosDevice());
+  public iosProbe = computed(() => this.systemService.iosProbe());
+  public androidDevices = computed<DeviceInfo[]>(
+    () => this.connectedDevices().filter(d => d.platform !== 'ios')
+  );
+  // Raw ADB state for the Android tab — isDeviceReady also counts an iOS pick.
+  public androidDeviceReady = computed(() => this.adbProbe()?.status === 'pass');
+  public selectedTarget = computed<DeviceInfo | null>(
+    () => this.systemService.selectedIosDevice() ?? this.activeDevice()
+  );
+  // Device guide platform split: Android (ADB) vs iOS Simulator
+  public deviceGuidePlatform = signal<'android' | 'ios'>('android');
+  private deviceGuidePlatformAutoSet = false;
   public installedAvds = computed(() => this.systemService.installedAvds());
   public emulatorPath = computed(() => this.systemService.emulatorPath());
   public isEmulatorInPath = computed(() => this.systemService.isEmulatorInPath());
@@ -533,6 +548,19 @@ export class HomeComponent implements OnInit, OnDestroy {
         this.ocrKeyInput.set(ocrKey);
       }
     });
+    // Default the device guide to whichever platform actually has devices.
+    effect(() => {
+      if (this.deviceGuidePlatformAutoSet) return;
+      if (this.systemService.selectedIosDevice()) {
+        this.deviceGuidePlatform.set('ios');
+        this.deviceGuidePlatformAutoSet = true;
+      } else if (this.iosDevices().length > 0 && this.androidDevices().length === 0) {
+        this.deviceGuidePlatform.set('ios');
+        this.deviceGuidePlatformAutoSet = true;
+      } else if (this.androidDevices().length > 0) {
+        this.deviceGuidePlatformAutoSet = true;
+      }
+    });
   }
 
   ngOnInit(): void {
@@ -1008,8 +1036,9 @@ export class HomeComponent implements OnInit, OnDestroy {
     this.systemService.dismissEmulatorStatus().subscribe();
   }
 
-  public selectTargetDevice(serial: string): void {
-    this.systemService.selectDevice(serial).subscribe();
+  public selectTargetDevice(dev: DeviceInfo): void {
+    this.deviceGuidePlatform.set(dev.platform === 'ios' ? 'ios' : 'android');
+    this.systemService.selectDevice(dev.serial, dev.platform ?? 'android').subscribe();
   }
 
   public getEmulatorCommand(avdName: string): string {
diff --git a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/agent.service.spec.ts b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/agent.service.spec.ts
index c17e334d..980d065b 100644
--- a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/agent.service.spec.ts
+++ b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/agent.service.spec.ts
@@ -180,6 +180,53 @@ describe('AgentService live LLM retry timeline', () => {
     expect(selectSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('new-session', false);
   });
 
+  it('sends platform and device_serial when an iOS simulator is selected', () => {
+    const service = createServiceWithoutPolling();
+    let postedPayload: any = null;
+    (service as any).http = {
+      post: (_url: string, payload: any) => {
+        postedPayload = payload;
+        return of({ tasks: [] });
+      }
+    };
+    (service as any).systemService = {
+      selectedIosDevice: () => ({ serial: 'UDID-1', platform: 'ios' })
+    };
+    service.agentStatus = signal('idle');
+    service.runningSessionId = signal<string | null>(null);
+    service.userPinnedSessionId = signal<string | null>(null);
+    (service as any).sessions = signal<any[]>([]);
+    spyOn(service, 'selectSession');
+
+    service.runTask('test goal').subscribe();
+
+    expect(postedPayload.platform).toBe('ios');
+    expect(postedPayload.device_serial).toBe('UDID-1');
+  });
+
+  it('keeps the Android payload unchanged when no iOS simulator is selected', () => {
+    const service = createServiceWithoutPolling();
+    let postedPayload: any = null;
+    (service as any).http = {
+      post: (_url: string, payload: any) => {
+        postedPayload = payload;
+        return of({ tasks: [] });
+      }
+    };
+    (service as any).systemService = { selectedIosDevice: () => null };
+    service.agentStatus = signal('idle');
+    service.runningSessionId = signal<string | null>(null);
+    service.userPinnedSessionId = signal<string | null>(null);
+    (service as any).sessions = signal<any[]>([]);
+    spyOn(service, 'selectSession');
+
+    service.runTask('test goal').subscribe();
+
+    expect(postedPayload.goal).toBe('test goal');
+    expect('platform' in postedPayload).toBeFalse();
+    expect('device_serial' in postedPayload).toBeFalse();
+  });
+
   it('keeps the paused state when the backend says there is nothing to resume', () => {
     const service = createServiceWithoutPolling();
     (service as any).http = { post: () => of({ status: 'not_paused' }) };
diff --git a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/agent.service.ts b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/agent.service.ts
index b063c99b..2ee14c60 100644
--- a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/agent.service.ts
+++ b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/agent.service.ts
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import { ProTuningDefaults, ProTuningOptions } from '../core/models/pro-tuning.m
 import { StepItemData, StepReplayFrame, LLMStreamResetEventData, StreamResetNotice, DEFAULT_STREAM_RESET_MESSAGE, PersistedCheckerStream, StreamSegment } from '../core/models/stream.model';
 import { extractStepReplayFrames } from '../utils/action-formatter.util';
 import { persistedStreamToSegments } from '../utils/stream-aggregator.util';
+import { SystemService } from './system.service';
 export type { Session, ModelInfo, TaskQueueItem, AgentStatusResponse, StepItemData, StepReplayFrame, LLMStreamResetEventData, StreamResetNotice };
 
 const SESSION_CACHE_KEY = 'artemis.sessions.v1';
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@ interface SessionVideoResponse {
 export class AgentService {
   private http = inject(HttpClient);
   private zone = inject(NgZone);
+  private systemService = inject(SystemService);
   private activePauseCardKey: string | null = null;
 
   // Signals to expose state to components
@@ -158,7 +160,8 @@ export class AgentService {
             start_time: at.acquired_at ? (new Date(at.acquired_at).getTime() / 1000) : (Date.now() / 1000),
             status: 'running',
             model_info: this.activeModel() || undefined,
-            device_serial: at.device_id || null
+            device_serial: at.device_id || null,
+            platform: at.platform || null
           };
           sessionMap.set(sid, newSession);
           this.activeSessionTracking.set(sid, newSession);
@@ -430,6 +433,13 @@ export class AgentService {
       };
       this.pendingStartupProgress.set([submittedEvent]);
       const payload: any = { goal, profile };
+      const iosDevice = this.systemService?.selectedIosDevice?.() ?? null;
+      if (iosDevice) {
+        // iOS submissions carry the simulator UDID + platform explicitly;
+        // Android keeps resolving through the ADB probe target.
+        payload.platform = 'ios';
+        payload.device_serial = iosDevice.serial;
+      }
       if (expectedOutput && expectedOutput.trim()) {
         payload.expected_output = expectedOutput.trim();
       }
@@ -1546,7 +1556,8 @@ export class AgentService {
                   initial_goal: item.goal || '',
                   start_time: item.start_time || item.created_at || (Date.now() / 1000 + index),
                   status: item.status || 'pending',
-                  device_serial: item.device_serial || item.device_id || null
+                  device_serial: item.device_serial || item.device_id || null,
+                  platform: item.platform || null
                 };
               }
               return {
diff --git a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/system.service.spec.ts b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/system.service.spec.ts
index bd2c6d51..f75ac47f 100644
--- a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/system.service.spec.ts
+++ b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/system.service.spec.ts
@@ -145,6 +145,331 @@ describe('SystemService readiness polling', () => {
     expect(service.adbServerStatus()).toBeNull();
   });
 
+  it('merges iOS simulators into the device list with platform tags', () => {
+    service.fetchReadiness().subscribe();
+    http.expectOne('/api/system/readiness').flush({
+      ...report(60),
+      probes: [
+        {
+          id: 'android_adb',
+          category: 'device',
+          title: 'Android Device',
+          status: 'pass',
+          is_blocker: true,
+          summary: 'Device Ready',
+          description: '',
+          metadata: {
+            devices: [
+              {
+                serial: 'emulator-5554',
+                state: 'device',
+                model: 'Pixel_8',
+                product: 'sdk',
+                android_version: '14',
+                screen_resolution: '1080x2400',
+                is_locked: false,
+                is_emulator: true
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          actions: []
+        },
+        {
+          id: 'ios_simulators',
+          category: 'device',
+          title: 'iOS Simulator',
+          status: 'pass',
+          is_blocker: false,
+          summary: '1 Booted',
+          description: '',
+          metadata: {
+            simulators: [
+              {
+                udid: 'E1D9F1D1-04E5-4E95-801F-830B854FD3E2',
+                name: 'iPhone 18 Pro',
+                state: 'Booted',
+                runtime: 'com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.iOS-27-0',
+                isAvailable: true
+              },
+              {
+                udid: 'AAAA1111-2222-3333-4444-555566667777',
+                name: 'iPhone 17',
+                state: 'Shutdown',
+                runtime: 'com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.iOS-26-0',
+                isAvailable: true
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          actions: []
+        }
+      ]
+    });
+
+    const devices = service.connectedDevices();
+    expect(devices.length).toBe(3);
+    expect(devices[0].platform).toBe('android');
+    const booted = devices.find(d => d.serial === 'E1D9F1D1-04E5-4E95-801F-830B854FD3E2');
+    expect(booted?.platform).toBe('ios');
+    expect(booted?.model).toBe('iPhone 18 Pro');
+    expect(booted?.state).toBe('device');
+    expect(booted?.product).toBe('iOS 27.0');
+    expect(booted?.is_emulator).toBeTrue();
+    const shutdown = devices.find(d => d.serial === 'AAAA1111-2222-3333-4444-555566667777');
+    expect(shutdown?.state).toBe('Shutdown');
+  });
+
+  it('selects an iOS simulator by posting its platform and tracks it locally', () => {
+    service.fetchReadiness().subscribe();
+    http.expectOne('/api/system/readiness').flush({
+      ...report(70),
+      probes: [
+        {
+          id: 'ios_simulators',
+          category: 'device',
+          title: 'iOS Simulator',
+          status: 'pass',
+          is_blocker: false,
+          summary: '1 Booted',
+          description: '',
+          metadata: {
+            simulators: [
+              {
+                udid: 'UDID-1',
+                name: 'iPhone 18 Pro',
+                state: 'Booted',
+                runtime: 'com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.iOS-27-0',
+                isAvailable: true
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          actions: []
+        }
+      ]
+    });
+
+    service.selectDevice('UDID-1', 'ios').subscribe();
+    const request = http.expectOne('/api/system/devices/select');
+    expect(request.request.body).toEqual({ serial: 'UDID-1', platform: 'ios' });
+    request.flush({ status: 'success', selected_serial: 'UDID-1', platform: 'ios' });
+
+    expect(service.selectedIosDevice()?.serial).toBe('UDID-1');
+    expect(service.selectedDeviceSerial()).toBe('UDID-1');
+    expect(service.isDeviceReady()).toBeTrue();
+  });
+
+  it('clears the iOS selection when an Android device is selected instead', () => {
+    service.selectedIosDevice.set({
+      serial: 'UDID-1',
+      state: 'device',
+      model: 'iPhone',
+      product: 'iOS 27.0',
+      android_version: null,
+      screen_resolution: null,
+      is_locked: null,
+      is_emulator: true,
+      platform: 'ios'
+    });
+
+    service.selectDevice('emulator-5554', 'android').subscribe();
+    const request = http.expectOne('/api/system/devices/select');
+    expect(request.request.body).toEqual({ serial: 'emulator-5554', platform: 'android' });
+    request.flush({ status: 'success', selected_serial: 'emulator-5554', report: report(80) });
+
+    expect(service.selectedIosDevice()).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  const iosProbeWith = (metadata: any) => ({
+    id: 'ios_simulators',
+    category: 'device',
+    title: 'iOS Devices',
+    status: 'pass',
+    is_blocker: false,
+    summary: 'iOS ready',
+    description: '',
+    metadata,
+    actions: []
+  });
+
+  const envProbe = (id: string, status = 'pass') => ({
+    id,
+    category: 'runtime',
+    title: id,
+    status,
+    is_blocker: true,
+    summary: status,
+    description: '',
+    metadata: {},
+    actions: []
+  });
+
+  it('merges paired physical iOS devices alongside simulators', () => {
+    service.fetchReadiness().subscribe();
+    http.expectOne('/api/system/readiness').flush({
+      ...report(90),
+      probes: [
+        iosProbeWith({
+          xcode_27_or_newer: true,
+          simulators: [
+            {
+              udid: 'SIM-1',
+              name: 'iPhone 18 Pro',
+              state: 'Booted',
+              runtime: 'com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.iOS-27-0',
+              isAvailable: true
+            }
+          ],
+          connected_physical_devices: [
+            {
+              udid: 'PHYS-1',
+              name: 'Office iPhone',
+              os_version: '27.1',
+              product_type: 'iPhone17,2'
+            },
+            { name: 'No UDID — skipped', os_version: '27.0' }
+          ]
+        })
+      ]
+    });
+
+    const devices = service.connectedDevices();
+    const physical = devices.find(d => d.serial === 'PHYS-1');
+    expect(devices.filter(d => d.platform === 'ios').length).toBe(2);
+    expect(physical?.platform).toBe('ios');
+    expect(physical?.is_emulator).toBeFalse();
+    expect(physical?.state).toBe('device');
+    expect(physical?.product).toBe('iOS 27.1');
+    expect(physical?.android_version).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('selects a physical iOS device by serial and posts its platform', () => {
+    service.fetchReadiness().subscribe();
+    http.expectOne('/api/system/readiness').flush({
+      ...report(91),
+      probes: [
+        iosProbeWith({
+          xcode_27_or_newer: true,
+          connected_physical_devices: [
+            { udid: 'PHYS-9', name: 'Office iPhone', os_version: '27.0' }
+          ]
+        })
+      ]
+    });
+
+    service.selectDevice('PHYS-9', 'ios').subscribe();
+    const request = http.expectOne('/api/system/devices/select');
+    expect(request.request.body).toEqual({ serial: 'PHYS-9', platform: 'ios' });
+    request.flush({ status: 'success', selected_serial: 'PHYS-9', platform: 'ios' });
+
+    expect(service.selectedIosDevice()?.serial).toBe('PHYS-9');
+    expect(service.selectedIosDevice()?.is_emulator).toBeFalse();
+    expect(service.isDeviceReady()).toBeTrue();
+  });
+
+  it('reverts the optimistic iOS selection when the server rejects it', () => {
+    service.fetchReadiness().subscribe();
+    http.expectOne('/api/system/readiness').flush({
+      ...report(92),
+      probes: [
+        iosProbeWith({
+          xcode_27_or_newer: true,
+          simulators: [
+            {
+              udid: 'SIM-2',
+              name: 'iPhone 18 Pro',
+              state: 'Booted',
+              runtime: 'r',
+              isAvailable: true
+            }
+          ]
+        })
+      ]
+    });
+
+    service.selectDevice('SIM-2', 'ios').subscribe({ error: () => {} });
+    expect(service.selectedIosDevice()?.serial).toBe('SIM-2'); // optimistic
+    http
+      .expectOne('/api/system/devices/select')
+      .flush('boom', { status: 500, statusText: 'Internal Server Error' });
+    expect(service.selectedIosDevice()).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('gates iOS readiness on macOS + Xcode 27, not the ADB toolchain', () => {
+    service.fetchReadiness().subscribe();
+    http.expectOne('/api/system/readiness').flush({
+      ...report(93),
+      os_type: 'darwin',
+      probes: [
+        envProbe('python_runtime'),
+        envProbe('system_config'),
+        { ...envProbe('android_adb', 'fail'), metadata: { installed: false } },
+        iosProbeWith({
+          xcode_27_or_newer: true,
+          simulators: [
+            { udid: 'SIM-3', name: 'Sim', state: 'Booted', runtime: 'r', isAvailable: true }
+          ]
+        })
+      ]
+    });
+    expect(service.isEnvironmentReady()).toBeFalse(); // no iOS selection yet
+
+    service.selectDevice('SIM-3', 'ios').subscribe();
+    http.expectOne('/api/system/devices/select').flush({ status: 'success' });
+
+    expect(service.isEnvironmentReady()).toBeTrue();
+  });
+
+  it('keeps an iOS selection not-ready when Xcode is too old', () => {
+    service.fetchReadiness().subscribe();
+    http.expectOne('/api/system/readiness').flush({
+      ...report(94),
+      os_type: 'darwin',
+      probes: [
+        envProbe('python_runtime'),
+        envProbe('system_config'),
+        iosProbeWith({
+          xcode_27_or_newer: false,
+          simulators: [
+            { udid: 'SIM-4', name: 'Sim', state: 'Booted', runtime: 'r', isAvailable: true }
+          ]
+        })
+      ]
+    });
+
+    service.selectDevice('SIM-4', 'ios').subscribe();
+    http.expectOne('/api/system/devices/select').flush({ status: 'success' });
+
+    expect(service.isEnvironmentReady()).toBeFalse();
+  });
+
+  it('restores ADB gates when an Android device is selected', () => {
+    service.fetchReadiness().subscribe();
+    http.expectOne('/api/system/readiness').flush({
+      ...report(95),
+      os_type: 'darwin',
+      probes: [
+        envProbe('python_runtime'),
+        envProbe('system_config'),
+        { ...envProbe('android_adb', 'fail'), metadata: { installed: false } },
+        { ...envProbe('toolchain'), is_blocker: false },
+        iosProbeWith({
+          xcode_27_or_newer: true,
+          simulators: [
+            { udid: 'SIM-5', name: 'Sim', state: 'Booted', runtime: 'r', isAvailable: true }
+          ]
+        })
+      ]
+    });
+
+    service.selectDevice('SIM-5', 'ios').subscribe();
+    http.expectOne('/api/system/devices/select').flush({ status: 'success' });
+    expect(service.isEnvironmentReady()).toBeTrue();
+
+    service.selectDevice('emulator-5554', 'android').subscribe();
+    http.expectOne('/api/system/devices/select').flush({ status: 'success' });
+    expect(service.selectedIosDevice()).toBeNull();
+    expect(service.isEnvironmentReady()).toBeFalse();
+  });
+
   it('restores the standard local ADB server explicitly', () => {
     service.useLocalAdbServer(true).subscribe();
 
diff --git a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/system.service.ts b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/system.service.ts
index b69697d9..af1e916a 100644
--- a/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/system.service.ts
+++ b/apps/showcase_ui/src/app/services/system.service.ts
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ export class SystemService {
   public configProbe = computed(() => this.probes().find(p => p.id === 'system_config') || null);
   public toolchainProbe = computed(() => this.probes().find(p => p.id === 'toolchain') || null);
   public adbProbe = computed(() => this.probes().find(p => p.id === 'android_adb') || null);
+  public iosProbe = computed(() => this.probes().find(p => p.id === 'ios_simulators') || null);
   public llmProbe = computed(() => this.probes().find(p => p.id === 'gemini_api_key' || p.id === 'llm_api_key') || null);
   public geminiProbe = computed(() => this.llmProbe());
   public ocrProbe = computed(() => this.probes().find(p => p.id === 'vision_ocr_key' || p.id === 'ocr_api_key') || null);
@@ -64,10 +65,16 @@ export class SystemService {
   public isEnvironmentReady = computed(() => {
     const py = this.pythonProbe();
     const cfg = this.configProbe();
-    const adb = this.adbProbe();
-    const tc = this.toolchainProbe();
     const pyOk = py?.status === 'pass';
     const cfgOk = cfg?.status === 'pass';
+    if (this.selectedIosDevice() != null) {
+      // An iOS target replaces the ADB toolchain gates: it needs macOS with
+      // Xcode 27+, never an ADB installation.
+      const iosOk = this.iosProbe()?.metadata?.['xcode_27_or_newer'] === true;
+      return pyOk && cfgOk && this.osType() === 'darwin' && iosOk;
+    }
+    const adb = this.adbProbe();
+    const tc = this.toolchainProbe();
     const adbInstalled = adb?.metadata?.['installed'] ?? (adb?.status !== 'fail');
     const tcOk = tc?.status === 'pass' || tc?.is_blocker === false;
     return pyOk && cfgOk && adbInstalled && tcOk;
@@ -85,7 +92,8 @@ export class SystemService {
 
   public isDeviceReady = computed(() => {
     const adb = this.adbProbe();
-    return adb?.status === 'pass';
+    // A selected iOS simulator satisfies the device requirement on its own.
+    return adb?.status === 'pass' || this.selectedIosDevice() != null;
   });
 
   // Step-level counting matching the 3-step onboarding guide
@@ -122,15 +130,64 @@ export class SystemService {
   }
 
 
-  // Device list from metadata
+  // Device list from metadata: Android devices plus available iOS simulators.
   public connectedDevices = computed<DeviceInfo[]>(() => {
-    const meta = this.adbProbe()?.metadata;
-    if (meta && Array.isArray(meta['devices'])) {
-      return meta['devices'] as DeviceInfo[];
+    const devices: DeviceInfo[] = [];
+    const adbMeta = this.adbProbe()?.metadata;
+    if (adbMeta && Array.isArray(adbMeta['devices'])) {
+      for (const d of adbMeta['devices'] as DeviceInfo[]) {
+        devices.push({ ...d, platform: d.platform ?? 'android' });
+      }
     }
-    return [];
+    const iosMeta = this.iosProbe()?.metadata;
+    if (iosMeta && Array.isArray(iosMeta['simulators'])) {
+      for (const s of iosMeta['simulators'] as any[]) {
+        if (!s?.udid) continue;
+        devices.push({
+          serial: s.udid,
+          state: s.state === 'Booted' ? 'device' : (s.state || 'unknown'),
+          model: s.name ?? null,
+          product: String(s.runtime ?? '')
+            .replace('com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.', '')
+            .replace(/^([A-Za-z]+)-(.+)$/, (_m: string, name: string, ver: string) => `${name} ${ver.replace(/-/g, '.')}`) || null,
+          android_version: null,
+          screen_resolution: null,
+          is_locked: null,
+          is_emulator: true,
+          platform: 'ios',
+        });
+      }
+    }
+    if (iosMeta && Array.isArray(iosMeta['connected_physical_devices'])) {
+      for (const p of iosMeta['connected_physical_devices'] as any[]) {
+        if (!p?.udid) continue;
+        devices.push({
+          serial: p.udid,
+          state: 'device',
+          model: p.name ?? null,
+          product: p.os_version ? `iOS ${p.os_version}` : 'iOS physical device',
+          android_version: null,
+          screen_resolution: null,
+          is_locked: null,
+          is_emulator: false,
+          platform: 'ios',
+        });
+      }
+    }
+    return devices;
   });
 
+  public iosDevices = computed<DeviceInfo[]>(
+    () => this.connectedDevices().filter(d => d.platform === 'ios')
+  );
+
+  // iOS selection lives client-side: iOS has no ADB probe to retarget, so
+  // the chosen simulator is carried in the run payload instead.
+  public selectedIosDevice = signal<DeviceInfo | null>(null);
+  public selectedDeviceSerial = computed<string | null>(
+    () => this.selectedIosDevice()?.serial ?? this.activeDevice()?.serial ?? null
+  );
+
   // Installed local AVD emulators from metadata
   public installedAvds = computed<string[]>(() => {
     const meta = this.adbProbe()?.metadata;
@@ -496,13 +553,34 @@ export class SystemService {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Select a specific connected device serial as active target
+   * Select a specific connected device or iOS simulator as active target
    */
-  public selectDevice(serial: string): Observable<any> {
+  public selectDevice(serial: string, platform: 'android' | 'ios' = 'android'): Observable<any> {
+    // iOS selection is client-side state (the run payload carries the binding);
+    // apply it optimistically since UDID validation can take seconds and the
+    // error path below reverts it if the server rejects the pick.
+    if (platform === 'ios') {
+      const dev =
+        this.connectedDevices().find(
+          d => d.serial === serial && d.platform === 'ios'
+        ) ?? null;
+      this.selectedIosDevice.set(dev);
+    }
     this.isLoading.set(true);
-    return this.http.post<any>('/api/system/devices/select', { serial }).pipe(
+    return this.http.post<any>('/api/system/devices/select', { serial, platform }).pipe(
       tap({
         next: (res) => {
+          if (platform === 'ios') {
+            this.selectedIosDevice.set(
+              res?.status === 'success'
+                ? this.connectedDevices().find(
+                    d => d.serial === serial && d.platform === 'ios'
+                  ) ?? this.selectedIosDevice()
+                : null
+            );
+          } else if (platform === 'android') {
+            this.selectedIosDevice.set(null);
+          }
           if (res?.report) {
             this.applyReadinessReport(res.report);
           }
@@ -510,6 +588,9 @@ export class SystemService {
         },
         error: (err) => {
           console.error('Failed to select active device:', err);
+          if (platform === 'ios') {
+            this.selectedIosDevice.set(null);
+          }
           this.isLoading.set(false);
         }
       })
diff --git a/apps/showcase_ui/tsconfig.json b/apps/showcase_ui/tsconfig.json
index 5525117c..3e01b56f 100644
--- a/apps/showcase_ui/tsconfig.json
+++ b/apps/showcase_ui/tsconfig.json
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
   "compileOnSave": false,
   "compilerOptions": {
     "outDir": "./dist/out-tsc",
+    "rootDir": "./src",
     "strict": true,
     "noImplicitOverride": true,
     "noPropertyAccessFromIndexSignature": true,
diff --git a/artemis/agents/checker/checker.py b/artemis/agents/checker/checker.py
index 52dff2ca..93cc2b41 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/checker/checker.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/checker/checker.py
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@
 )
 from artemis.utils.visualization import format_minimal_list_with_elements
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -255,6 +256,8 @@ def _load_prompts() -> dict[str, str]:
 
 
 def probes_enabled(ctx: ArtemisContext) -> bool:
+    if getattr(getattr(ctx, "device", None), "mobile_platform", None) == "ios":
+        return False
     setup = getattr(ctx, "execution_setup", None)
     return not (setup and getattr(setup, "disable_device_probes", False))
 
@@ -842,7 +845,7 @@ async def run_final_check(
         content.append(
             {
                 "type": "image_url",
-                "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{screenshot_b64}"},
+                "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(screenshot_b64)},
             }
         )
 
diff --git a/artemis/agents/diagnoser/diagnoser.py b/artemis/agents/diagnoser/diagnoser.py
index 13d80317..b87e7e7f 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/diagnoser/diagnoser.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/diagnoser/diagnoser.py
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
     get_recent_subgoal_hashes,
 )
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -72,6 +73,8 @@ def __init__(self, ctx: ArtemisContext):
         self._llm = None
 
     def _is_device_online(self) -> bool:
+        if getattr(getattr(self.ctx, "device", None), "mobile_platform", None) == "ios":
+            return getattr(self.ctx, "_active_driver", None) is not None
         try:
             if self.ctx.adb_client is None:
                 return False
@@ -111,6 +114,9 @@ def _build_traced_tools(self) -> list:
             *get_history_tools(self.ctx),
             get_submit_answer_tool(self.ctx),
         ]
+        if getattr(getattr(self.ctx, "device", None), "mobile_platform", None) == "ios":
+            # logcat-backed analysis can never succeed on iOS.
+            all_tools = [t for t in all_tools if t.name not in ("run_adb_command", "analyze_logs")]
         if not self.is_device_online:
             logger.info(
                 "Diagnoser running in OFFLINE environment: stripping adb short"
@@ -227,7 +233,7 @@ def _build_initial_messages(
             content.append(
                 {
                     "type": "image_url",
-                    "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{latest_screenshot_b64}"},
+                    "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(latest_screenshot_b64)},
                 }
             )
 
diff --git a/artemis/agents/explorer/native_runner.py b/artemis/agents/explorer/native_runner.py
index 4b29bd1b..afe98442 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/explorer/native_runner.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/explorer/native_runner.py
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
 import json
 import os
+from pathlib import Path
 import time
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@
 )
 from artemis.services.llm import _record_llm_event, _record_llm_retry
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_mime_type
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -188,12 +190,13 @@ async def get_image_part(file_path: str) -> types.Part:
                 return types.Part(
                     file_data=types.FileData(
                         file_uri=file_ref.uri,
-                        mime_type=file_ref.mime_type or "image/jpeg",
+                        mime_type=file_ref.mime_type
+                        or image_mime_type(Path(file_path).read_bytes()),
                     )
                 )
             with open(file_path, "rb") as f:
                 img_bytes = f.read()
-            return types.Part.from_bytes(data=img_bytes, mime_type="image/jpeg")
+            return types.Part.from_bytes(data=img_bytes, mime_type=image_mime_type(img_bytes))
 
         return get_image_part
 
diff --git a/artemis/agents/explorer/screen_index.py b/artemis/agents/explorer/screen_index.py
index 837082a2..a91b0b2f 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/explorer/screen_index.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/explorer/screen_index.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 import re
 from typing import Any, Literal
 
-from artemis.utils.visualization import parse_bounds
+from artemis.utils.visualization import get_hit_point, parse_bounds
 
 Bounds = tuple[int, int, int, int]
 ElementSource = Literal["xml", "ocr"]
@@ -84,6 +84,8 @@ class ScreenElement:
 
     @property
     def center(self) -> tuple[int, int]:
+        if (point := get_hit_point(self.node)) is not None:
+            return point
         left, top, right, bottom = self.bounds
         return (left + right) // 2, (top + bottom) // 2
 
@@ -173,8 +175,12 @@ def add(element: ScreenElement) -> None:
         for node in fused_xml or []:
             if not isinstance(node, dict):
                 continue
+            if "hit_point" in node and get_hit_point(node, width, height) is None:
+                node = {key: value for key, value in node.items() if key != "hit_point"}
             class_name = node.get("class") or node.get("className")
-            resource_id = node.get("resource-id") or node.get("resourceId")
+            resource_id = (
+                node.get("resource-id") or node.get("resourceId") or node.get("resource_id")
+            )
             interactive = any(_is_truthy_attr(node.get(key)) for key in INTERACTION_KEYS)
 
             for ocr in node.get("ocr_elements") or []:
diff --git a/artemis/agents/explorer/universal_runner.py b/artemis/agents/explorer/universal_runner.py
index c5b5bc89..48f0dbe2 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/explorer/universal_runner.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/explorer/universal_runner.py
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 from artemis.graph.state import State
 from artemis.services.llm import get_llm
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ def _build_universal_messages(
             },
             {
                 "type": "image_url",
-                "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{img_b64}"},
+                "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(img_b64)},
             },
         ]
 
@@ -266,9 +267,7 @@ def _build_tool_images_message(self, images: list[tuple[str, str]]) -> HumanMess
                 continue
             if tool_name not in tool_names:
                 tool_names.append(tool_name)
-            blocks.append(
-                {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{img_b64}"}}
-            )
+            blocks.append({"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(img_b64)}})
         if not blocks:
             return None
         header = {
diff --git a/artemis/agents/flash/runner.py b/artemis/agents/flash/runner.py
index 3ea3f686..61cdb852 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/flash/runner.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/flash/runner.py
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@
     parse_swipe_parameters,
 )
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -296,7 +297,11 @@ def _render_system_prompt(self, tools_declaration: list) -> str:
         prompt_path = Path(__file__).parent / "flash_runner.md"
         prompt_template = prompt_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         available_tools = frozenset(t.name for t in tools_declaration)
-        return Template(prompt_template).render(goal=self.goal, available_tools=available_tools)
+        from artemis.agents.platform_guidance import device_action_guidance
+
+        return device_action_guidance(self.ctx) + Template(prompt_template).render(
+            goal=self.goal, available_tools=available_tools
+        )
 
     # ------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Per-turn helpers (observe / think)
@@ -369,9 +374,7 @@ def _build_tail(
         if img_bytes:
             img_b64 = base64.b64encode(img_bytes).decode("utf-8")
             blocks.append({"type": "text", "text": "--- Current Screenshot ---"})
-            blocks.append(
-                {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{img_b64}"}}
-            )
+            blocks.append({"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(img_b64)}})
         if xml_list:
             blocks.append({"type": "text", "text": f"{PRO_UI_LIST_MARKER}\n{xml_list}"})
         ephemeral: list[int] = []
diff --git a/artemis/agents/flash/summarizer.py b/artemis/agents/flash/summarizer.py
index 5b8a3cf9..c577717d 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/flash/summarizer.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/flash/summarizer.py
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 from artemis.utils.task_tree import format_actions_clean
 from artemis.utils.visualization import draw_action_overlay_on_image
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -430,7 +431,7 @@ async def _attempt(self, key: JobKey) -> bool:
                     }
                 )
                 content_blocks.append(
-                    {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{b64_pre}"}}
+                    {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(b64_pre)}}
                 )
 
             if post_bytes:
@@ -449,7 +450,7 @@ async def _attempt(self, key: JobKey) -> bool:
                 content_blocks.append(
                     {
                         "type": "image_url",
-                        "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{b64_post}"},
+                        "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(b64_post)},
                     }
                 )
 
diff --git a/artemis/agents/image_processor/image_processor.py b/artemis/agents/image_processor/image_processor.py
index 4ce52698..2ee22724 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/image_processor/image_processor.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/image_processor/image_processor.py
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 from artemis.services.llm import get_llm
 from artemis.utils.python_executor import PythonExecutor
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ async def run(self, instruction: str, target_image_path: str) -> dict:
                     {"type": "text", "text": "Here is the target image. Begin writing your code."},
                     {
                         "type": "image_url",
-                        "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{img_b64}"},
+                        "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(img_b64)},
                     },
                 ]
             ),
@@ -186,9 +187,7 @@ async def run(self, instruction: str, target_image_path: str) -> dict:
                                     image_blocks.append(
                                         {
                                             "type": "image_url",
-                                            "image_url": {
-                                                "url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{b64_data}"
-                                            },
+                                            "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(b64_data)},
                                         }
                                     )
                                     image_blocks.append({"type": "text", "text": f"\n{label}\n"})
diff --git a/artemis/agents/object_detector/object_detector.py b/artemis/agents/object_detector/object_detector.py
index b2acb4f5..dae8f8e8 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/object_detector/object_detector.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/object_detector/object_detector.py
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 from artemis.llm.structured import ParseFailure, parse_structured
 from artemis.services.llm import get_llm
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_mime_type
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ async def _run_object_detection(
     image_bytes: bytes | str | Path | None = None,
     queries: list[str] | None = None,
     templates: list[str] | None = None,
-    mime_type: str = "image/jpeg",
+    mime_type: str | None = None,
     global_timeout: float = 30.0,
     image_path: str | Path | None = None,
 ) -> dict:
@@ -120,6 +121,7 @@ async def _run_object_detection(
         image_data = Path(target_img).read_bytes()
     else:
         image_data = target_img
+    mime_type = mime_type or image_mime_type(image_data)
 
     queries = queries or []
     templates = templates or ["Point to the following objects: {labels_str}"]
diff --git a/artemis/agents/operator/operator.py b/artemis/agents/operator/operator.py
index d2453627..4514a2b2 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/operator/operator.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/operator/operator.py
@@ -72,7 +72,15 @@
 }
 
 # Bare key names press_key accepts (case-insensitive, optional KEYCODE_ prefix).
-SUPPORTED_PRESS_KEYS = ("ENTER", "BACK", "HOME", "APP_SWITCH")
+SUPPORTED_PRESS_KEYS = (
+    "ENTER",
+    "BACK",
+    "HOME",
+    "APP_SWITCH",
+    "POWER",
+    "VOLUME_UP",
+    "VOLUME_DOWN",
+)
 
 from artemis.agents.operator.prompts import (
     OPERATOR_MAX_TOOL_ITERATIONS,
@@ -919,7 +927,9 @@ async def __call__(self, state: State):
         # The analyzer is always available: the "output truncated, use
         # analyze_task_output" hint arrives mid-turn, and tools are bound once per
         # turn, so a conditional mount would be one turn late.
-        if not any(t.name == "analyze_task_output" for t in all_tools):
+        if getattr(getattr(self.ctx, "device", None), "mobile_platform", None) != "ios" and not any(
+            t.name == "analyze_task_output" for t in all_tools
+        ):
             all_tools.append(analyze_task_output_wrapper.tool_fn_getter(self.ctx))
 
         traced_tools = [trace_langchain_tool(t, self.ctx) for t in all_tools]
diff --git a/artemis/agents/operator/prompts.py b/artemis/agents/operator/prompts.py
index e800de23..d74659d0 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/operator/prompts.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/operator/prompts.py
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 
 from artemis.agents.prompt_assembly import render_tool_enum, resolve_available
 from artemis.mcp.action_specs import OPERATOR_SHELL_ORDER
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri
 
 
 @lru_cache(maxsize=1)
@@ -203,6 +204,8 @@ def resolve_operator_prompt_tools(ctx: ArtemisContext) -> frozenset[str]:
     # video_recording_tools_enabled); the prompt must not advertise it when the
     # tool is not actually available this run.
     available = set(OPERATOR_PROMPT_TOOLSET)
+    if getattr(getattr(ctx, "device", None), "mobile_platform", None) == "ios":
+        available.difference_update({"run_adb_command", "manage_task", "analyze_task_output"})
     setup = getattr(ctx, "execution_setup", None)
     if not (setup and getattr(setup, "video_recording_tools_enabled", False)):
         available.discard("video_analyzer")
@@ -316,6 +319,9 @@ def render_transcript_static_system(
 
     available = resolve_operator_prompt_tools(ctx)
     static_template = apply_operator_prompt_contract(static_template, available_tools=available)
+    from artemis.agents.platform_guidance import device_action_guidance
+
+    static_template = device_action_guidance(ctx) + static_template
     return Template(static_template).render(
         initial_goal=state.initial_goal,
         subgoals_status="",
@@ -354,6 +360,9 @@ async def __call__(self, builder: PromptBuilder, state: State, ctx: ArtemisConte
         available = resolve_operator_prompt_tools(ctx)
 
         prompt_template = apply_operator_prompt_contract(prompt_template, available_tools=available)
+        from artemis.agents.platform_guidance import device_action_guidance
+
+        prompt_template = device_action_guidance(ctx) + prompt_template
 
         plan_and_history = kwargs.get("plan_and_history", "No plan or history yet.")
 
@@ -384,7 +393,7 @@ async def __call__(self, builder: PromptBuilder, state: State, ctx: ArtemisConte
         builder.add_human_content(
             {
                 "type": "image_url",
-                "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{latest_screenshot_b64}"},
+                "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(latest_screenshot_b64)},
             }
         )
         builder.add_human_content(f"--- Visible UI Elements ---\n{minimal_list}")
diff --git a/artemis/agents/outputter/outputter.py b/artemis/agents/outputter/outputter.py
index 9b75b427..88259b63 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/outputter/outputter.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/outputter/outputter.py
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
 from artemis.utils.task_tree import get_active_subgoal_hashes
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
 from pydantic import BaseModel
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -274,7 +275,7 @@ def _initial_messages(
         content.append(
             {
                 "type": "image_url",
-                "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{screenshot_b64}"},
+                "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(screenshot_b64)},
             }
         )
 
diff --git a/artemis/agents/planner/planner.py b/artemis/agents/planner/planner.py
index 02be5c7c..e3374505 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/planner/planner.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/planner/planner.py
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
 from artemis.utils.cython_compat import CyFunctionDetector
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.decorators import agent_lifecycle_logging
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -279,7 +280,7 @@ async def __call__(self, state: State):
             human_message_content.append(
                 {
                     "type": "image_url",
-                    "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{screenshot_b64}"},
+                    "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(screenshot_b64)},
                 }
             )
         messages = [
diff --git a/artemis/agents/platform_guidance.py b/artemis/agents/platform_guidance.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8418cece
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artemis/agents/platform_guidance.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Shared platform constraints for the Flash and Pro device-action prompts."""
+
+
+def device_action_guidance(ctx) -> str:
+    if getattr(getattr(ctx, "device", None), "mobile_platform", None) != "ios":
+        return ""
+    return (
+        "Target platform: iOS. For input_text, explicitly set clear_exist=false; "
+        "type into an empty field or at its existing cursor. Whole-field clearing, Android "
+        "keycodes, Back/Delete keys, ADB commands, and app locking are "
+        "unavailable. Navigate with visible iOS controls; press_key supports enter, home, "
+        "power, volume_up, volume_down, and app_switch. manage_app accepts installed iOS "
+        "display names or bundle identifiers. Action coordinates use the screenshot's "
+        "normalized 0-1000 space.\n\n"
+    )
diff --git a/artemis/agents/validator/precondition_pixel.py b/artemis/agents/validator/precondition_pixel.py
index 80a542fb..5cf32a4c 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/validator/precondition_pixel.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/validator/precondition_pixel.py
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 from artemis.services.llm import acomplete_structured
 from artemis.utils import visualization
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -120,12 +121,12 @@ def _build_messages(
         {"type": "text", "text": "[Image 1 (Reference)]"},
         {
             "type": "image_url",
-            "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{orig_b64}"},
+            "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(orig_b64)},
         },
         {"type": "text", "text": "[Image 2 (Current State)]"},
         {
             "type": "image_url",
-            "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{live_b64}"},
+            "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(live_b64)},
         },
     ]
     if state:
diff --git a/artemis/agents/validator/tool_declarations.py b/artemis/agents/validator/tool_declarations.py
index fba8dd75..b2d30b46 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/validator/tool_declarations.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/validator/tool_declarations.py
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
     READ_NOTE_DOCSTRING,
 )
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ def to_langchain_tool_message(self) -> ToolMessage:
             content_blocks.append(
                 {
                     "type": "image_url",
-                    "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{b64_img}"},
+                    "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(b64_img)},
                 }
             )
         return ToolMessage(
diff --git a/artemis/agents/video_analyzer/native_coordinator.py b/artemis/agents/video_analyzer/native_coordinator.py
index 6cfab85d..b0994f89 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/video_analyzer/native_coordinator.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/video_analyzer/native_coordinator.py
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 from artemis.data_engine.trace import CURRENT_TRACE_ID, TraceSpan
 from artemis.llm.google import normalize_usage
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_mime_type
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -171,10 +172,11 @@ def _append_ledger_diff(analyzer, contents: list, last_ledger_index: int) -> int
                 image_parts.append(
                     types.Part.from_text(text=f"PROOF: {Path(screenshot_file).name}")
                 )
+                image_bytes = Path(screenshot_file).read_bytes()
                 image_parts.append(
                     types.Part.from_bytes(
-                        data=Path(screenshot_file).read_bytes(),
-                        mime_type="image/jpeg",
+                        data=image_bytes,
+                        mime_type=image_mime_type(image_bytes),
                     )
                 )
             lines.append(line)
diff --git a/artemis/agents/video_analyzer/universal_engine.py b/artemis/agents/video_analyzer/universal_engine.py
index 96ade3fe..4eaf8fe2 100644
--- a/artemis/agents/video_analyzer/universal_engine.py
+++ b/artemis/agents/video_analyzer/universal_engine.py
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
 )
 from artemis.data_engine.trace import CURRENT_TRACE_ID, TraceSpan
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ async def _build_universal_user_blocks(
         user_blocks.append(
             {
                 "type": "image_url",
-                "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{b64_str}"},
+                "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(b64_str)},
             }
         )
 
diff --git a/artemis/context.py b/artemis/context.py
index 57360c8c..c9738688 100644
--- a/artemis/context.py
+++ b/artemis/context.py
@@ -198,6 +198,17 @@ class ArtemisContext(DeviceClientAccessors, BaseModel):
     async def __aenter__(self) -> ArtemisContext:
         return self
 
+    async def disconnect_driver(self) -> None:
+        """Release the cached driver, including partially initialized transports."""
+        driver = self._active_driver
+        self._active_driver = None
+        self._mobile_controller = None
+        if driver is not None:
+            try:
+                await driver.disconnect()
+            except (OSError, ValueError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as exc:
+                logger.debug(f"Device driver disconnect failed: {exc}", exc_info=True)
+
     async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
         # Close the in-process action session before draining background tasks so its
         # owner task exits cleanly rather than being cancelled below.
@@ -283,6 +294,8 @@ async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
             except Exception as exc:
                 logger.debug(f"DataEngine shutdown failed; skipped: {exc}", exc_info=True)
 
+        await self.disconnect_driver()
+
 
 from artemis.data_engine.engine import DataEngine
 
diff --git a/artemis/controllers/unified_controller.py b/artemis/controllers/unified_controller.py
index d0dc1d03..82a74ed4 100644
--- a/artemis/controllers/unified_controller.py
+++ b/artemis/controllers/unified_controller.py
@@ -19,12 +19,13 @@
 import subprocess
 import tempfile
 import time
-from typing import Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 from uuid import uuid4
 
 from artemis.config.paths import get_temp_dir
 from artemis.context import ArtemisContext
 from artemis.drivers.factory import get_driver
+from artemis.drivers.ios.recording import IosRecordingSession
 from artemis.utils.video import (
     ANDROID_RECORDING_SEGMENT_SECONDS,
     await_scrcpy_first_frame,
@@ -48,6 +49,9 @@
     set_active_session,
 )
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from artemis.drivers.ios.xcode_driver import XcodeSimulatorDriver
+
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
 
@@ -56,6 +60,18 @@ def __init__(self, ctx: ArtemisContext):
         super().__init__(ctx, get_driver(ctx))
         self._segment_cache: dict[tuple[str, int, float, float], VideoRecordingResult] = {}
 
+    async def open_url(self, url: str) -> bool:
+        if self.ctx.device.mobile_platform == "ios":
+            return await self._driver.open_url(url)
+        return await super().open_url(url)
+
+    async def erase_text(self, nb_chars: int | None = None) -> bool:
+        if self.ctx.device.mobile_platform == "ios":
+            # No native clear/Backspace key exists; the driver raises
+            # NotImplementedError for unsupported clear operations.
+            return await self._driver.input_text("", clear_existing=True)
+        return await super().erase_text(nb_chars)
+
     @staticmethod
     async def _spawn_scrcpy(command: list[str]) -> asyncio.subprocess.Process:
         kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
@@ -131,6 +147,21 @@ async def extract_segment_metadata(
                 )
                 return cached_res
 
+        if isinstance(session, IosRecordingSession):
+            result = await self._extract_ios_segment(session, start_time, end_time, output_path)
+            if (
+                cache_key is not None
+                and result.success
+                and result.video_path
+                and result.video_path.exists()
+            ):
+                # Sealing bumps the generation; key the entry under the
+                # post-seal generation a repeated lookup will observe.
+                self._segment_cache[
+                    (cache_key[0], session.generation, cache_key[2], cache_key[3])
+                ] = result
+            return result
+
         try:
             mkv_path = session.local_video_path
             if not mkv_path:
@@ -397,8 +428,10 @@ async def start_video_recording(
         output_dir: Path | None = None,
         max_duration_seconds: int = DEFAULT_MAX_DURATION_SECONDS,
     ) -> VideoRecordingResult:
-        """Start screen recording on Android device using scrcpy."""
+        """Start screen recording using the platform's native capture."""
         self._segment_cache.clear()
+        if self.ctx.device.mobile_platform == "ios":
+            return await self._start_ios_recording(output_dir, max_duration_seconds)
         device_id = self._get_device_id()
 
         # Check mock driver first
@@ -517,8 +550,10 @@ async def start_video_recording(
             return abort_recording(device_id, "start", e)
 
     async def stop_video_recording(self) -> VideoRecordingResult:
-        """Stop scrcpy recording and return the converted MP4 video file."""
+        """Stop recording and return the finalized MP4 video file."""
         self._segment_cache.clear()
+        if self.ctx.device.mobile_platform == "ios":
+            return await self._stop_ios_recording()
         device_id = self._get_device_id()
 
         # Check mock driver first
@@ -645,5 +680,242 @@ async def stop_video_recording(self) -> VideoRecordingResult:
             self._record_recording_failure(session, str(e))
             return abort_recording(device_id, "stop", e)
 
+    def _ios_recording_driver(self) -> "XcodeSimulatorDriver | None":
+        """The active driver when it supports native iOS capture, else ``None``."""
+        from artemis.drivers.ios.xcode_driver import XcodeSimulatorDriver
+
+        return self._driver if isinstance(self._driver, XcodeSimulatorDriver) else None
+
+    async def _start_ios_recording(
+        self, output_dir: Path | None, max_duration_seconds: int
+    ) -> VideoRecordingResult:
+        """Start native capture through the iOS driver (simctl or devicectl)."""
+        device_id = self._get_device_id()
+        if already_active := recording_already_active(device_id):
+            return already_active
+        driver = self._ios_recording_driver()
+        if driver is None:
+            return VideoRecordingResult(
+                success=False,
+                message="iOS recording requires the iOS driver.",
+            )
+        try:
+            await driver.start_video_recording(
+                output_dir, max_duration_seconds=max_duration_seconds
+            )
+        except Exception as exc:
+            session = driver.recording_session
+            if session is None:
+                session = IosRecordingSession(
+                    video_id=uuid4(),
+                    device_id=device_id,
+                    start_time=time.time(),
+                    local_video_path=(Path(output_dir) / "recording.mov" if output_dir else None),
+                    is_active=False,
+                )
+            if session.data_engine_start_time is None and self.ctx and self.ctx.data_engine:
+                session.data_engine_start_time = (
+                    self.ctx.data_engine.session_start_time or session.start_time
+                )
+            if self.ctx and self.ctx.data_engine:
+                self.ctx.data_engine.record_video_start(
+                    video_id=session.video_id,
+                    device_id=device_id,
+                    local_video_path=session.local_video_path or "",
+                    start_time=session.start_time,
+                )
+            self._record_recording_failure(session, f"iOS recording failed to start: {exc}")
+            return VideoRecordingResult(
+                success=False, message=f"iOS recording failed to start: {exc}"
+            )
+        session = driver.recording_session
+        if session is None:
+            return VideoRecordingResult(success=False, message="iOS recorder returned no session")
+        session.data_engine_start_time = (
+            self.ctx.data_engine.session_start_time
+            if (self.ctx and self.ctx.data_engine)
+            else session.start_time
+        )
+        set_active_session(device_id, session)
+        if self.ctx and self.ctx.data_engine:
+            self.ctx.data_engine.record_video_start(
+                video_id=session.video_id,
+                device_id=device_id,
+                local_video_path=session.local_video_path,
+                start_time=session.start_time,
+            )
+        warning = "; ".join(session.errors) or None
+        return VideoRecordingResult(
+            success=True,
+            message=f"iOS recording started on {device_id}",
+            video_id=session.video_id,
+            generation=session.generation,
+            sealed_until=session.sealed_until,
+            source_revision=f"{session.video_id}:{session.generation}:active",
+            warning=warning,
+        )
+
+    async def _stop_ios_recording(self) -> VideoRecordingResult:
+        """Finalize the driver's recorder and report the sealed manifest."""
+        device_id = self._get_device_id()
+        driver = self._ios_recording_driver()
+        session = get_active_session(device_id)
+        if session is None:
+            session = driver.recording_session if driver is not None else None
+        if session is None or session.video_id is None:
+            return no_active_recording(device_id)
+        if driver is None:
+            message = "iOS recording stop requires the Xcode simulator driver."
+            self._record_recording_failure(session, message)
+            return VideoRecordingResult(success=False, message=message)
+
+        async def _finalize() -> str | None:
+            session.is_active = False
+            return await driver.stop_video_recording()
+
+        try:
+            final_path = await asyncio.shield(_finalize())
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            raise
+        except Exception as exc:
+            self._record_recording_failure(session, f"iOS recording stop failed: {exc}")
+            return VideoRecordingResult(success=False, message=f"iOS recording stop failed: {exc}")
+        finally:
+            remove_active_session(device_id)
+
+        missing = [
+            record
+            for record in session.segments
+            if not (
+                record.get("conversion_done")
+                and Path(record["output_path"]).exists()
+                and Path(record["output_path"]).stat().st_size > 0
+            )
+        ]
+        if final_path is None or not session.segments or missing:
+            message = "; ".join(session.errors) or "iOS recording finalized with no valid segments"
+            self._record_recording_failure(session, message)
+            return VideoRecordingResult(success=False, message=message)
+
+        final_video_path = Path(final_path)
+        if self.ctx and self.ctx.data_engine:
+            self.ctx.data_engine.record_video_stop(
+                video_id=session.video_id,
+                device_id=device_id,
+                local_video_path=final_video_path,
+                start_time=session.start_time,
+                end_time=session.start_time + session.sealed_until,
+            )
+        warning = "; ".join(session.errors) or None
+        return VideoRecordingResult(
+            success=True,
+            message=f"iOS recording stopped, saved {len(session.segments)} segments",
+            video_path=final_video_path,
+            video_id=session.video_id,
+            generation=session.generation,
+            sealed_until=session.sealed_until,
+            source_revision=f"{session.video_id}:{session.generation}:ready",
+            warning=warning,
+        )
+
+    async def _extract_ios_segment(
+        self,
+        session: IosRecordingSession,
+        start_time: float,
+        end_time: float | None,
+        output_path: Path | None,
+    ) -> VideoRecordingResult:
+        """Render a clip from sealed iOS MP4 segments only.
+
+        The open .mov is never handed to FFmpeg: the driver seals the segment
+        at the requested recording-relative end first, then finalized segments
+        render through the shared timeline renderer. Recorder restarts leave
+        their gaps black rather than stretching adjacent frames.
+        """
+        device_id = self._get_device_id()
+        anchor = session.data_engine_start_time
+        shift = (session.start_time - anchor) if anchor is not None else 0.0
+        recording_start = float(start_time) - shift
+        recording_end = float(end_time) - shift if end_time is not None else None
+
+        driver = self._ios_recording_driver()
+        if session.is_active and recording_end is not None and driver is not None:
+            await driver.seal_recording_segment(through_time=recording_end)
+        if session.conversion_tasks:
+            await asyncio.gather(*session.conversion_tasks, return_exceptions=True)
+
+        warning = None
+        available_end = session.sealed_until
+        if recording_end is None or recording_end > available_end:
+            if recording_end is not None:
+                warning = (
+                    "Requested end clipped to latest sealed iOS capture "
+                    f"({available_end + shift:.1f}s of session time)"
+                )
+            recording_end = available_end
+
+        records = [dict(record) for record in session.segments]
+        first_capture = min((float(record["start"]) for record in records), default=None)
+        if first_capture is not None and recording_start < first_capture:
+            leading = "Requested start preceded the first captured frame; clipped to capture start"
+            warning = f"{warning}; {leading}" if warning else leading
+            recording_start = first_capture
+
+        if not records or recording_end <= recording_start:
+            message = "Requested range does not overlap sealed iOS recording"
+            self._record_recording_failure(session, message)
+            return VideoRecordingResult(success=False, message=message)
+
+        timeline = [
+            {
+                "path": str(record["output_path"]),
+                "start": float(record["start"]),
+                "end": float(record["end"]),
+            }
+            for record in records
+            if record.get("conversion_done")
+            and Path(record["output_path"]).exists()
+            and float(record["end"]) > recording_start
+            and float(record["start"]) < recording_end
+        ]
+        timeline.sort(key=lambda segment: segment["start"])
+        if not timeline:
+            message = "No finalized iOS MP4 segments overlap the requested range"
+            self._record_recording_failure(session, message)
+            return VideoRecordingResult(success=False, message=message)
+
+        trim_output_path = (
+            Path(output_path)
+            if output_path is not None
+            else Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="video_trimmed_", dir=get_temp_dir("trimmed_videos")))
+            / "segment.mp4"
+        )
+        success = await render_timeline_clip(
+            timeline, recording_start, recording_end, trim_output_path
+        )
+        if not success or not trim_output_path.exists():
+            message = "Failed to render clip from sealed iOS segments"
+            self._record_recording_failure(session, message)
+            return VideoRecordingResult(success=False, message=message)
+
+        actual_start = recording_start + shift
+        actual_end = recording_end + shift
+        file_size_mb = trim_output_path.stat().st_size / (1024 * 1024)
+        return VideoRecordingResult(
+            success=True,
+            message=(
+                f"iOS clip rendered for session range {actual_start:.1f}s to {actual_end:.1f}s"
+            ),
+            video_path=trim_output_path,
+            file_size_mb=round(file_size_mb, 2),
+            duration_seconds=round(recording_end - recording_start, 2),
+            actual_start_relative_time=actual_start,
+            warning=warning,
+            video_id=session.video_id,
+            generation=session.generation,
+            sealed_until=session.sealed_until,
+            source_revision=(f"{session.video_id}:{session.generation}:{round(actual_end, 3)}"),
+        )
+
     async def cleanup(self) -> None:
         await self._driver.disconnect()
diff --git a/artemis/core/diagnostics/device_smoke.py b/artemis/core/diagnostics/device_smoke.py
index 3c43c9cf..d2469346 100644
--- a/artemis/core/diagnostics/device_smoke.py
+++ b/artemis/core/diagnostics/device_smoke.py
@@ -56,7 +56,9 @@
 import time
 from typing import Any, TypeVar
 
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import normalize_device_platform
 from artemis.runtime.device_lock import DeviceExecutionLock
+from artemis.runtime.ios_observation import observe_ios_controller
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
@@ -96,8 +98,55 @@ def _uiautomator_fix(serial: str | None) -> list[str]:
     ]
 
 
-def fix_for_error(error: str | None, serial: str | None) -> list[str]:
+def _ios_fix_for_error(error: str | None, serial: str | None) -> list[str]:
+    """iOS repair steps (simctl/Xcode for simulators, devicectl/WDA for hardware)."""
+    if not error:
+        return []
+    s = serial or "<UDID>"
+    text = (error or "").lower()
+    if "busy" in text or "another task" in text:
+        return [
+            "Wait for the running task to finish, or stop it with mobile_manage_task(action='stop', ...).",
+            "Then rerun the smoke test.",
+        ]
+    if "approv" in text or "authoriz" in text or "permission" in text:
+        return [
+            "Approve Artemis's agent access in Xcode (the first run opens a workspace approval prompt; choose persistent approval).",
+            "Confirm the permitted agent and workspace under Xcode > Settings > Agentic Tools.",
+        ]
+    if "xcode" in text or "macos" in text or "darwin" in text:
+        return [
+            "Install Xcode 27 or later and select it: sudo xcode-select -s /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer",
+        ]
+    if (
+        "webdriveragent" in text
+        or "wda" in text
+        or "physical" in text
+        or "pair" in text
+        or "trust" in text
+        or "devicectl" in text
+        or "developer mode" in text
+    ):
+        return [
+            f"List paired devices: xcrun devicectl list devices; check capture: xcrun devicectl device capture screenshot --device {s} --destination /tmp/ios.png",
+            "Pair the device (plug in, tap Trust), enable Developer Mode under Settings > Privacy & Security, and ensure WebDriverAgent is installed "
+            "(build-for-testing via Xcode, or set ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_URL to a running server).",
+        ]
+    if "simulator" in text or "udid" in text or "boot" in text or "not available" in text:
+        return [
+            f"List simulators: xcrun simctl list devices; boot one with: xcrun simctl boot {s}",
+            "Create a simulator in Xcode > Settings > Platforms if none exist.",
+        ]
+    return [
+        "Check native capture manually: xcrun simctl io booted screenshot /tmp/ios.png",
+        'Verify Xcode MCP access: echo \'{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"initialize","params":{}}\' | xcrun mcpbridge',
+    ]
+
+
+def fix_for_error(error: str | None, serial: str | None, platform: str = "android") -> list[str]:
     """Map an error string to concrete repair steps (substring match, case-insensitive)."""
+    if normalize_device_platform(platform, strict=False) == "ios":
+        return _ios_fix_for_error(error, serial)
     if not error:
         return []
     text = error.lower()
@@ -260,19 +309,31 @@ def _decoded_length(b64: Any) -> int | None:
 
 
 async def smoke_test_device(
-    device_serial: str | None = None, timeout_seconds: float = 20.0
+    device_serial: str | None = None,
+    timeout_seconds: float = 20.0,
+    platform: str = "android",
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Observe the device exactly like ``mobile_get_device_state`` and report a verdict.
 
+    ``platform="ios"`` exercises the native iOS path (``simctl`` + mcpbridge
+    for simulators, ``devicectl`` + WebDriverAgent for physical devices)
+    instead of ADB/UIAutomator.
+
     Never raises. Returns::
 
         {"ok": bool, "serial": str | None, "elapsed_seconds": float,
          "screenshot_bytes": int | None, "element_count": int | None,
-         "hierarchy_backend": "helper" | "uiautomator" | None,
+         "hierarchy_backend": "helper" | "uiautomator" | "xcode" | "wda" | None,
          "error": str | None, "fix": list[str]}
     """
     started = time.monotonic()
-    requested_serial = _resolve_requested_serial(device_serial)
+    is_ios = normalize_device_platform(platform, strict=False) == "ios"
+    # iOS targets are UDIDs; ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL is Android-only fallback.
+    requested_serial = (
+        (device_serial or os.environ.get("ARTEMIS_DEVICE_ID"))
+        if is_ios
+        else _resolve_requested_serial(device_serial)
+    )
     result: dict[str, Any] = {
         "ok": False,
         "serial": requested_serial,
@@ -289,10 +350,14 @@ def _finish(error: str | None = None, cause: str | None = None) -> dict[str, Any
         result["elapsed_seconds"] = round(time.monotonic() - started, 3)
         result["error"] = error
         result["ok"] = error is None
-        result["fix"] = fix_for_error(cause if cause is not None else error, result["serial"])
+        result["fix"] = fix_for_error(
+            cause if cause is not None else error, result["serial"], platform
+        )
         return result
 
-    busy = _find_busy_owner(requested_serial)
+    # iOS skips this unscoped sweep: observe_ios_controller performs atomic,
+    # scope-correct lease admission on the resolved UDID itself.
+    busy = None if is_ios else _find_busy_owner(requested_serial)
     if busy is not None:
         key, owner = busy
         description = getattr(owner, "description", "") or "unknown task"
@@ -306,20 +371,33 @@ def _finish(error: str | None = None, cause: str | None = None) -> dict[str, Any
     try:
         from artemis.mcp import adb_server
 
-        controller = await _run_in_daemon_thread(
-            lambda: adb_server._get_controller(device_serial=device_serial),
-            timeout_seconds,
-            "controller-init",
-        )
+        if is_ios:
+            # iOS controller construction enumerates simctl/devicectl lazily;
+            # offload the sync factory instead of the daemon-thread hop used
+            # for the blocking Android UIAutomator handshake.
+            controller = await asyncio.wait_for(
+                asyncio.to_thread(
+                    adb_server._get_controller,
+                    device_serial=device_serial,
+                    target_platform="ios",
+                ),
+                timeout_seconds,
+            )
+        else:
+            controller = await _run_in_daemon_thread(
+                lambda: adb_server._get_controller(device_serial=device_serial),
+                timeout_seconds,
+                "controller-init",
+            )
     except TimeoutError:
-        return _finish(
-            f"UIAutomator/controller initialization did not respond within {timeout_seconds:g}s"
-        )
+        label = "iOS driver" if is_ios else "UIAutomator/controller"
+        return _finish(f"{label} initialization did not respond within {timeout_seconds:g}s")
     except _PASSTHROUGH_EXCEPTIONS:
         raise
     except BaseException as exc:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
         cause = _describe_failure(exc)
-        return _finish(f"Failed to initialize Android device controller: {cause}", cause)
+        target = "iOS device" if is_ios else "Android device"
+        return _finish(f"Failed to initialize {target} controller: {cause}", cause)
 
     controller_ctx = getattr(controller, "ctx", None)
     device = getattr(controller_ctx, "device", None)
@@ -329,13 +407,25 @@ def _finish(error: str | None = None, cause: str | None = None) -> dict[str, Any
 
     remaining = max(0.5, timeout_seconds - (time.monotonic() - started))
     try:
-        device_data = await _run_in_daemon_thread(
-            lambda: _run_coroutine_blocking(controller.get_screen_data),
-            remaining,
-            "screen-data",
-        )
+        if is_ios:
+            # Runs on the caller's loop: the helper owns lease + connect +
+            # capture + disconnect + release and is cancellation-safe, unlike
+            # the Android coroutine which must be bounced onto a private
+            # thread/loop because UIAutomator blocks the loop thread.
+            device_data = await asyncio.wait_for(observe_ios_controller(controller), remaining)
+        else:
+
+            async def _observe() -> Any:
+                return await controller.get_screen_data()
+
+            device_data = await _run_in_daemon_thread(
+                lambda: _run_coroutine_blocking(_observe),
+                remaining,
+                "screen-data",
+            )
     except TimeoutError:
-        return _finish(f"UIAutomator/screen capture did not respond within {timeout_seconds:g}s")
+        label = "iOS session capture" if is_ios else "UIAutomator/screen capture"
+        return _finish(f"{label} did not respond within {timeout_seconds:g}s")
     except _PASSTHROUGH_EXCEPTIONS:
         raise
     except BaseException as exc:  # pylint: disable=broad-exception-caught
@@ -344,9 +434,24 @@ def _finish(error: str | None = None, cause: str | None = None) -> dict[str, Any
 
     result["screenshot_bytes"] = _decoded_length(getattr(device_data, "base64", None))
     result["element_count"] = _count_elements(getattr(device_data, "elements", None))
-    from artemis.clients.screen_client_factory import describe_backend
+    if is_ios:
+        from artemis.drivers.ios.physical_driver import PhysicalIosDriver
+
+        # Report the canonical UDID the observation lease actually resolved.
+        resolved_serial = getattr(device, "device_id", None)
+        if isinstance(resolved_serial, str) and resolved_serial:
+            result["serial"] = resolved_serial
+        result["hierarchy_backend"] = (
+            "wda"
+            if isinstance(getattr(controller, "_driver", None), PhysicalIosDriver)
+            else "xcode"
+        )
+    else:
+        from artemis.clients.screen_client_factory import describe_backend
 
-    result["hierarchy_backend"] = describe_backend(getattr(controller_ctx, "ui_adb_client", None))
+        result["hierarchy_backend"] = describe_backend(
+            getattr(controller_ctx, "ui_adb_client", None)
+        )
 
     if result["screenshot_bytes"] is None:
         return _finish("Screen capture returned no screenshot data")
@@ -355,9 +460,8 @@ def _finish(error: str | None = None, cause: str | None = None) -> dict[str, Any
             f"Screenshot capture failed (driver returned a {result['screenshot_bytes']}-byte placeholder image)"
         )
     if not result["element_count"]:
-        return _finish(
-            "UIAutomator hierarchy dump returned no UI elements (screenshot worked, hierarchy did not)"
-        )
+        backend = "Xcode accessibility tree" if is_ios else "UIAutomator hierarchy dump"
+        return _finish(f"{backend} returned no UI elements (screenshot worked, hierarchy did not)")
     return _finish(None)
 
 
diff --git a/artemis/core/diagnostics/engine.py b/artemis/core/diagnostics/engine.py
index 97f9d20c..56b93cf8 100644
--- a/artemis/core/diagnostics/engine.py
+++ b/artemis/core/diagnostics/engine.py
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
     LLMCredentialsProbe,
     VisionOCRProbe,
 )
+from artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe import IosDeviceProbe
 from artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.runtime_probe import (
     PythonRuntimeProbe,
     SystemConfigProbe,
@@ -67,6 +68,7 @@ def __init__(self):
         self._credentials_probe = LLMCredentialsProbe()
         self._ocr_probe = VisionOCRProbe()
         self._adb_probe = AdbDeviceProbe()
+        self._ios_probe = IosDeviceProbe()
         self._report_cache: SystemReadinessReport | None = None
         self._report_cache_time = 0.0
         self._report_cache_generation = -1
@@ -80,6 +82,7 @@ def __init__(self):
         self.register_probe(self._credentials_probe)
         self.register_probe(self._ocr_probe)
         self.register_probe(self._adb_probe)
+        self.register_probe(self._ios_probe)
 
     def register_probe(self, probe: BaseProbe) -> None:
         """Register a new diagnostic probe."""
diff --git a/artemis/core/diagnostics/probes/ios_probe.py b/artemis/core/diagnostics/probes/ios_probe.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb4c7865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artemis/core/diagnostics/probes/ios_probe.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""iOS Device Readiness Probe.
+
+Informational only (``is_blocker = False``): iOS support is opt-in per task,
+so a missing Xcode toolchain must never block the Android default path. The
+probe reports whether this host could run an iOS task today — macOS, Xcode
+27+, and at least one available simulator or paired+connected physical
+device.
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+
+from artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.base import BaseProbe
+from artemis.core.diagnostics.schema import (
+    ProbeAction,
+    ProbeCategory,
+    ProbeResult,
+    ProbeStatus,
+)
+from artemis.drivers.ios.discovery import (
+    is_physical_ios,
+    list_core_devices,
+    list_ios_simulators,
+    parse_xcode_version,
+    physical_ios_ready,
+    run_xcrun,
+    simctl_available,
+)
+
+
+class IosDeviceProbe(BaseProbe):
+    """Reports iOS automation capability: Xcode 27+, simulators, physical."""
+
+    @property
+    def probe_id(self) -> str:
+        # Historical id kept stable: persisted reports reference it.
+        return "ios_simulators"
+
+    @property
+    def category(self) -> ProbeCategory:
+        return ProbeCategory.DEVICE
+
+    @property
+    def is_blocker(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    async def probe(self) -> ProbeResult:
+        if not simctl_available():
+            return ProbeResult(
+                id=self.probe_id,
+                category=self.category,
+                title="iOS Devices",
+                status=ProbeStatus.SKIPPED,
+                is_blocker=self.is_blocker,
+                summary="Unavailable",
+                description=(
+                    "iOS automation requires macOS with Xcode 27+; "
+                    "this host cannot enumerate iOS devices."
+                ),
+                metadata={"platform_supported": False},
+            )
+
+        xcode_ok = False
+        xcode_version: str | None = None
+        try:
+            raw = await asyncio.wait_for(run_xcrun("xcodebuild", "-version"), timeout=15.0)
+            xcode_version = parse_xcode_version(raw)
+            if xcode_version:
+                xcode_ok = int(xcode_version.split(".")[0]) >= 27
+        except (OSError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError):
+            xcode_version = None
+
+        simulators = await list_ios_simulators()
+        booted = [d for d in (simulators or []) if d.get("state") == "Booted"]
+        core_devices = await list_core_devices()
+        physical = [d for d in (core_devices or []) if is_physical_ios(d)]
+        connected = [d for d in physical if physical_ios_ready(d)]
+        metadata = {
+            "platform_supported": True,
+            "xcode_version": xcode_version,
+            "xcode_27_or_newer": xcode_ok,
+            "simulator_count": len(simulators or []),
+            "booted_udids": [d.get("udid") for d in booted],
+            "simulators": simulators or [],
+            "physical_device_count": len(physical),
+            "connected_physical_devices": [
+                {
+                    "udid": d.get("udid"),
+                    "name": d.get("name"),
+                    "os_version": d.get("os_version"),
+                    "product_type": d.get("product_type"),
+                }
+                for d in connected
+            ],
+        }
+
+        if not xcode_ok:
+            return ProbeResult(
+                id=self.probe_id,
+                category=self.category,
+                title="iOS Devices",
+                status=ProbeStatus.WARN,
+                is_blocker=self.is_blocker,
+                summary="Xcode 27+ Required",
+                description=(
+                    "Native iOS automation requires Xcode 27 or later"
+                    + (f" (found {xcode_version})." if xcode_version else "; none detected.")
+                ),
+                metadata=metadata,
+                actions=[
+                    ProbeAction(
+                        action_type="hint",
+                        label="Select Xcode 27",
+                        payload="sudo xcode-select -s /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer",
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
+
+        if not simulators and not connected:
+            return ProbeResult(
+                id=self.probe_id,
+                category=self.category,
+                title="iOS Devices",
+                status=ProbeStatus.WARN,
+                is_blocker=self.is_blocker,
+                summary="No Devices",
+                description=(
+                    "Xcode is installed but no available iOS simulators or connected "
+                    "physical devices were found. Create a simulator in Xcode > "
+                    "Settings > Platforms, or attach a paired iPhone/iPad."
+                ),
+                metadata=metadata,
+            )
+
+        parts = []
+        if booted:
+            parts.append(f"{len(booted)} simulator(s) booted")
+        elif simulators:
+            parts.append(f"{len(simulators)} simulator(s) available")
+        if connected:
+            parts.append(f"{len(connected)} physical device(s) connected")
+        summary = ", ".join(parts)
+        return ProbeResult(
+            id=self.probe_id,
+            category=self.category,
+            title="iOS Devices",
+            status=ProbeStatus.PASS,
+            is_blocker=self.is_blocker,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=(
+                f"Xcode {xcode_version}: {summary}. "
+                "Submit a task with platform='ios' and a device UDID to use them."
+            ),
+            metadata=metadata,
+        )
+
+
+# Backward-compatible name from when the probe only covered simulators.
+IosSimulatorProbe = IosDeviceProbe
diff --git a/artemis/core/diagnostics/readiness.py b/artemis/core/diagnostics/readiness.py
index 8f8f0853..03c2e8fb 100644
--- a/artemis/core/diagnostics/readiness.py
+++ b/artemis/core/diagnostics/readiness.py
@@ -41,8 +41,9 @@
     "integration_host": 2,
     "gemini_api_key": 3,
     "android_adb": 4,
-    "toolchain": 5,
-    "vision_ocr_key": 6,
+    "ios_simulators": 5,
+    "toolchain": 6,
+    "vision_ocr_key": 7,
 }
 
 
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ def base_verdict(results: Sequence[ProbeResult]) -> Verdict:
     blockers = [r for r in results if r.is_blocker]
     if not blockers or any(r.status is not ProbeStatus.PASS for r in blockers):
         return "blocked"
-    if any(r.status is not ProbeStatus.PASS for r in results):
+    if any(r.status not in (ProbeStatus.PASS, ProbeStatus.SKIPPED) for r in results):
         return "degraded"
     return "ready"
 
diff --git a/artemis/drivers/factory.py b/artemis/drivers/factory.py
index d6283a1c..e997b813 100644
--- a/artemis/drivers/factory.py
+++ b/artemis/drivers/factory.py
@@ -31,8 +31,57 @@
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
 
+def ios_driver_class(device_id: str | None) -> type[BaseDeviceDriver]:
+    """Pick the driver class for an iOS serial by device reality.
+
+    A serial resolving to a CoreDevice physical entry maps to
+    ``PhysicalIosDriver``; simulators, ``booted``, and unknown serials keep
+    ``XcodeSimulatorDriver`` so its existing validation and error paths apply.
+    """
+    from artemis.drivers.ios.discovery import BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID
+    from artemis.drivers.ios.xcode_driver import XcodeSimulatorDriver
+
+    if device_id and device_id.strip().lower() != BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID:
+        from artemis.drivers.ios.discovery import (
+            device_matches_identifier,
+            find_physical_ios_device_sync,
+            list_ios_simulators_sync,
+        )
+
+        simulators = list_ios_simulators_sync()
+        if simulators is None or not any(
+            device_matches_identifier(device, device_id) for device in simulators
+        ):
+            if find_physical_ios_device_sync(device_id) is not None:
+                from artemis.drivers.ios.physical_driver import PhysicalIosDriver
+
+                return PhysicalIosDriver
+    return XcodeSimulatorDriver
+
+
+def _create_ios_driver(ctx: "ArtemisContext") -> BaseDeviceDriver:
+    """Instantiate the simulator or physical-device driver for an iOS target."""
+    if os.environ.get("ARTEMIS_CLOUD_MODE") == "1":
+        raise ValueError("iOS support is local only; cloud mode targets Android.")
+    config = getattr(ctx, "agent_config", None)
+    workspace_path = getattr(config, "ios_workspace_path", None) if config is not None else None
+    driver_class = ios_driver_class(ctx.device.device_id)
+    return driver_class(
+        device_id=ctx.device.device_id,
+        width=ctx.device.device_width,
+        height=ctx.device.device_height,
+        workspace_path=workspace_path,
+    )
+
+
 def create_driver(ctx: "ArtemisContext") -> BaseDeviceDriver:
     """Instantiates the appropriate BaseDeviceDriver based on the runtime context."""
+    mobile_platform = getattr(ctx.device, "mobile_platform", "android")
+    if mobile_platform == "ios":
+        return _create_ios_driver(ctx)
+    if mobile_platform not in {"android", "mock"}:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported mobile platform: {mobile_platform}")
+
     # 1. Cloud mode check. Cloud devices are reached through the gateway's
     # RemoteUIAutomatorClient; ARTEMIS_HIERARCHY_BACKEND does not apply there
     # because the Accessibility Helper needs a local adb forward.
diff --git a/artemis/drivers/ios/__init__.py b/artemis/drivers/ios/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..40da1ece
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artemis/drivers/ios/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Native iOS drivers: Xcode simulators and paired physical devices (loaded only when iOS is selected)."""
diff --git a/artemis/drivers/ios/bridge.py b/artemis/drivers/ios/bridge.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..105db8d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artemis/drivers/ios/bridge.py
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Task-safe access to Xcode's MCP bridge using Artemis's existing MCP SDK.
+
+The SDK handles initialization, notifications and response IDs. A single owner
+task enters and exits the SDK's AnyIO contexts, and serializes device commands.
+A timeout retires the bridge; a possibly executed input is never retried.
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import json
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import sys
+from typing import Any
+
+import anyio
+from mcp import ClientSession, StdioServerParameters
+from mcp.client.stdio import get_default_environment, stdio_client
+from mcp.shared.exceptions import McpError
+
+from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+
+_APPROVAL_MESSAGES = (
+    "agent isn't approved",
+    "agent is not approved",
+    "waiting for the user to approve",
+)
+
+
+class XcodeApprovalRequiredError(RuntimeError):
+    """Xcode refused a tool because this interpreter lacks agent/folder approval."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        tool_name: str,
+        native_message: str,
+        *,
+        workspace_path: str | Path | None = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(f"Xcode tool {tool_name} failed: {native_message}")
+        self.tool_name = tool_name
+        self.native_message = native_message
+        self.workspace_path = (
+            Path(workspace_path).expanduser().resolve() if workspace_path is not None else None
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def guidance(self) -> str:
+        """Human steps to approve this interpreter; never executes them."""
+        return xcode_approval_guidance(self.workspace_path)
+
+
+def xcode_approval_guidance(workspace_path: str | Path | None = None) -> str:
+    """Human-facing Xcode approval steps; printing is the only action taken."""
+    workspace = str(workspace_path) if workspace_path else "not supplied"
+    return (
+        "Xcode approval is required for the Python interpreter running Artemis.\n"
+        f"Interpreter: {Path(sys.executable).resolve()}\n"
+        f"Workspace: {workspace}\n\n"
+        "Open the Xcode MCP menu bar icon and approve this interpreter and the selected "
+        "project folder. Choose Always Allow or persistent approval there if offered. "
+        "Alternatively, inspect the relevant pending request IDs and approve only those "
+        "entries from your own terminal:\n"
+        "  xcrun mcp-server status\n"
+        "  sudo xcrun mcp-server approve <REQUEST-ID> --always\n\n"
+        "Artemis never runs sudo or changes global access settings. After approval, "
+        "rerun the task. Interpreter upgrades, a different project folder, or expiring "
+        "grants can require approval again.\n"
+        "If Xcode has not recorded a request yet, rerun with "
+        "--platform ios --ios-workspace /absolute/path/YourApp.xcodeproj "
+        "(or pass workspace_path to for_ios_device())."
+    )
+
+
+_ERRORS = (
+    OSError,
+    ValueError,
+    RuntimeError,
+    McpError,
+    ExceptionGroup,
+    anyio.EndOfStream,
+    anyio.ClosedResourceError,
+    anyio.BrokenResourceError,
+)
+
+
+class XcodeBridge:
+    """Own one native bridge subprocess for one simulator driver."""
+
+    def __init__(self, timeout_seconds: float = 120.0):
+        self.timeout_seconds = timeout_seconds
+        self._owner: asyncio.Task[None] | None = None
+        self._ready: asyncio.Future[set[str]] | None = None
+        self._requests: asyncio.Queue[Any] = asyncio.Queue()
+        self._active: asyncio.Future[Any] | None = None
+        self._start_lock = asyncio.Lock()
+        self.tools: set[str] = set()
+
+    @property
+    def connected(self) -> bool:
+        return self._owner is not None and not self._owner.done()
+
+    async def start(self) -> None:
+        async with self._start_lock:
+            if self._owner is not None and not self._owner.done():
+                return
+            self._ready = asyncio.get_running_loop().create_future()
+            self._owner = asyncio.create_task(self._run(), name="artemis-xcode-bridge")
+            try:
+                self.tools = await asyncio.wait_for(
+                    asyncio.shield(self._ready), self.timeout_seconds
+                )
+            except (*_ERRORS, TimeoutError, asyncio.CancelledError):
+                await self.close()
+                raise
+
+    async def _run(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            # mcpbridge only needs a clean base env plus the Xcode pinning
+            # vars — do not forward the full environment (API keys) to a
+            # long-lived child process.
+            env = get_default_environment()
+            for key in ("DEVELOPER_DIR", "MCP_XCODE_PID"):
+                if value := os.environ.get(key):
+                    env[key] = value
+            params = StdioServerParameters(command="xcrun", args=["mcpbridge"], env=env)
+            async with stdio_client(params) as (reader, writer):
+                async with ClientSession(reader, writer) as session:
+                    await session.initialize()
+                    names: set[str] = set()
+                    cursor = None
+                    while True:
+                        page = await session.list_tools(cursor=cursor)
+                        names.update(tool.name for tool in page.tools)
+                        cursor = page.nextCursor
+                        if not cursor:
+                            break
+                    if self._ready is not None and not self._ready.done():
+                        self._ready.set_result(names)
+                    while True:
+                        request = await self._requests.get()
+                        if request is None:
+                            return
+                        future, name, arguments = request
+                        if future.cancelled():
+                            continue
+                        self._active = future
+                        result = await session.call_tool(name, arguments)
+                        if not future.done():
+                            future.set_result(result)
+                        self._active = None
+        except _ERRORS as exc:
+            if self._ready is not None and not self._ready.done():
+                self._ready.set_exception(RuntimeError(f"Cannot connect to Xcode MCP: {exc}"))
+            if self._active is not None and not self._active.done():
+                self._active.set_exception(RuntimeError(f"Xcode MCP connection failed: {exc}"))
+        finally:
+            error = RuntimeError(
+                "Xcode MCP bridge has closed. Reconnect the driver before retrying."
+            )
+            if self._ready is not None and not self._ready.done():
+                self._ready.set_exception(error)
+            if self._active is not None and not self._active.done():
+                self._active.set_exception(error)
+            self._active = None
+            while not self._requests.empty():
+                request = self._requests.get_nowait()
+                if request is not None and not request[0].done():
+                    request[0].set_exception(error)
+
+    async def call(self, name: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        if self._owner is None or self._owner.done():
+            raise RuntimeError("Xcode MCP bridge is not connected.")
+        future = asyncio.get_running_loop().create_future()
+        self._requests.put_nowait((future, name, arguments))
+        try:
+            result = await asyncio.wait_for(future, self.timeout_seconds)
+        except (TimeoutError, asyncio.CancelledError):
+            await self.close()
+            raise
+        if result.isError:
+            message = " ".join(block.text for block in result.content if block.type == "text")
+            if any(marker in message.casefold() for marker in _APPROVAL_MESSAGES):
+                raise XcodeApprovalRequiredError(name, message)
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Xcode tool {name} failed: {message}")
+        if isinstance(result.structuredContent, dict):
+            return result.structuredContent
+        # Xcode also supports older clients with JSON text content.
+        for block in result.content:
+            if block.type == "text":
+                try:
+                    data = json.loads(block.text)
+                except json.JSONDecodeError:
+                    continue
+                if isinstance(data, dict):
+                    return data
+        raise RuntimeError(f"Xcode tool {name} returned no structured result.")
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        owner, self._owner = self._owner, None
+        if owner is None:
+            return
+        if not owner.done():
+            owner.cancel()
+        try:
+            await owner
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            pass
+        except Exception as exc:
+            # Owner failures already propagate to requesters via futures; a
+            # close() must never mask the error its caller is handling.
+            logger.debug(f"Xcode bridge owner exited with an error: {exc}")
+        if self._ready is not None and self._ready.done() and not self._ready.cancelled():
+            self._ready.exception()  # consume an initialization error on cancellation
+        self.tools.clear()
diff --git a/artemis/drivers/ios/discovery.py b/artemis/drivers/ios/discovery.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1860a599
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artemis/drivers/ios/discovery.py
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Shared iOS device enumeration: ``simctl`` for simulators, ``devicectl`` for physical.
+
+Both the Xcode driver (target validation) and the runtime pools (discovery,
+explicit-serial validation, auto-selection) read the same
+``xcrun simctl list devices --json`` output through this module so parsing
+stays in one place; paired physical hardware is enumerated through
+``xcrun devicectl list devices``. Every function fails closed to
+``None``/``[]`` on missing tooling so Android-only hosts never see iOS errors.
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+from typing import Any
+
+from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+SIMCTL_QUERY_TIMEOUT = 15.0
+
+# ``simctl`` wildcard that resolves to whichever simulator is currently
+# booted; also the public sentinel callers pass to mean "the booted one".
+BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID = "booted"
+
+# ``simctl list devices`` / ``devicectl list devices`` take seconds on a busy
+# host and every iOS consumer (readiness probe, device pool validation,
+# /api/devices) enumerates them. Share one result briefly so polling UIs do
+# not spawn back-to-back tool invocations.
+_ENUMERATION_CACHE_TTL = 10.0
+
+
+class _TtlCache:
+    """Monotonic-TTL cache holding one enumeration result (or nothing)."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._devices: list[dict[str, Any]] | None = None
+        self._time = 0.0
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        self._devices = None
+        self._time = 0.0
+
+    def store(self, devices: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+        self._devices = devices
+        self._time = time.monotonic()
+        return devices
+
+    def get(self) -> list[dict[str, Any]] | None:
+        if self._devices is None:
+            return None
+        if time.monotonic() - self._time > _ENUMERATION_CACHE_TTL:
+            return None
+        return self._devices
+
+
+_simulator_cache = _TtlCache()
+_core_device_cache = _TtlCache()
+
+
+def clear_ios_simulator_cache() -> None:
+    """Drop the cached enumeration (e.g. after the driver boots a simulator)."""
+    _simulator_cache.clear()
+
+
+async def reap_process(process: asyncio.subprocess.Process) -> None:
+    """Kill a still-running child and drain its pipes; never raises."""
+    if process.returncode is None:
+        try:
+            process.kill()
+        except ProcessLookupError:
+            pass
+    await process.communicate()
+
+
+async def run_xcrun(*arguments: str, timeout: float = 30.0) -> bytes:
+    """Run argv directly, reporting native errors and reaping cancelled children."""
+    process = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
+        "xcrun",
+        *arguments,
+        stdin=asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL,
+        stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
+        stderr=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
+    )
+    try:
+        stdout, stderr = await asyncio.wait_for(process.communicate(), timeout)
+    except (TimeoutError, asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await reap_process(process)
+        raise
+    if process.returncode:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"xcrun {' '.join(arguments[:3])} failed: {stderr.decode(errors='replace').strip()}"
+        )
+    return stdout
+
+
+async def plist_to_json(payload: bytes, timeout: float = 30.0) -> bytes:
+    """Convert an OpenStep/XML/binary plist payload to JSON via ``plutil``.
+
+    ``simctl listapps`` emits OpenStep (ASCII) plists that ``plistlib``
+    cannot read; ``plutil -convert json`` accepts every plist flavor.
+    """
+    process = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
+        "plutil",
+        "-convert",
+        "json",
+        "-o",
+        "-",
+        "--",
+        "-",
+        stdin=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
+        stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
+        stderr=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
+    )
+    try:
+        stdout, stderr = await asyncio.wait_for(process.communicate(input=payload), timeout)
+    except (TimeoutError, asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await reap_process(process)
+        raise
+    if process.returncode != 0:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"plutil conversion failed: {stderr.decode(errors='replace').strip()}")
+    return stdout
+
+
+def simctl_available() -> bool:
+    """Whether this host can enumerate iOS simulators at all."""
+    return sys.platform == "darwin" and shutil.which("xcrun") is not None
+
+
+def parse_xcode_version(payload: bytes | str) -> str | None:
+    """Extract the Xcode version string from ``xcodebuild -version`` output."""
+    text = payload.decode(errors="replace") if isinstance(payload, bytes) else payload
+    match = re.search(r"Xcode\s+(\d+(?:\.\d+)*)", text)
+    return match.group(1) if match else None
+
+
+def parse_simctl_devices(payload: dict[str, Any]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Flatten ``simctl list devices --json`` into available iOS entries."""
+    return [
+        {
+            "udid": device.get("udid"),
+            "name": device.get("name"),
+            "state": device.get("state"),
+            "runtime": runtime,
+        }
+        for runtime, entries in payload.get("devices", {}).items()
+        if ".iOS-" in runtime
+        for device in entries
+        if device.get("isAvailable") and device.get("udid")
+    ]
+
+
+async def list_ios_simulators(
+    force_refresh: bool = False,
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]] | None:
+    """All available iOS simulators, or ``None`` when enumeration fails.
+
+    Successful enumerations are cached for ``_ENUMERATION_CACHE_TTL`` seconds;
+    failures are never cached so callers retry against live simctl.
+    """
+    if not simctl_available():
+        return None
+    if not force_refresh:
+        cached = _simulator_cache.get()
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached
+    try:
+        raw = await run_xcrun("simctl", "list", "devices", "--json", timeout=SIMCTL_QUERY_TIMEOUT)
+    except (OSError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as exc:
+        logger.debug(f"simctl device enumeration failed: {exc}")
+        return None
+    try:
+        return _simulator_cache.store(parse_simctl_devices(json.loads(raw)))
+    except (ValueError, TypeError) as exc:
+        logger.debug(f"simctl device list parse failed: {exc}")
+        return None
+
+
+def list_ios_simulators_sync(
+    force_refresh: bool = False,
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]] | None:
+    """Synchronous variant for non-async callers (e.g. replay device lists)."""
+    if not simctl_available():
+        return None
+    if not force_refresh:
+        cached = _simulator_cache.get()
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached
+    try:
+        completed = subprocess.run(
+            ["xcrun", "simctl", "list", "devices", "--json"],
+            stdin=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            timeout=SIMCTL_QUERY_TIMEOUT,
+        )
+    except (OSError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired) as exc:
+        logger.debug(f"simctl device enumeration failed: {exc}")
+        return None
+    if completed.returncode != 0:
+        return None
+    try:
+        return _simulator_cache.store(parse_simctl_devices(json.loads(completed.stdout)))
+    except (ValueError, TypeError) as exc:
+        logger.debug(f"simctl device list parse failed: {exc}")
+        return None
+
+
+# --- CoreDevice (physical iPhone/iPad) enumeration -------------------------
+
+DEVICECTL_ENUMERATE_TIMEOUT = 20.0
+
+
+async def devicectl_screenshot(device_id: str, destination: Path, timeout: float) -> None:
+    """Capture one PNG frame from a paired device via ``devicectl``."""
+    await run_xcrun(
+        "devicectl",
+        "device",
+        "capture",
+        "screenshot",
+        "--device",
+        device_id,
+        "--destination",
+        str(destination),
+        timeout=timeout,
+    )
+
+
+def _device_property(device: dict[str, Any], section: str, key: str) -> Any:
+    """Read a property across devicectl's current and deprecated JSON shapes.
+
+    Xcode marks ``hardwareProperties``/``deviceProperties``/``connectionProperties``
+    deprecated in favor of a nested ``properties`` dictionary; accept both.
+    Sections may be present-but-null, so guard every hop.
+    """
+    parent = device.get(section)
+    value = parent.get(key) if isinstance(parent, dict) else None
+    if value is not None:
+        return value
+    properties = device.get("properties")
+    if not isinstance(properties, dict):
+        return None
+    nested = properties.get(section)
+    return nested.get(key) if isinstance(nested, dict) else None
+
+
+def _modern_property(device: dict[str, Any], section: str, key: str) -> Any:
+    """Read ``properties.<section>.<key>`` from Xcode 27's devicectl shape.
+
+    The modern ``properties`` map uses short section names (``hardware``,
+    ``software``, ``state``, ``connection``) rather than the deprecated
+    ``hardwareProperties``/``deviceProperties``/``connectionProperties``
+    spellings. Sections may be present-but-null, so guard every hop.
+    """
+    properties = device.get("properties")
+    if not isinstance(properties, dict):
+        return None
+    nested = properties.get(section)
+    return nested.get(key) if isinstance(nested, dict) else None
+
+
+def _modern_os_version(device: dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+    """``properties.software.osVersionNumber`` may carry a stringValue map."""
+    version = _modern_property(device, "software", "osVersionNumber")
+    if isinstance(version, dict):
+        return version.get("stringValue") or version.get("string")
+    return version
+
+
+def parse_devicectl_devices(payload: dict[str, Any]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Flatten ``devicectl list devices --json-output -`` into device entries."""
+    devices = []
+    result = payload.get("result")
+    if not isinstance(result, dict):
+        return devices
+    entries = result.get("devices")
+    if not isinstance(entries, list):
+        return devices
+    for device in entries:
+        if not isinstance(device, dict):
+            continue
+        udid = (
+            _device_property(device, "hardwareProperties", "udid")
+            or _modern_property(device, "hardware", "udid")
+            or device.get("identifier")
+        )
+        if not udid:
+            continue
+        devices.append(
+            {
+                "udid": udid,
+                "name": _device_property(device, "deviceProperties", "name")
+                or _modern_property(device, "state", "name"),
+                "os_version": _device_property(device, "deviceProperties", "osVersionNumber")
+                or _modern_os_version(device),
+                "platform": _device_property(device, "hardwareProperties", "platform")
+                or _modern_property(device, "hardware", "platform"),
+                "reality": _device_property(device, "hardwareProperties", "reality")
+                or _modern_property(device, "hardware", "reality"),
+                "product_type": _device_property(device, "hardwareProperties", "productType")
+                or _modern_property(device, "hardware", "productType"),
+                "connection_state": _device_property(device, "connectionProperties", "tunnelState")
+                or _modern_property(device, "connection", "state"),
+                "pairing_state": _device_property(device, "connectionProperties", "pairingState")
+                or _modern_property(device, "connection", "pairingState"),
+                "visibility": device.get("visibilityClass")
+                or _modern_property(device, "state", "visibilityClass"),
+            }
+        )
+    return devices
+
+
+async def list_core_devices(
+    force_refresh: bool = False,
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]] | None:
+    """All devices known to CoreDevice (physical and simulated), cached briefly."""
+    if not simctl_available():
+        return None
+    if not force_refresh:
+        cached = _core_device_cache.get()
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached
+    try:
+        raw = await run_xcrun(
+            "devicectl",
+            "list",
+            "devices",
+            "--json-output",
+            "-",
+            timeout=DEVICECTL_ENUMERATE_TIMEOUT,
+        )
+    except (OSError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as exc:
+        logger.debug(f"devicectl device enumeration failed: {exc}")
+        return None
+    try:
+        return _core_device_cache.store(parse_devicectl_devices(json.loads(raw)))
+    except (ValueError, TypeError) as exc:
+        logger.debug(f"devicectl device list parse failed: {exc}")
+        return None
+
+
+def list_core_devices_sync(
+    force_refresh: bool = False,
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]] | None:
+    """Synchronous variant for the driver factory and other sync callers."""
+    if not simctl_available():
+        return None
+    if not force_refresh:
+        cached = _core_device_cache.get()
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached
+    try:
+        completed = subprocess.run(
+            ["xcrun", "devicectl", "list", "devices", "--json-output", "-"],
+            stdin=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            timeout=DEVICECTL_ENUMERATE_TIMEOUT,
+        )
+    except (OSError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired) as exc:
+        logger.debug(f"devicectl device enumeration failed: {exc}")
+        return None
+    if completed.returncode != 0:
+        return None
+    try:
+        return _core_device_cache.store(parse_devicectl_devices(json.loads(completed.stdout)))
+    except (ValueError, TypeError) as exc:
+        logger.debug(f"devicectl device list parse failed: {exc}")
+        return None
+
+
+def is_physical_ios(device: dict[str, Any]) -> bool:
+    """Whether a CoreDevice entry is a physical iPhone/iPad (not a simulator)."""
+    return device.get("platform") in ("iOS", "iPadOS") and device.get("reality") == "physical"
+
+
+def physical_ios_ready(device: dict[str, Any]) -> bool:
+    """Whether a CoreDevice entry is a paired, reachable physical iOS device.
+
+    ``connection_state`` (CoreDevice ``tunnelState``) may be absent on paired
+    USB devices running older iOS — an absent value is acceptable;
+    ``"disconnected"`` is not. Every consumer (pool validators, readiness
+    probe, replay manager, driver) must agree on this rule.
+    """
+    if not is_physical_ios(device):
+        return False
+    if device.get("pairing_state") != "paired":
+        return False
+    return device.get("connection_state") in ("connected", None)
+
+
+def device_matches_identifier(device: dict[str, Any], identifier: str) -> bool:
+    """Match a device entry by case-insensitive UDID or exact name."""
+    if not identifier:
+        return False
+    return (
+        str(device.get("udid") or "").lower() == identifier.lower()
+        or device.get("name") == identifier
+    )
+
+
+def find_physical_ios_device_sync(identifier: str) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    """Match a physical iOS device by UDID or exact name, or ``None``.
+
+    Raises ``ValueError`` when the identifier matches more than one device —
+    silently picking the first would drive an arbitrary phone.
+    """
+    devices = list_core_devices_sync()
+    if devices is None or not identifier:
+        return None
+    matches = [
+        device
+        for device in devices
+        if is_physical_ios(device) and device_matches_identifier(device, identifier)
+    ]
+    if len(matches) > 1:
+        udids = sorted(str(device.get("udid") or "?") for device in matches)
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{len(matches)} physical iOS devices match {identifier!r} "
+            f"({', '.join(udids)}); use the device UDID instead."
+        )
+    return matches[0] if matches else None
diff --git a/artemis/drivers/ios/hierarchy.py b/artemis/drivers/ios/hierarchy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2d12fdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artemis/drivers/ios/hierarchy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Convert Xcode's textual accessibility frames and hit points to screen pixels."""
+
+import re
+from typing import Any
+
+_NUMBER = r"(-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?)"
+_FRAME = re.compile(
+    r"\{\{\s*"
+    + _NUMBER
+    + r",\s*"
+    + _NUMBER
+    + r"\},\s*\{\s*"
+    + _NUMBER
+    + r",\s*"
+    + _NUMBER
+    + r"\}\}"
+)
+_HIT = re.compile(r"hitPoint:\s*\{\s*" + _NUMBER + r",\s*" + _NUMBER + r"\}")
+_BUNDLE = re.compile(r"Application bundle identifier:\s*(\S+)")
+
+
+def application_bundle(hierarchy: str) -> str | None:
+    bundles = set(_BUNDLE.findall(hierarchy))
+    return next(iter(bundles)) if len(bundles) == 1 else None
+
+
+def pixel_element(
+    *, text: str, resource_id: str, class_name: str, left: int, top: int, right: int, bottom: int
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Element dict in the shared Android-shape format used by both iOS parsers."""
+    return {
+        "text": text,
+        "resource_id": resource_id,
+        "class": class_name,
+        "bounds": f"[{left},{top}][{right},{bottom}]",
+        "parsed_bounds": {"left": left, "top": top, "right": right, "bottom": bottom},
+    }
+
+
+def parse_hierarchy(
+    hierarchy: str, width: int, height: int
+) -> tuple[list[dict[str, Any]], tuple[float, float]]:
+    """Determine scale from the screen window; never assume a Retina factor.
+
+    UIKit hierarchy geometry is in the native interaction coordinate space.
+    Artemis observations/actions use full screenshot pixels. Missing or rotated
+    geometry is an error rather than silently tapping with an unverified scale.
+    """
+    lines = hierarchy.splitlines()
+    windows = []
+    for line in lines:
+        match = _FRAME.search(line)
+        if match and re.match(r"\s*(?:UI)?Window\b", line):
+            x, y, w, h = map(float, match.groups())
+            if x == 0 and y == 0 and w > 0 and h > 0:
+                windows.append((w, h))
+    matching = [(w, h) for w, h in windows if abs(width / w - height / h) < 0.05]
+    if windows and not matching:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "Xcode hierarchy has no screen window matching the screenshot. Recapture before interacting."
+        )
+    # Xcode 27 exports the full screenshot at logical screen dimensions. An
+    # inaccessible custom canvas can have no AX Window; visual targeting still
+    # works in this documented native coordinate space.
+    w, h = max(matching, key=lambda size: size[0] * size[1]) if matching else (width, height)
+    scale = width / w, height / h
+    elements = []
+    for line in lines:
+        match = _FRAME.search(line)
+        if not match:
+            continue
+        x, y, w, h = map(float, match.groups())
+        if w <= 0 or h <= 0:
+            continue
+        left, top = round(x * scale[0]), round(y * scale[1])
+        right, bottom = round((x + w) * scale[0]), round((y + h) * scale[1])
+        if right <= 0 or bottom <= 0 or left >= width or top >= height:
+            continue
+        label = re.search(r"label:\s*'((?:\\.|[^'])*)'", line)
+        quoted = re.search(r'"([^"\n]*)"', line[: match.start()])
+        identifier = re.search(r"identifier:\s*'((?:\\.|[^'])*)'", line)
+        placeholder = re.search(r"placeholderValue:\s*'((?:\\.|[^'])*)'", line)
+        value = re.search(r"value:\s*'((?:\\.|[^'])*)'", line)
+        if value:
+            value_text = value.group(1)
+        else:
+            # Xcode elides long values and drops quotes, e.g. `value: Text...`,
+            # so read until the next native metadata delimiter verbatim.
+            unquoted = re.search(
+                r"\bvalue:\s*(.*?)(?=,\s*(?:Keyboard Focused\b|Selected\b|Disabled\b"
+                r"|hitPoint:|activationBundleId:|identifier:|label:|placeholderValue:)|$)",
+                line,
+            )
+            value_text = unquoted.group(1).strip() if unquoted else None
+        hit = _HIT.search(line)
+        activation = re.search(r"activationBundleId:\s*(\S+)", line)
+        text = ""
+        if label:
+            text = label.group(1)
+        elif quoted:
+            text = quoted.group(1)
+        elif value_text:
+            text = value_text
+        elif placeholder and placeholder.group(1):
+            text = placeholder.group(1)
+        element = pixel_element(
+            text=text,
+            resource_id=identifier.group(1) if identifier else "",
+            class_name=line.strip().split(",", 1)[0].split(" ", 1)[0],
+            left=left,
+            top=top,
+            right=right,
+            bottom=bottom,
+        )
+        if hit:
+            hx, hy = map(float, hit.groups())
+            element["hit_point"] = [round(hx * scale[0]), round(hy * scale[1])]
+        if activation:
+            element["activation_bundle_id"] = activation.group(1)
+        if placeholder:
+            element["placeholder"] = placeholder.group(1)
+        if value_text is not None:
+            element["value"] = value_text
+        elements.append(element)
+    return elements, scale
diff --git a/artemis/drivers/ios/physical_driver.py b/artemis/drivers/ios/physical_driver.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ab5d428
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artemis/drivers/ios/physical_driver.py
@@ -0,0 +1,790 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Physical iPhone/iPad support via ``devicectl`` plus WebDriverAgent.
+
+Lifecycle operations (install, launch, terminate, app list, URL open,
+screenshots) run through ``xcrun devicectl`` against a paired device. Xcode's
+``DeviceInteraction*`` MCP tools accept simulators only, so UI observation and
+input on hardware go through WebDriverAgent (WDA), the XCUITest bridge Appium
+uses: the driver finds a signed WDA runner on the device, launches it through
+``devicectl``, and talks to its HTTP endpoint over the CoreDevice tunnel, a
+LAN address, or a forwarded port.
+
+Prerequisites surface as actionable errors: the device must appear in
+``devicectl list devices`` as ``paired`` and ``connected`` (USB or network),
+Developer Mode must be on, and a WebDriverAgent runner must be installed —
+set ``ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_URL`` to reach an existing server directly.
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import base64
+from io import BytesIO
+import json
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import plistlib
+import re
+import tempfile
+from typing import Any, Literal
+
+from PIL import Image
+
+from artemis.drivers.base import KeyCode, ScreenData, SwipeDirection
+from artemis.drivers.ios.discovery import (
+    BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID,
+    device_matches_identifier,
+    devicectl_screenshot,
+    is_physical_ios,
+    list_core_devices,
+    reap_process,
+    run_xcrun,
+)
+from artemis.drivers.ios.physical_recording import PhysicalIosRecorder
+from artemis.drivers.ios.wda import (
+    WdaClient,
+    WdaUnavailableError,
+    parse_wda_elements,
+    probe_wda,
+    wda_url_candidates,
+)
+from artemis.drivers.ios.xcode_driver import XcodeSimulatorDriver
+from third_party.mobile_use.controllers.types import ElementQuery
+from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from third_party.mobile_use.utils.video import get_active_session, remove_active_session
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+DEVICECTL_OP_TIMEOUT = 30.0
+DEVICECTL_LAUNCH_TIMEOUT = 60.0
+DEVICECTL_INSTALL_TIMEOUT = 300.0
+WDA_START_TIMEOUT = 45.0
+WDA_RUNNER_PATTERN = re.compile(r"webdriveragent", re.IGNORECASE)
+WDA_BUNDLE_ENV = "ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_BUNDLE_ID"
+WDA_XCTESTRUN_ENV = "ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_XCTESTRUN"
+
+_WDA_SETUP_HINT = (
+    "Physical iOS UI automation needs WebDriverAgent on the device. Build it once with "
+    "'xcodebuild build-for-testing -project <WebDriverAgent>/WebDriverAgent.xcodeproj "
+    "-scheme WebDriverAgentRunner -destination id=<UDID> -allowProvisioningUpdates "
+    "DEVELOPMENT_TEAM=<team>', install the produced WebDriverAgentRunner-Runner.app via "
+    "'xcrun devicectl device install app', point ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_XCTESTRUN at the "
+    "generated .xctestrun for Artemis to host it, or expose a running server through "
+    "ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_URL (iproxy, pymobiledevice3, or the device LAN address)."
+)
+
+
+class PhysicalIosDriver(XcodeSimulatorDriver):
+    """One paired physical iOS device driven by devicectl and WebDriverAgent.
+
+    Shares lifecycle conventions with ``XcodeSimulatorDriver`` but replaces the
+    interaction core entirely: CoreDevice handles discovery and app lifecycle,
+    WDA supplies hierarchy, screenshots, taps, swipes, text, and keys. The
+    simulator-only Xcode MCP bridge is never started for a physical target.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        device_id: str,
+        width: int = 0,
+        height: int = 0,
+        *,
+        workspace_path: str | Path | None = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            device_id=device_id, width=width, height=height, workspace_path=workspace_path
+        )
+        self._launched_pids: dict[str, int] = {}
+        self._wda: WdaClient | None = None
+        self._wda_runner_pid: int | None = None
+        self._wda_test_process: asyncio.subprocess.Process | None = None
+
+    # --- Resolution and connection ---
+
+    async def _resolve_device(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        self._validate_workspace()
+        if not self._device_id.strip() or self._device_id.strip().lower() == BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Physical iOS devices require --device-serial <device UDID>; "
+                "'booted' only selects simulators. Find UDIDs via 'xcrun devicectl list devices'."
+            )
+        await self._require_ios_host()
+        devices = await list_core_devices(force_refresh=True)
+        if devices is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Could not enumerate physical devices; 'xcrun devicectl list devices' failed."
+            )
+        matches = [
+            device
+            for device in devices
+            if is_physical_ios(device) and device_matches_identifier(device, self._device_id)
+        ]
+        if not matches:
+            needle = self._device_id.lower()
+            simulator = [
+                device
+                for device in devices
+                if device.get("udid", "").lower() == needle and device.get("reality") == "simulated"
+            ]
+            if simulator:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"UDID {self._device_id} is an iOS Simulator, not a physical device."
+                )
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"No paired physical iOS device matches {self._device_id!r}. "
+                "Attach it, trust this Mac, and verify 'xcrun devicectl list devices'."
+            )
+        if len(matches) > 1:
+            udids = sorted(device.get("udid", "?") for device in matches)
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{len(matches)} physical iOS devices match {self._device_id!r} "
+                f"({', '.join(udids)}); target the device UDID instead."
+            )
+        candidate = matches[0]
+        self._device_id = candidate["udid"]
+        return candidate
+
+    async def _prepare_device(self, candidate: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Verify the paired device is reachable instead of booting it."""
+        if candidate.get("pairing_state") != "paired":
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"iOS device {self._device_id} is not paired. Connect it and tap Trust."
+            )
+        connection_state = candidate.get("connection_state")
+        # Older iOS versions over USB expose no CoreDevice tunnelState — an
+        # absent value on a paired device is acceptable; "disconnected" is not.
+        if connection_state is not None and connection_state != "connected":
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"iOS device {self._device_id} ({candidate.get('name') or 'unknown'}) is not "
+                "connected. Attach it over USB or ensure network pairing is reachable; "
+                "on iOS 16+ also enable Developer Mode in Settings > Privacy & Security."
+            )
+
+    async def connect(self) -> None:
+        async with self._connect_lock:
+            if self._session_key:
+                return
+            candidate = await self._resolve_device()
+            await self._prepare_device(candidate)
+            connected = False
+            try:
+                self._wda = await self._ensure_wda()
+                # The reachable WDA endpoint must belong to THIS device before
+                # we open a session or send input. WDA reports the product
+                # family name ("iPhone"), not the personalized devicectl name
+                # ("Dana's iPhone"), and uuid is identifierForVendor — so a
+                # *specific* conflicting name is the wrong-device signal;
+                # generic family names are accepted.
+                info = await self._wda.device_info()
+                expected_name = (candidate.get("name") or "").strip()
+                wda_name = str(info.get("name") or "").strip()
+                generic_names = {
+                    "iphone",
+                    "ipad",
+                    "ipod touch",
+                    "apple watch",
+                    "apple tv",
+                }
+                name_conflict = (
+                    expected_name
+                    and wda_name
+                    and wda_name.lower() not in generic_names
+                    and wda_name != expected_name
+                )
+                if info.get("isSimulator") is not False or name_conflict:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        f"The WebDriverAgent at {self._wda.base_url} does not report "
+                        f"the selected physical device {self._device_id} "
+                        f"(expected name {expected_name!r}, got "
+                        f"{info.get('name')!r}, isSimulator={info.get('isSimulator')!r}). "
+                        "Point ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_URL at a WDA server running on the "
+                        "selected device."
+                    )
+                # A session auto-created by a runner WE launched is ours to
+                # adopt; an endpoint discovered via env/probe keeps the
+                # foreign-session refusal.
+                runner_owned = (
+                    self._wda_runner_pid is not None or self._wda_test_process is not None
+                )
+                self._session_key = await self._wda.open_session(adopt_existing=runner_owned)
+                await self.get_screen_data(skip_settling=True)
+                connected = True
+            finally:
+                # Any incomplete setup must release a half-started WDA
+                # runner, xcodebuild session, or server-side session.
+                if not connected:
+                    try:
+                        await self.disconnect()
+                    except (OSError, ValueError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as cleanup_error:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "Could not release the WDA session after a connection failure: "
+                            f"{cleanup_error}",
+                        )
+
+    async def disconnect(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            if self._recorder is not None:
+                session = self._recorder.session
+                if session is not None:
+                    # A failed (non-active) session still owns frames and
+                    # conversions — finalize it too so nothing is lost.
+                    try:
+                        await self._recorder.stop()
+                    except (OSError, ValueError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as exc:
+                        logger.error(
+                            f"Physical iOS recording finalization failed during disconnect: {exc}"
+                        )
+                    if get_active_session(self._device_id) is session:
+                        remove_active_session(self._device_id)
+        finally:
+            async with self._operation_lock:
+                self._session_key = None
+                self._scale = None
+                self._launched_pids.clear()
+                client, self._wda = self._wda, None
+                runner_pid, self._wda_runner_pid = self._wda_runner_pid, None
+                test_process, self._wda_test_process = self._wda_test_process, None
+            # Each cleanup step is isolated so a failure in one never skips
+            # the owned WDA session, the xcodebuild child, or the runner pid.
+            if client is not None:
+                try:
+                    await client.close_session()
+                except (OSError, ValueError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as exc:
+                    logger.debug(f"WDA session close failed during disconnect: {exc}")
+            if test_process is not None and test_process.returncode is None:
+                try:
+                    test_process.terminate()
+                    await asyncio.wait_for(test_process.wait(), timeout=10.0)
+                except (TimeoutError, OSError):
+                    # Graceful terminate failed — reap (kill + drain) the
+                    # xcodebuild child so it cannot outlive the driver.
+                    try:
+                        await reap_process(test_process)
+                    except (OSError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as exc:
+                        logger.debug(f"WDA xcodebuild reap failed: {exc}")
+            if runner_pid is not None:
+                try:
+                    await self._terminate_pid(runner_pid)
+                except (OSError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError, ValueError) as exc:
+                    logger.debug(f"WDA runner termination failed: {exc}")
+
+    def _require_connected(self) -> None:
+        if not self._session_key or self._device_id.strip().lower() == BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID:
+            raise RuntimeError("Connect the physical iOS driver before interacting.")
+
+    def _require_wda(self) -> WdaClient:
+        """Bound WDA client for input paths; fails clearly when detached."""
+        self._require_connected()
+        client = self._wda
+        if client is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Connect the physical iOS driver before interacting.")
+        return client
+
+    async def _ensure_wda(self) -> WdaClient:
+        """Attach to a reachable WDA server, starting one when possible.
+
+        Order: probe known endpoints, then try launching an installed runner
+        app directly (newer WDA builds self-host), then — when
+        ``ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_XCTESTRUN`` names a ``.xctestrun`` file from a
+        ``build-for-testing`` — spawn ``xcodebuild test-without-building``,
+        which is the canonical way to boot the XCTest session that hosts
+        WDA's HTTP server.
+        """
+        candidates = wda_url_candidates(tunnel_ip=await self._tunnel_ip())
+        client = await probe_wda(candidates)
+        if client is not None:
+            return client
+        xctestrun = os.environ.get(WDA_XCTESTRUN_ENV)
+        runner = await self._wda_runner_bundle()
+        if xctestrun:
+            await self._start_xctest_session(xctestrun)
+        elif runner is not None:
+            try:
+                self._wda_runner_pid = await self._launch_bundle(runner, terminate_existing=False)
+                logger.info(
+                    f"Launched WebDriverAgent runner {runner} on {self._device_id}; "
+                    "waiting for its HTTP server"
+                )
+            except (OSError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as exc:
+                # A stale runner may already be hosting the server — the
+                # probe loop below still gets a chance to attach.
+                logger.debug(f"WDA runner launch failed ({runner}): {exc}")
+        if runner is None and not xctestrun:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"No WebDriverAgent server answers on {self._device_id} and no WDA "
+                f"runner is installed. {_WDA_SETUP_HINT}"
+            )
+        deadline = asyncio.get_running_loop().time() + WDA_START_TIMEOUT
+        while True:
+            remaining = deadline - asyncio.get_running_loop().time()
+            if remaining <= 0:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"WebDriverAgent did not answer within {WDA_START_TIMEOUT:.0f}s "
+                    f"on {self._device_id} at {candidates}. If the device is showing "
+                    "a passcode prompt to enable UI Automation, enter it on the "
+                    f"device first. {_WDA_SETUP_HINT}"
+                )
+            client = await probe_wda(candidates, timeout=min(5.0, remaining))
+            if client is not None:
+                logger.info(f"WebDriverAgent attached at {client.base_url} for {self._device_id}")
+                return client
+            await asyncio.sleep(min(1.0, remaining))
+
+    async def _start_xctest_session(self, xctestrun: str) -> None:
+        """Hold WDA alive through ``xcodebuild test-without-building``."""
+        path = Path(xctestrun).expanduser()
+        if path.suffix != ".xctestrun" or not path.is_file():
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"{WDA_XCTESTRUN_ENV} must point at an existing .xctestrun file "
+                "produced by 'xcodebuild build-for-testing'."
+            )
+        if self._wda_test_process is not None and self._wda_test_process.returncode is None:
+            return
+        self._wda_test_process = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
+            "xcodebuild",
+            "test-without-building",
+            "-xctestrun",
+            str(path),
+            "-destination",
+            f"id={self._device_id}",
+            stdout=asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            stderr=asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL,
+        )
+
+    async def _tunnel_ip(self) -> str | None:
+        """CoreDevice's managed tunnel address for this device, when present."""
+        try:
+            details = await self._devicectl_json("info", "details")
+        except (OSError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError, ValueError):
+            return None
+        # The tunnel address has moved across Xcode releases: probe every
+        # observed shape, canonical first.
+        paths = (
+            ((details.get("connectionProperties") or {}), "tunnelIPAddress"),
+            (
+                ((details.get("properties") or {}).get("connection") or {}),
+                "tunnelIPAddressString",
+            ),
+            ((details.get("tunnel") or {}), "ipAddress"),
+        )
+        for section, key in paths:
+            address = section.get(key)
+            if isinstance(address, str) and ":" in address:
+                return address
+        return None
+
+    async def _wda_runner_bundle(self) -> str | None:
+        override = os.environ.get(WDA_BUNDLE_ENV)
+        try:
+            apps = await self._devicectl_json("info", "apps")
+        except (OSError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError, ValueError) as exc:
+            logger.debug(f"Could not list apps while looking for a WDA runner: {exc}")
+            return override or None
+        bundles = {
+            app.get("bundleIdentifier") or ""
+            for app in apps.get("apps", [])
+            if isinstance(app, dict)
+        }
+        if override:
+            return override if override in bundles else None
+        matches = sorted(b for b in bundles if WDA_RUNNER_PATTERN.search(b))
+        return matches[0] if matches else None
+
+    async def _launch_bundle(self, bundle: str, terminate_existing: bool = True) -> int | None:
+        arguments = [
+            "devicectl",
+            "device",
+            "process",
+            "launch",
+            "--device",
+            self._device_id,
+        ]
+        if terminate_existing:
+            arguments.append("--terminate-existing")
+        arguments += ["--json-output", "-", bundle]
+        raw = await run_xcrun(*arguments, timeout=DEVICECTL_LAUNCH_TIMEOUT)
+        return self._launched_pid(raw)
+
+    async def _devicectl_json(self, *arguments: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Run a ``devicectl`` info subcommand and return its ``result`` JSON.
+
+        ``--json-output -`` still writes a human table to stdout for ``info``
+        subcommands, so the JSON must go to a scratch file.
+        """
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="artemis-devicectl-") as tmp:
+            target = Path(tmp) / "out.json"
+            await run_xcrun(
+                "devicectl",
+                "device",
+                *arguments,
+                "--device",
+                self._device_id,
+                "--json-output",
+                str(target),
+                timeout=DEVICECTL_OP_TIMEOUT,
+            )
+            payload = json.loads(target.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+        result = payload.get("result")
+        return result if isinstance(result, dict) else payload
+
+    # --- Observation ---
+
+    async def _screenshot_png(self) -> bytes:
+        """WDA screenshot first (same framebuffer as the hierarchy); devicectl fallback."""
+        if self._wda is not None:
+            try:
+                return await self._wda.screenshot_png()
+            except (RuntimeError, WdaUnavailableError, OSError) as exc:
+                logger.debug(f"WDA screenshot failed, falling back to devicectl: {exc}")
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="artemis-shot-") as tmp:
+            target = Path(tmp) / "shot.png"
+            await devicectl_screenshot(self._device_id, target, timeout=DEVICECTL_OP_TIMEOUT)
+            data = target.read_bytes()
+        if not data:
+            raise RuntimeError("devicectl produced an empty screenshot.")
+        return data
+
+    async def _capture(self) -> ScreenData:
+        if self._wda is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Connect the physical iOS driver before observing.")
+        screenshot = await self._screenshot_png()
+        with Image.open(BytesIO(screenshot)) as image:
+            self._width, self._height = image.size
+        win_w, win_h = await self._wda.window_size()
+        if win_w <= 0 or win_h <= 0:
+            raise RuntimeError("WebDriverAgent reported an unusable window size.")
+        if abs(self._width / win_w - self._height / win_h) > 0.05:
+            self._scale = None
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "The device screenshot and hierarchy disagree on orientation. "
+                "Capture again after the rotation settles."
+            )
+        scale = (self._width / win_w, self._height / win_h)
+        if not (0.9 <= scale[0] <= 4.5 and 0.9 <= scale[1] <= 4.5):
+            # iOS displays render at 1x-3x; a wildly off scale means the WDA
+            # window is not full-screen (e.g. iPad multitasking) and every
+            # element bound would be wrong.
+            self._scale = None
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"WebDriverAgent window {win_w}x{win_h} does not match the "
+                f"{self._width}x{self._height} framebuffer (scale {scale}); "
+                "bring the session app full-screen before interacting."
+            )
+        self._scale = scale
+        tree = await self._wda.source_json()
+        elements = parse_wda_elements(tree, self._scale, self._width, self._height)
+        return ScreenData(
+            screenshot_bytes=screenshot,
+            screenshot_base64=base64.b64encode(screenshot).decode("ascii"),
+            ui_elements=elements,
+            width=self._width,
+            height=self._height,
+            platform="ios",
+        )
+
+    # --- Input ---
+
+    async def tap(
+        self, x: int, y: int, duration_ms: int = 100, times: int = 1, delay_ms: int = 100
+    ) -> bool:
+        if times < 1 or duration_ms < 0 or delay_ms < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Tap count must be positive and durations nonnegative.")
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            wda = self._require_wda()
+            await self._capture_unchanged("tapping")
+            point = self._scaled_point(x, y)
+            for index in range(times):
+                await wda.tap(*point, hold_ms=duration_ms)
+                if index < times - 1:
+                    await asyncio.sleep(delay_ms / 1000)
+            return True
+
+    async def swipe(
+        self, start_x: int, start_y: int, end_x: int, end_y: int, duration_ms: int = 800
+    ) -> bool:
+        if duration_ms <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("Swipe duration must be positive.")
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            wda = self._require_wda()
+            await self._capture_unchanged("swiping")
+            start = self._scaled_point(start_x, start_y)
+            end = self._scaled_point(end_x, end_y)
+            await wda.swipe(*start, *end, duration_ms)
+            return True
+
+    async def swipe_direction(
+        self,
+        direction: SwipeDirection | Literal["up", "down", "left", "right"],
+        duration_ms: int = 800,
+    ) -> bool:
+        direction = SwipeDirection(direction).value
+        if duration_ms <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("Swipe duration must be positive.")
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            # Rotation-tolerant like the simulator path: recapture and compute
+            # from the *current* size rather than refusing like tap.
+            wda = self._require_wda()
+            await self._capture()
+            sx, sy, ex, ey = self._direction_points(direction, *self.screen_size)
+            start = self._scaled_point(sx, sy)
+            end = self._scaled_point(ex, ey)
+            await wda.swipe(*start, *end, duration_ms)
+            return True
+
+    async def input_text(self, text: str, clear_existing: bool = True) -> bool:
+        if clear_existing:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Physical iOS typing appends to the focused field; clear it through the "
+                "UI or pass clear_existing=False. This matches the simulator behavior."
+            )
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            wda = self._require_wda()
+            await wda.type_text(text)
+        return True
+
+    async def press_key(self, key: KeyCode | str | int) -> bool:
+        key = key.value if isinstance(key, KeyCode) else str(key).lower()
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            wda = self._require_wda()
+            if key in ("home", "app_switch"):
+                presses = 2 if key == "app_switch" else 1
+                for index in range(presses):
+                    if not await wda.press_button("home"):
+                        if key == "app_switch":
+                            # A backend that cannot press Home cannot
+                            # double-press for app switching — never report
+                            # success from a homescreen fallback.
+                            raise NotImplementedError(
+                                "App switching is unavailable from this WebDriverAgent backend."
+                            )
+                        await wda.homescreen()
+                    if index < presses - 1:
+                        await asyncio.sleep(0.4)
+            elif key == "enter":
+                await wda.type_text("\n")
+            else:
+                buttons = {
+                    "volume_up": "volumeUp",
+                    "volume_down": "volumeDown",
+                    "power": "power",
+                }
+                if key not in buttons or not await wda.press_button(buttons[key]):
+                    raise NotImplementedError(
+                        f"Key {key!r} is not supported by the physical iOS driver."
+                    )
+        return True
+
+    async def tap_element(
+        self, query: ElementQuery, long_press: bool = False, duration_ms: int = 1000
+    ) -> bool:
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            wda = self._require_wda()
+            data = await self._capture()
+            element, center, error = await self.find_element(query, data)
+            if error or element is None or center is None:
+                return False
+            point = self._scaled_point(*center)
+            await wda.tap(*point, hold_ms=duration_ms if long_press else 0)
+            return True
+
+    # --- App lifecycle via devicectl ---
+
+    async def launch_app(self, package_name: str) -> bool:
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            self._require_connected()
+            pid = await self._launch_bundle(package_name)
+            if pid is not None:
+                self._launched_pids[package_name] = pid
+        return True
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _launched_pid(raw: bytes) -> int | None:
+        """Best-effort process id from devicectl's launch JSON or text output."""
+        try:
+            payload = json.loads(raw)
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            payload = None
+        if isinstance(payload, dict):
+            result = payload.get("result")
+            result = result if isinstance(result, dict) else {}
+            process = result.get("process")
+            candidates = [c for c in (process, result, payload) if isinstance(c, dict)]
+            for candidate in candidates:
+                pid = candidate.get("processIdentifier") or candidate.get("pid")
+                if isinstance(pid, int):
+                    return pid
+                if isinstance(pid, str) and pid.isdigit():
+                    return int(pid)
+        match = re.search(r"pid[:= ]+(\d+)", raw.decode(errors="replace"))
+        return int(match.group(1)) if match else None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _normalize_executable(raw: Any) -> str:
+        """devicectl reports executables as file:// URLs or paths; normalize."""
+        value = raw if isinstance(raw, str) else str(raw or "")
+        if isinstance(raw, dict):
+            value = str(raw.get("url") or raw.get("path") or "")
+        value = value.removeprefix("file://")
+        return value.removeprefix("/private") or value
+
+    async def _resolve_pid(self, package_name: str) -> int:
+        """Verified live pid: the executable must sit under the app's own URL.
+
+        A cached launch pid only prioritizes among processes already proven to
+        belong to the app — a recycled pid must never select a foreign process.
+        """
+        apps = await self._devicectl_json("info", "apps")
+        url_prefix = ""
+        for app in apps.get("apps", []):
+            if isinstance(app, dict) and app.get("bundleIdentifier") == package_name:
+                url_prefix = self._normalize_executable(app.get("url")).rstrip("/")
+                break
+        if not url_prefix:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{package_name!r} is not installed on {self._device_id} or its app URL "
+                "could not be determined; cannot verify a process to terminate."
+            )
+        processes = await self._devicectl_json("info", "processes")
+        candidates: list[int] = []
+        for process in processes.get("runningProcesses", []):
+            if not isinstance(process, dict):
+                continue
+            executable = self._normalize_executable(process.get("executable"))
+            if executable != url_prefix and not executable.startswith(url_prefix + "/"):
+                continue
+            pid = process.get("processIdentifier") or process.get("pid") or process.get("processID")
+            if isinstance(pid, int):
+                candidates.append(pid)
+        if not candidates:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"No running process found for {package_name!r} on {self._device_id}; "
+                "launch it with launch_app before stopping."
+            )
+        tracked = self._launched_pids.get(package_name)
+        if tracked is not None and tracked in candidates:
+            return tracked
+        return candidates[0]
+
+    async def _terminate_pid(self, pid: int, kill: bool = False) -> None:
+        arguments = [
+            "devicectl",
+            "device",
+            "process",
+            "terminate",
+            "--device",
+            self._device_id,
+            "--pid",
+            str(pid),
+        ]
+        if kill:
+            arguments.append("--kill")
+        await run_xcrun(*arguments, timeout=DEVICECTL_OP_TIMEOUT)
+
+    async def stop_app(self, package_name: str) -> bool:
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            self._require_connected()
+            # Verify the live pid first — a recycled cached pid could belong to
+            # a different app now, and terminating it would kill the wrong app.
+            pid = await self._resolve_pid(package_name)
+            await self._terminate_pid(pid, kill=True)
+            self._launched_pids.pop(package_name, None)
+        return True
+
+    async def install_app(self, app_path: Path) -> str:
+        self._require_connected()
+        path = app_path.expanduser().resolve()
+        if path.suffix.lower() == ".ipa":
+            if not path.is_file():
+                raise ValueError("iOS installation requires an existing .ipa file.")
+            bundle = self._ipa_bundle_id(path) or path.stem
+        elif path.suffix == ".app" and path.is_dir():
+            with (path / "Info.plist").open("rb") as stream:
+                bundle = plistlib.load(stream).get("CFBundleIdentifier")
+            if not isinstance(bundle, str) or not bundle:
+                raise ValueError("The .app has no CFBundleIdentifier in Info.plist.")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Physical iOS installation requires a signed .app directory or .ipa built "
+                "for a device (arm64) with a valid provisioning profile."
+            )
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            self._require_connected()
+            await run_xcrun(
+                "devicectl",
+                "device",
+                "install",
+                "app",
+                "--device",
+                self._device_id,
+                str(path),
+                timeout=DEVICECTL_INSTALL_TIMEOUT,
+            )
+        return bundle
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _ipa_bundle_id(path: Path) -> str | None:
+        """Read CFBundleIdentifier from an IPA's embedded app Info.plist."""
+        import zipfile
+
+        try:
+            with zipfile.ZipFile(path) as archive:
+                for name in archive.namelist():
+                    if name.startswith("Payload/") and name.endswith(".app/Info.plist"):
+                        with archive.open(name) as stream:
+                            bundle = plistlib.load(stream).get("CFBundleIdentifier")
+                        return bundle if isinstance(bundle, str) and bundle else None
+        except (OSError, zipfile.BadZipFile, KeyError, plistlib.InvalidFileException):
+            return None
+        return None
+
+    async def list_apps(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            self._require_connected()
+            apps = await self._devicectl_json("info", "apps")
+        result = {}
+        for app in apps.get("apps", []):
+            bundle = app.get("bundleIdentifier") or app.get("bundleID")
+            if not bundle:
+                continue
+            result[bundle] = app.get("name") or bundle
+        return result
+
+    async def open_url(self, url: str) -> bool:
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            self._require_connected()
+            await run_xcrun(
+                "devicectl",
+                "device",
+                "process",
+                "openURL",
+                "--device",
+                self._device_id,
+                url,
+                timeout=DEVICECTL_OP_TIMEOUT,
+            )
+        return True
+
+    async def get_current_package(self) -> str | None:
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            self._require_connected()
+            if self._wda is not None:
+                return await self._wda.active_app()
+            return None
+
+    async def execute_shell(self, command: str, timeout_seconds: float = 15.0) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Android shell commands are unavailable on iOS devices.")
+
+    # --- Recording (devicectl screenshot polling) ---
+
+    def _new_recorder(self) -> PhysicalIosRecorder:
+        """Physical recorder: devicectl screenshot polling + ffconcat encode."""
+        return PhysicalIosRecorder(self._device_id)
diff --git a/artemis/drivers/ios/physical_recording.py b/artemis/drivers/ios/physical_recording.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06cc9f51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artemis/drivers/ios/physical_recording.py
@@ -0,0 +1,493 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Physical iOS device recording via polled ``devicectl`` screenshots.
+
+``simctl io recordVideo`` is simulator-only, so physical capture polls
+``xcrun devicectl device capture screenshot`` into timestamped PNG frames and
+assembles each contiguous run of equal-sized frames into a CFR MP4 with the
+ffconcat demuxer, preserving real per-frame timing. Segments roll on rotation
+(dimension change), max duration, or capture failures. Physical capture has no
+audio and a lower frame rate than simulator recording (~1-3 fps bounded by
+devicectl round-trip time).
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import contextlib
+from pathlib import Path
+import tempfile
+import time
+from typing import Any
+from uuid import uuid4
+
+from PIL import Image
+
+from artemis.config.paths import get_temp_dir
+from artemis.drivers.ios.discovery import devicectl_screenshot, reap_process
+from artemis.drivers.ios.recording import (
+    DEFAULT_MAX_DURATION_SECONDS,
+    SEGMENT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+    IosRecordingSession,
+)
+from artemis.utils.video import get_ffmpeg_path, probe_video_segment, write_recording_manifest
+from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+CAPTURE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 15.0
+WATCHDOG_INTERVAL_SECONDS = 0.5
+# devicectl frame polls flake more often than the managed simctl process, so
+# the failure cap and the ffmpeg budget are looser than in recording.py.
+MAX_CONSECUTIVE_FAILURES = 5
+
+
+FFMPEG_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 300.0
+
+
+async def _run_ffmpeg(arguments: list[str]) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
+    """Seam for segment assembly so tests can intercept the ffmpeg process."""
+    process = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
+        get_ffmpeg_path(),
+        *arguments,
+        stdin=asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL,
+        stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
+        stderr=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
+    )
+    try:
+        _stdout, stderr = await asyncio.wait_for(
+            process.communicate(), timeout=FFMPEG_TIMEOUT_SECONDS
+        )
+    except TimeoutError:
+        await reap_process(process)
+        return -1, b"ffmpeg timed out"
+    except asyncio.CancelledError:
+        await reap_process(process)
+        # Drop only our own in-flight .part output before propagating.
+        part = Path(str(arguments[-1]))
+        if part.suffix == ".mp4" and ".part" in part.name:
+            part.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        raise
+    rc = process.returncode
+    if rc is None:
+        raise RuntimeError("ffmpeg completed without an exit code")
+    return rc, stderr
+
+
+class IosPhysicalRecordingSession(IosRecordingSession):
+    """Recording session for polled physical-device frame capture."""
+
+    poll_task: asyncio.Task | None = None
+    frames_dir: Path | None = None
+    frames: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    frame_index: int = 0
+
+
+class PhysicalIosRecorder:
+    """Owns one screenshot-poll recording lifecycle for one physical UDID."""
+
+    def __init__(self, device_id: str):
+        self._device_id = device_id
+        self._session: IosPhysicalRecordingSession | None = None
+        self._output_dir: Path | None = None
+        self._lock = asyncio.Lock()
+        self._max_duration_seconds = DEFAULT_MAX_DURATION_SECONDS
+        self._consecutive_failures = 0
+
+    @property
+    def session(self) -> IosPhysicalRecordingSession | None:
+        """The latest session, kept after stop/failure for error reporting."""
+        return self._session
+
+    def _segment_output_path(self, session: IosPhysicalRecordingSession, index: int) -> Path:
+        assert self._output_dir is not None
+        return self._output_dir / f"segment_{index:04d}.mp4"
+
+    async def _capture_frame(self, session: IosPhysicalRecordingSession) -> None:
+        """Append one timestamped screenshot frame to the open segment."""
+        assert session.frames_dir is not None
+        session.frame_index += 1
+        path = session.frames_dir / f"frame_{session.frame_index:06d}.png"
+        await devicectl_screenshot(self._device_id, path, timeout=CAPTURE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
+        captured_at = time.monotonic()
+        if not path.exists() or path.stat().st_size == 0:
+            raise RuntimeError("devicectl produced no screenshot frame")
+        with Image.open(path) as image:
+            width, height = image.size
+        if session.capture_width is None:
+            session.capture_width, session.capture_height = width, height
+            session.segment_started_monotonic = captured_at
+            session.segment_started_at = time.time()
+            if session.anchor_monotonic is None:
+                session.anchor_monotonic = captured_at
+                session.start_time = session.segment_started_at
+        session.frames.append({"path": path, "at": captured_at})
+        if (width, height) != (session.capture_width, session.capture_height):
+            await self._roll(session, captured_at, "rotation")
+
+    async def _poll_loop(self, session: IosPhysicalRecordingSession) -> None:
+        """Capture frames back-to-back; devicectl's own latency paces the loop."""
+        try:
+            while session.is_active:
+                failed = False
+                async with self._lock:
+                    if not session.is_active:
+                        return
+                    try:
+                        await self._capture_frame(session)
+                        self._consecutive_failures = 0
+                    except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                        raise
+                    except Exception as exc:
+                        # Count any unexpected failure (PIL errors, devicectl
+                        # surprises) toward the limit so the loop can never
+                        # die silently with the session still active.
+                        failed = True
+                        self._consecutive_failures += 1
+                        session.errors.append(f"Frame capture failed: {exc}")
+                        if self._consecutive_failures >= MAX_CONSECUTIVE_FAILURES:
+                            session.errors.append(
+                                "Frame capture failure limit reached; session stopped"
+                            )
+                            session.is_active = False
+                            return
+                # Yield every iteration: callers and the watchdog share this loop.
+                await asyncio.sleep(WATCHDOG_INTERVAL_SECONDS if failed else 0)
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            return
+
+    async def _start_segment(self, session: IosPhysicalRecordingSession) -> None:
+        assert self._output_dir is not None
+        session.frames = []
+        # frame_index stays monotonic for the whole session: rolled leftover
+        # frames keep their original names in the new segment directory, so a
+        # fresh index range can never collide with them.
+        session.capture_width = session.capture_height = None
+        session.segment_started_monotonic = None
+        session.frames_dir = self._output_dir / f"frames_{session.segment_index:04d}"
+        session.frames_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    async def _poll_first_frame(self, session: IosPhysicalRecordingSession) -> None:
+        """Block until the first frame anchors the recording timeline."""
+        deadline = time.monotonic() + CAPTURE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 2
+        while session.anchor_monotonic is None:
+            if time.monotonic() > deadline:
+                raise RuntimeError("Timed out waiting for the first devicectl screenshot frame.")
+            if not session.is_active:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    session.errors[-1]
+                    if session.errors
+                    else "Frame capture stopped before the first frame."
+                )
+            await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
+
+    def _seal_current_segment(
+        self, session: IosPhysicalRecordingSession, end_monotonic: float
+    ) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+        frames = [f for f in session.frames if f["at"] < end_monotonic]
+        session.frames = [f for f in session.frames if f["at"] >= end_monotonic]
+        if not frames:
+            return None
+        record = {
+            "frames": frames,
+            "output_path": self._segment_output_path(session, session.segment_index),
+            "start": max(0.0, frames[0]["at"] - (session.anchor_monotonic or 0.0)),
+            "end": max(0.0, end_monotonic - (session.anchor_monotonic or 0.0)),
+            "width": session.capture_width,
+            "height": session.capture_height,
+            "generation": session.generation,
+            "conversion_done": False,
+            "conversion_error": None,
+        }
+        session.segments.append(record)
+        session.sealed_until = max(session.sealed_until, record["end"])
+        session.generation += 1
+        session.segment_index += 1
+        return record
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _ffconcat_file_line(path: Path) -> str:
+        """Quote a frame path for ffconcat: ' inside a quoted name -> '\\''."""
+        escaped = path.as_posix().replace("'", "'\\''")
+        return f"file '{escaped}'"
+
+    def _write_concat(self, session: IosPhysicalRecordingSession, record: dict[str, Any]) -> Path:
+        """Write an ffconcat list preserving real capture timestamps."""
+        frames = record["frames"]
+        end_monotonic = record["end"] + (session.anchor_monotonic or 0.0)
+        lines = ["ffconcat version 1.0"]
+        for index, frame in enumerate(frames):
+            lines.append(self._ffconcat_file_line(Path(frame["path"])))
+            following = frames[index + 1]["at"] if index + 1 < len(frames) else end_monotonic
+            lines.append(f"duration {max(0.001, following - frame['at']):.3f}")
+        # The concat demuxer ignores the final frame's duration unless the file
+        # line repeats, so list the last frame twice to keep its tail visible.
+        lines.append(self._ffconcat_file_line(Path(frames[-1]["path"])))
+        concat_path = Path(frames[0]["path"]).parent / "frames.txt"
+        concat_path.write_text("\n".join(lines) + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
+        return concat_path
+
+    async def _convert_record(
+        self, session: IosPhysicalRecordingSession, record: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        output = Path(record["output_path"])
+        width = max(2, int(record["width"] or 1080)) // 2 * 2
+        height = max(2, int(record["height"] or 1920)) // 2 * 2
+        temporary = output.with_name(f"{output.stem}.part.mp4")
+        try:
+            if temporary.exists():
+                temporary.unlink()
+            concat = self._write_concat(session, record)
+            returncode, stderr = await _run_ffmpeg(
+                [
+                    "-y",
+                    "-f",
+                    "concat",
+                    "-safe",
+                    "0",
+                    "-i",
+                    str(concat),
+                    "-vf",
+                    f"scale={width}:{height}:force_original_aspect_ratio=decrease:"
+                    f"force_divisible_by=2,pad={width}:{height}:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2:"
+                    "color=black,setsar=1",
+                    "-an",
+                    "-c:v",
+                    "libx264",
+                    "-preset",
+                    "veryfast",
+                    "-crf",
+                    "23",
+                    "-pix_fmt",
+                    "yuv420p",
+                    "-movflags",
+                    "+faststart",
+                    str(temporary),
+                ]
+            )
+            metadata = await probe_video_segment(
+                temporary, timeout_seconds=SEGMENT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS
+            )
+            valid = (
+                returncode == 0
+                and temporary.exists()
+                and metadata.get("duration", 0) > 0
+                and metadata.get("width", 0) > 0
+                and metadata.get("height", 0) > 0
+            )
+            if valid:
+                temporary.replace(output)
+                record["conversion_done"] = True
+                return
+            record["conversion_error"] = "finalization produced no valid MP4"
+            logger.error(
+                f"Physical iOS recording finalization failed (code {returncode}): "
+                f"{stderr.decode(errors='replace')[-2000:]}"
+            )
+        except TimeoutError as exc:
+            # A bounded probe that expires records a failure — never report a
+            # segment whose metadata could not be verified as converted.
+            record["conversion_error"] = f"metadata probe timed out: {exc}"
+            logger.error(f"Physical iOS recording probe timed out: {exc}")
+        except OSError as exc:
+            record["conversion_error"] = str(exc)
+            logger.error(f"Physical iOS recording finalization failed: {exc}")
+        try:
+            if temporary.exists():
+                temporary.unlink()
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+        session.errors.append(f"Segment {record['output_path']} failed finalization; frames kept")
+
+    async def _roll(
+        self, session: IosPhysicalRecordingSession, end_monotonic: float, reason: str
+    ) -> None:
+        """Seal the current frames and open the next segment directory."""
+        record = self._seal_current_segment(session, end_monotonic)
+        leftover = session.frames
+        if record is not None:
+            logger.info(f"Rolling physical iOS recording segment after {reason}")
+            session.conversion_tasks.append(
+                asyncio.create_task(self._convert_record(session, record))
+            )
+        if session.is_active:
+            await self._start_segment(session)
+            frames_dir = session.frames_dir
+            if frames_dir is None:
+                raise RuntimeError("Physical iOS recording roll found no frame directory.")
+            for frame in leftover:
+                target = frames_dir / Path(frame["path"]).name
+                Path(frame["path"]).rename(target)
+                frame["path"] = target
+            session.frames = leftover
+            if leftover:
+                with Image.open(leftover[0]["path"]) as image:
+                    session.capture_width, session.capture_height = image.size
+                session.segment_started_monotonic = leftover[0]["at"]
+
+    async def _watchdog(self, session: IosPhysicalRecordingSession) -> None:
+        try:
+            while True:
+                await asyncio.sleep(WATCHDOG_INTERVAL_SECONDS)
+                async with self._lock:
+                    if not session.is_active:
+                        return
+                    poll = session.poll_task
+                    if poll is not None and poll.done() and not poll.cancelled():
+                        exc = poll.exception()
+                        if exc is not None:
+                            session.errors.append(f"Frame capture task died: {exc}")
+                            session.is_active = False
+                            return
+                    if (
+                        session.anchor_monotonic is not None
+                        and time.monotonic() - session.anchor_monotonic
+                        >= self._max_duration_seconds
+                    ):
+                        session.errors.append("Recording reached its duration limit")
+                        session.is_active = False
+                        return
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            return
+        except Exception as exc:
+            logger.error(f"Physical iOS recording supervisor failed: {exc}")
+            session.errors.append(f"recording supervisor failed: {exc}")
+
+    async def start(
+        self,
+        output_dir: Path | None = None,
+        max_duration_seconds: int = DEFAULT_MAX_DURATION_SECONDS,
+    ) -> IosPhysicalRecordingSession:
+        async with self._lock:
+            if self._session is not None and self._session.is_active:
+                raise RuntimeError(f"iOS recording is already active on {self._device_id}")
+            output = (
+                Path(output_dir)
+                if output_dir is not None
+                else Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="ios_recording_", dir=get_temp_dir("recordings")))
+            )
+            output.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            self._output_dir = output
+            self._max_duration_seconds = max_duration_seconds
+            self._consecutive_failures = 0
+            session = IosPhysicalRecordingSession(
+                video_id=uuid4(),
+                device_id=self._device_id,
+                start_time=time.time(),
+                is_active=True,
+            )
+            self._session = session
+            await self._start_segment(session)
+            session.poll_task = asyncio.create_task(self._poll_loop(session))
+        # The first-frame wait must run outside the lock: the poll loop takes
+        # the same lock to append captured frames.
+        completed = False
+        try:
+            await self._poll_first_frame(session)
+            session.watchdog_task = asyncio.create_task(self._watchdog(session))
+            completed = True
+            return session
+        finally:
+            if not completed:
+                session.is_active = False
+                if session.poll_task and not session.poll_task.done():
+                    session.poll_task.cancel()
+                if session.poll_task is not None:
+                    with contextlib.suppress(
+                        asyncio.CancelledError, OSError, ValueError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError
+                    ):
+                        await session.poll_task
+
+    async def seal(self, through_time: float | None = None) -> None:
+        """Seal the current segment so its final MP4 can be read safely."""
+        async with self._lock:
+            session = self._session
+            if session is None or not session.is_active:
+                return
+            if session.anchor_monotonic is None:
+                return
+            if through_time is not None and session.sealed_until >= through_time:
+                return
+            end_monotonic = (
+                session.anchor_monotonic + through_time
+                if through_time is not None
+                else time.monotonic()
+            )
+            end_monotonic = min(end_monotonic, time.monotonic())
+            await self._roll(session, end_monotonic, "seal")
+
+    async def _finalize(self, session: IosPhysicalRecordingSession) -> Path | None:
+        session.is_active = False
+        for task in (session.poll_task, session.watchdog_task):
+            if task is not None and not task.done():
+                task.cancel()
+                try:
+                    await task
+                except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                    pass
+                except Exception as exc:
+                    logger.debug(f"Physical iOS recording task ended with an error: {exc}")
+        async with self._lock:
+            record = self._seal_current_segment(session, time.monotonic())
+            if record is not None:
+                session.conversion_tasks.append(
+                    asyncio.create_task(self._convert_record(session, record))
+                )
+        if session.conversion_tasks:
+            await asyncio.gather(*session.conversion_tasks, return_exceptions=True)
+        mp4_paths = [
+            Path(record["output_path"])
+            for record in session.segments
+            if record.get("conversion_done")
+            and Path(record["output_path"]).exists()
+            and Path(record["output_path"]).stat().st_size > 0
+        ]
+        if not mp4_paths:
+            session.errors.append("No finalized physical iOS recording segments")
+            return None
+        shift = 0.0
+        if session.data_engine_start_time is not None:
+            shift = session.start_time - session.data_engine_start_time
+        offsets = {
+            Path(record["output_path"]): max(0.0, float(record["start"]) + shift)
+            for record in session.segments
+            if record.get("conversion_done") and Path(record["output_path"]).exists()
+        }
+        output_dir = mp4_paths[0].parent
+        try:
+            manifest = await write_recording_manifest(
+                output_dir,
+                mp4_paths,
+                offsets,
+                probe_timeout_seconds=SEGMENT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+            )
+        except (OSError, TimeoutError) as exc:
+            session.errors.append(f"Recording manifest probe failed: {exc}")
+            return None
+        if manifest is None:
+            session.errors.append("Recording manifest has no valid segments")
+            return None
+        return mp4_paths[0]
+
+    async def stop(self) -> Path | None:
+        """Finalize all owned segments and write the recording manifest."""
+        session = self._session
+        if session is None:
+            return None
+        # _finalize takes _lock itself for the seal — do not hold it here.
+        finalize = asyncio.ensure_future(self._finalize(session))
+        try:
+            # Shield so a cancelled caller cannot abort mid-finalize and
+            # lose already-captured frames (mirrors IosScreenRecorder).
+            return await asyncio.shield(finalize)
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            await finalize
+            raise
diff --git a/artemis/drivers/ios/recording.py b/artemis/drivers/ios/recording.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b056e044
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artemis/drivers/ios/recording.py
@@ -0,0 +1,613 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Native iOS Simulator recording via ``xcrun simctl io recordVideo``.
+
+simctl writes a variable frame-rate H.264 ``.mov`` and announces the first
+processed frame on stderr as ``Recording started``; that marker anchors the
+recording timeline, not process spawn. Each owned ``.mov`` is finalized to a
+browser-safe CFR MP4 whose last frame is cloned across the segment's static
+tail, so recorded event timestamps are never stretched. iOS capture has no
+audio. Segments roll on display-dimension change, max duration, or recorder
+exit; restart gaps stay gaps in rendered clips.
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+import signal
+import tempfile
+import time
+from typing import Any
+from uuid import uuid4
+
+from artemis.config.paths import get_temp_dir
+from artemis.drivers.ios.discovery import reap_process
+from artemis.utils.video import (
+    get_ffmpeg_path,
+    probe_video_segment,
+    write_recording_manifest,
+)
+from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from third_party.mobile_use.utils.video import RecordingSession
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+RECORDING_STARTED_MARKER = "Recording started"
+# Longest a single iOS capture may run before auto-stopping (15 minutes).
+DEFAULT_MAX_DURATION_SECONDS = 900
+STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 30.0
+SIGINT_FLUSH_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 10.0
+TERMINATE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 3.0
+PROBES_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 3.0
+SEGMENT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 30.0
+FFMPEG_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 120.0
+WATCHDOG_INTERVAL_SECONDS = 0.5
+MAX_CONSECUTIVE_FAILURES = 3
+MIN_HEALTHY_SEGMENT_SECONDS = 10.0
+MAX_CONCURRENT_CONVERSIONS = 2
+STDERR_BUFFER_LINES = 200
+
+
+class IosRecordingSession(RecordingSession):
+    """Recording session for native iOS ``simctl`` capture."""
+
+    segments: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    segment_index: int = 0
+    segment_started_at: float | None = None
+    segment_started_monotonic: float | None = None
+    anchor_monotonic: float | None = None
+    stderr_task: asyncio.Task | None = None
+    stderr_lines: list[str] = []
+    conversion_tasks: list[asyncio.Task] = []
+
+
+def _parse_display_dimensions(text: str) -> tuple[int, int] | None:
+    """Largest ``IOSurface port`` (width, height) from ``simctl io enumerate``.
+
+    ``recordVideo`` captures the device LCD without ``--display``; only that
+    framebuffer reports an ``IOSurface port`` (external scene displays carry
+    only ``Default width``/``height``), and its dimensions swap on rotation,
+    so the largest reported surface is the segment's coded size.
+    """
+    best: tuple[int, int] | None = None
+    best_area = 0
+    for match in re.finditer(
+        r"IOSurface port:\s*\n\s*width\s*=\s*(\d+)\s*\n\s*height\s*=\s*(\d+)", text
+    ):
+        width, height = int(match.group(1)), int(match.group(2))
+        if width * height > best_area:
+            best, best_area = (width, height), width * height
+    return best
+
+
+async def probe_display_dimensions(device_id: str) -> tuple[int, int] | None:
+    """Read the recordVideo target display's pixel size via simctl."""
+    try:
+        process = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
+            "xcrun",
+            "simctl",
+            "io",
+            device_id,
+            "enumerate",
+            stdin=asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL,
+        )
+    except OSError:
+        return None
+    try:
+        stdout, _stderr = await asyncio.wait_for(process.communicate(), PROBES_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
+    except TimeoutError:
+        await _reap_probe(process)
+        return None
+    except asyncio.CancelledError:
+        await _reap_probe(process)
+        raise
+    if process.returncode != 0:
+        return None
+    return _parse_display_dimensions(stdout.decode(errors="replace"))
+
+
+_reap_probe = reap_process
+
+
+async def finalize_mov_to_mp4(
+    source_path: Path,
+    output_path: Path,
+    width: int,
+    height: int,
+    wall_span_seconds: float,
+) -> bool:
+    """Atomically finalize an owned .mov to a fixed-canvas CFR MP4.
+
+    ``tpad`` clones the final frame across the segment's remaining wall span
+    so sparse VFR tails pad without stretching any recorded event time.
+    """
+    if not source_path.exists() or source_path.stat().st_size == 0:
+        return False
+    width = max(2, int(width)) // 2 * 2
+    height = max(2, int(height)) // 2 * 2
+    span = max(0.001, float(wall_span_seconds))
+    # fps resamples the raw VFR timeline before scale: scale buffers a frame
+    # and feeding it to fps first drops the final frame on sparse sources.
+    video_filter = (
+        "setpts=PTS-STARTPTS,fps=30,"
+        f"scale={width}:{height}:force_original_aspect_ratio=decrease:"
+        f"force_divisible_by=2,pad={width}:{height}:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2:"
+        f"color=black,setsar=1,"
+        f"tpad=stop_mode=clone:stop_duration={span:.3f}"
+    )
+    temporary_path = output_path.with_name(f"{output_path.stem}.part.mp4")
+    if temporary_path.exists():
+        temporary_path.unlink()
+    try:
+        process = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
+            get_ffmpeg_path(),
+            "-y",
+            "-i",
+            str(source_path),
+            "-map",
+            "0:v:0",
+            "-vf",
+            video_filter,
+            "-t",
+            f"{span:.3f}",
+            "-an",
+            "-c:v",
+            "libx264",
+            "-preset",
+            "veryfast",
+            "-crf",
+            "23",
+            "-pix_fmt",
+            "yuv420p",
+            "-movflags",
+            "+faststart",
+            str(temporary_path),
+            stdin=asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
+        try:
+            _stdout, stderr = await asyncio.wait_for(process.communicate(), FFMPEG_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
+            metadata = await probe_video_segment(
+                temporary_path, timeout_seconds=SEGMENT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS
+            )
+        except TimeoutError:
+            await reap_process(process)
+            raise RuntimeError("iOS recording finalization timed out")
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            # Reap the owned ffmpeg child and drop the partial .mp4 before
+            # cancellation propagates — never leave an orphan encoder behind.
+            await reap_process(process)
+            if temporary_path.exists():
+                temporary_path.unlink()
+            raise
+        valid = (
+            process.returncode == 0
+            and temporary_path.exists()
+            and metadata.get("duration", 0) > 0
+            and metadata.get("width", 0) > 0
+            and metadata.get("height", 0) > 0
+        )
+        if valid:
+            temporary_path.replace(output_path)
+            return True
+        logger.error(
+            f"iOS recording finalization failed (code {process.returncode}): "
+            f"{stderr.decode(errors='replace')[-2000:]}"
+        )
+    except OSError as exc:
+        logger.error(f"iOS recording finalization failed: {exc}")
+    except RuntimeError as exc:
+        logger.error(f"iOS recording finalization failed: {exc}")
+    if temporary_path.exists():
+        temporary_path.unlink()
+    return False
+
+
+class IosScreenRecorder:
+    """Owns one simctl recording lifecycle for one pinned simulator UDID."""
+
+    def __init__(self, device_id: str):
+        self._device_id = device_id
+        self._session: IosRecordingSession | None = None
+        self._output_dir: Path | None = None
+        self._lock = asyncio.Lock()
+        self._max_duration_seconds = DEFAULT_MAX_DURATION_SECONDS
+        self._consecutive_failures = 0
+        self._conversion_semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(MAX_CONCURRENT_CONVERSIONS)
+
+    @property
+    def session(self) -> IosRecordingSession | None:
+        """The latest session, kept after stop/failure for error reporting."""
+        return self._session
+
+    def _output_root(self) -> Path:
+        if self._output_dir is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("iOS recording has no output directory")
+        return self._output_dir
+
+    def _segment_source_path(self, session: IosRecordingSession, index: int) -> Path:
+        output_dir = self._output_root()
+        while True:
+            name = "recording.mov" if index == 0 else f"recording_{index:03d}.mov"
+            candidate = output_dir / name
+            if not candidate.exists():
+                return candidate
+            index += 1
+            session.segment_index = index
+
+    def _segment_output_path(self, session: IosRecordingSession, index: int) -> Path:
+        output_dir = self._output_root()
+        if index == 0:
+            return output_dir / "recording.mp4"
+        return output_dir / f"recording_{index:03d}.mp4"
+
+    async def _drain_stderr(
+        self,
+        process: asyncio.subprocess.Process,
+        session: IosRecordingSession,
+        first_frame: asyncio.Future,
+    ) -> None:
+        try:
+            assert process.stderr is not None
+            while True:
+                line = await process.stderr.readline()
+                if not line:
+                    if not first_frame.done():
+                        first_frame.set_exception(
+                            RuntimeError(
+                                "simctl recordVideo closed stderr before 'Recording started'"
+                            )
+                        )
+                    return
+                text = line.decode(errors="replace").rstrip()
+                session.stderr_lines.append(text)
+                if len(session.stderr_lines) > STDERR_BUFFER_LINES:
+                    del session.stderr_lines[: len(session.stderr_lines) - STDERR_BUFFER_LINES]
+                if RECORDING_STARTED_MARKER in text and not first_frame.done():
+                    first_frame.set_result((time.time(), time.monotonic()))
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            raise
+        except Exception as exc:
+            if not first_frame.done():
+                first_frame.set_exception(exc)
+
+    async def _reap(self, process: asyncio.subprocess.Process) -> float:
+        """SIGINT to flush, escalate to terminate/kill; returns end monotonic."""
+        end_monotonic = time.monotonic()
+        if process.returncode is not None:
+            return end_monotonic
+        try:
+            process.send_signal(signal.SIGINT)
+            await asyncio.wait_for(process.wait(), SIGINT_FLUSH_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
+        except (ProcessLookupError, TimeoutError):
+            if process.returncode is None:
+                try:
+                    process.terminate()
+                except ProcessLookupError:
+                    return end_monotonic
+                try:
+                    await asyncio.wait_for(process.wait(), TERMINATE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
+                except (ProcessLookupError, TimeoutError):
+                    if process.returncode is None:
+                        try:
+                            process.kill()
+                        except ProcessLookupError:
+                            pass
+                        await process.wait()
+        return end_monotonic
+
+    async def _spawn_recorder(self, session: IosRecordingSession) -> None:
+        """Spawn simctl recordVideo and anchor at its first-frame marker."""
+        index = session.segment_index
+        source_path = self._segment_source_path(session, index)
+        process = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
+            "xcrun",
+            "simctl",
+            "io",
+            self._device_id,
+            "recordVideo",
+            "--codec=h264",
+            str(source_path),
+            stdin=asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            stdout=asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            stderr=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
+        first_frame: asyncio.Future = asyncio.get_running_loop().create_future()
+        session.stderr_task = asyncio.create_task(self._drain_stderr(process, session, first_frame))
+        started = False
+        try:
+            marker_wall, marker_monotonic = await asyncio.wait_for(
+                asyncio.shield(first_frame), STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS
+            )
+            session.process = process
+            session.local_video_path = source_path
+            session.segment_started_at = marker_wall
+            session.segment_started_monotonic = marker_monotonic
+            if session.anchor_monotonic is None:
+                session.start_time = marker_wall
+                session.anchor_monotonic = marker_monotonic
+            dimensions = await probe_display_dimensions(self._device_id)
+            if dimensions:
+                session.capture_width, session.capture_height = dimensions
+            logger.info(
+                f"iOS recording segment {index} first frame "
+                f"{marker_wall - session.start_time:.2f}s after anchor on {self._device_id}"
+            )
+            started = True
+        finally:
+            if not started:
+                # Startup never completed: the spawned recorder is still
+                # owned by this coroutine — drain stderr and reap it before
+                # the original exception/cancellation propagates.
+                if not first_frame.done():
+                    first_frame.cancel()
+                session.stderr_task.cancel()
+                try:
+                    await session.stderr_task
+                except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                    pass
+                except (OSError, RuntimeError, ValueError, TimeoutError) as stderr_error:
+                    logger.debug(f"iOS recorder stderr drain ended with an error: {stderr_error}")
+                reap = asyncio.ensure_future(self._reap(process))
+                try:
+                    await asyncio.shield(reap)
+                except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                    await reap  # finish reaping even when the caller was cancelled
+
+    def _seal_current_segment(
+        self, session: IosRecordingSession, end_monotonic: float
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        if session.segment_started_monotonic is None or session.anchor_monotonic is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("No started iOS recording segment to seal")
+        record = {
+            "path": session.local_video_path,
+            "output_path": self._segment_output_path(session, session.segment_index),
+            "start": max(0.0, session.segment_started_monotonic - session.anchor_monotonic),
+            "end": max(0.0, end_monotonic - session.anchor_monotonic),
+            "width": session.capture_width,
+            "height": session.capture_height,
+            "generation": session.generation,
+            "conversion_done": False,
+            "conversion_error": None,
+        }
+        session.segments.append(record)
+        session.sealed_until = max(session.sealed_until, record["end"])
+        session.generation += 1
+        session.segment_index += 1
+        session.segment_started_monotonic = None
+        session.segment_started_at = None
+        return record
+
+    async def _convert_record(self, session: IosRecordingSession, record: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        source = Path(record["path"])
+        output = Path(record["output_path"])
+        span = max(0.001, float(record["end"]) - float(record["start"]))
+        async with self._conversion_semaphore:
+            ok = await finalize_mov_to_mp4(
+                source, output, int(record["width"] or 1080), int(record["height"] or 1920), span
+            )
+        if ok:
+            record["conversion_done"] = True
+        else:
+            record["conversion_error"] = "finalization produced no valid MP4"
+            session.errors.append(
+                f"Segment {record['output_path']} failed finalization; raw capture kept"
+            )
+
+    async def _roll(self, session: IosRecordingSession, end_monotonic: float, reason: str) -> None:
+        """Seal the current segment and start the next recorder first."""
+        record = None
+        if session.segment_started_monotonic is not None:
+            process = session.process
+            if process is not None and process.returncode is None:
+                end_monotonic = await self._reap(process)
+            if session.stderr_task and not session.stderr_task.done():
+                session.stderr_task.cancel()
+            record = self._seal_current_segment(session, end_monotonic)
+            logger.info(f"Rolling iOS recording segment after {reason}")
+        restarted = False
+        if session.is_active:
+            if self._consecutive_failures >= MAX_CONSECUTIVE_FAILURES:
+                # Spawns that keep dying young are a crash loop: stop
+                # respawning (the sealed segment still converts below).
+                session.is_active = False
+                session.errors.append("Recording recovery limit reached; session stopped")
+            else:
+                try:
+                    await self._spawn_recorder(session)
+                    restarted = True
+                except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                    raise
+                except (OSError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as exc:
+                    self._consecutive_failures += 1
+                    session.errors.append(f"Recorder restart failed: {exc}")
+        if record is not None:
+            session.conversion_tasks.append(
+                asyncio.create_task(self._convert_record(session, record))
+            )
+        if (
+            not restarted
+            and session.is_active
+            and self._consecutive_failures >= MAX_CONSECUTIVE_FAILURES
+        ):
+            session.errors.append("Recording recovery limit reached; session stopped")
+            session.is_active = False
+
+    async def _watchdog(self, session: IosRecordingSession) -> None:
+        try:
+            while True:
+                await asyncio.sleep(WATCHDOG_INTERVAL_SECONDS)
+                async with self._lock:
+                    if not session.is_active:
+                        return
+                    # Re-verify the trigger under the lock: a concurrent roll
+                    # may have already replaced the dead process.
+                    process = session.process
+                    crashed = process is None or process.returncode is not None
+                    dimensions = await probe_display_dimensions(self._device_id)
+                    rotated = bool(
+                        dimensions
+                        and session.capture_width
+                        and session.capture_height
+                        and dimensions != (session.capture_width, session.capture_height)
+                    )
+                    age = time.monotonic() - (session.segment_started_monotonic or time.monotonic())
+                    overdue = age >= self._max_duration_seconds
+                    if crashed and age < MIN_HEALTHY_SEGMENT_SECONDS:
+                        # A respawn that dies before surviving a healthy interval
+                        # is a crash loop, not recovery — count it even though a
+                        # successful respawn would otherwise reset the counter.
+                        self._consecutive_failures += 1
+                    elif not crashed and age >= MIN_HEALTHY_SEGMENT_SECONDS:
+                        self._consecutive_failures = 0
+                    if not crashed and not rotated and not overdue:
+                        continue
+                    reason = (
+                        "recorder exit" if crashed else "rotation" if rotated else "duration limit"
+                    )
+                    await self._roll(session, time.monotonic(), reason)
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            return
+        except Exception as exc:
+            logger.error(f"iOS recording supervisor failed: {exc}")
+            session.errors.append(f"recording supervisor failed: {exc}")
+
+    async def start(
+        self,
+        output_dir: Path | None = None,
+        max_duration_seconds: int = DEFAULT_MAX_DURATION_SECONDS,
+    ) -> IosRecordingSession:
+        async with self._lock:
+            if self._session is not None and self._session.is_active:
+                raise RuntimeError(f"iOS recording is already active on {self._device_id}")
+            output = (
+                Path(output_dir)
+                if output_dir is not None
+                else Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="ios_recording_", dir=get_temp_dir("recordings")))
+            )
+            output.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            self._output_dir = output
+            self._max_duration_seconds = max_duration_seconds
+            self._consecutive_failures = 0
+            session = IosRecordingSession(
+                video_id=uuid4(),
+                device_id=self._device_id,
+                start_time=time.time(),
+                local_video_path=output / "recording.mov",
+                is_active=True,
+            )
+            self._session = session
+            started = False
+            try:
+                await self._spawn_recorder(session)
+                session.watchdog_task = asyncio.create_task(self._watchdog(session))
+                started = True
+                return session
+            finally:
+                if not started:
+                    session.is_active = False
+
+    async def seal(self, through_time: float | None = None) -> None:
+        """Seal the current segment through ``through_time`` (recording-relative)."""
+        async with self._lock:
+            session = self._session
+            if session is None or not session.is_active:
+                return
+            if session.anchor_monotonic is None:
+                return
+            if through_time is not None and session.sealed_until >= through_time:
+                return
+            end_monotonic = (
+                session.anchor_monotonic + through_time
+                if through_time is not None
+                else time.monotonic()
+            )
+            end_monotonic = min(end_monotonic, time.monotonic())
+            if (
+                session.segment_started_monotonic is not None
+                and end_monotonic <= session.segment_started_monotonic
+            ):
+                return
+            await self._roll(session, end_monotonic, "seal")
+
+    async def _finalize(self, session: IosRecordingSession) -> Path | None:
+        if session.is_active:
+            session.is_active = False
+        if session.watchdog_task and not session.watchdog_task.done():
+            session.watchdog_task.cancel()
+            try:
+                await session.watchdog_task
+            except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                pass
+            except Exception as exc:
+                logger.debug(f"iOS recording watchdog ended with an error: {exc}")
+        end_monotonic = time.monotonic()
+        if session.process is not None and session.process.returncode is None:
+            end_monotonic = await self._reap(session.process)
+        if session.stderr_task and not session.stderr_task.done():
+            session.stderr_task.cancel()
+        if session.segment_started_monotonic is not None:
+            record = self._seal_current_segment(session, end_monotonic)
+            session.conversion_tasks.append(
+                asyncio.create_task(self._convert_record(session, record))
+            )
+        if session.conversion_tasks:
+            await asyncio.gather(*session.conversion_tasks, return_exceptions=True)
+        mp4_paths = [
+            Path(record["output_path"])
+            for record in session.segments
+            if record.get("conversion_done")
+            and Path(record["output_path"]).exists()
+            and Path(record["output_path"]).stat().st_size > 0
+        ]
+        if not mp4_paths:
+            session.errors.append("No finalized iOS recording segments")
+            return None
+        shift = 0.0
+        if session.data_engine_start_time is not None:
+            shift = session.start_time - session.data_engine_start_time
+        offsets = {
+            Path(record["output_path"]): max(0.0, float(record["start"]) + shift)
+            for record in session.segments
+            if record.get("conversion_done") and Path(record["output_path"]).exists()
+        }
+        output_dir = mp4_paths[0].parent
+        try:
+            manifest = await write_recording_manifest(
+                output_dir,
+                mp4_paths,
+                offsets,
+                probe_timeout_seconds=SEGMENT_PROBE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
+            )
+        except (OSError, TimeoutError) as exc:
+            session.errors.append(f"Recording manifest probe failed: {exc}")
+            return None
+        if manifest is None:
+            session.errors.append("Recording manifest has no valid segments")
+            return None
+        return mp4_paths[0]
+
+    async def stop(self) -> Path | None:
+        """Finalize all owned segments and write the version-2 manifest."""
+        async with self._lock:
+            session = self._session
+            if session is None:
+                return None
+            finalize = asyncio.ensure_future(self._finalize(session))
+            try:
+                return await asyncio.shield(finalize)
+            except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                await finalize  # let cleanup finish before propagating
+                raise
diff --git a/artemis/drivers/ios/wda.py b/artemis/drivers/ios/wda.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27515b00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artemis/drivers/ios/wda.py
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""WebDriverAgent HTTP client for physical iOS UI automation.
+
+Xcode's ``DeviceInteraction*`` MCP tools accept simulators only, so physical
+devices are driven through WebDriverAgent — the same XCUITest bridge Appium
+uses. The client speaks plain HTTP to the WDA server running on the device
+and has no third-party dependencies; every call is offloaded to a thread so
+the driver stays fully async.
+
+Reaching the device-side server needs one of:
+
+- ``ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_URL``: an explicit endpoint such as
+  ``http://127.0.0.1:8100`` for ``iproxy``/``pymobiledevice3`` forwards or
+  ``http://<device-ip>:8100`` when the phone shares the LAN.
+- The CoreDevice tunnel address from ``devicectl device info details`` —
+  paired devices already hold a managed IPv6 tunnel that routes TCP.
+- ``ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_HOST``: just a host/IP; port 8100 is assumed.
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import base64
+import http.client
+import ipaddress
+import json
+import os
+from typing import Any
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.request
+
+from artemis.drivers.ios.hierarchy import pixel_element
+from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+WDA_URL_ENV = "ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_URL"
+WDA_HOST_ENV = "ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_HOST"
+WDA_DEFAULT_PORT = 8100
+WDA_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 30.0
+
+
+class WdaUnavailableError(RuntimeError):
+    """The WebDriverAgent server could not be reached or did not respond."""
+
+
+class WdaClient:
+    """Minimal WebDriverAgent client covering Artemis's interaction surface."""
+
+    def __init__(self, base_url: str, timeout: float = WDA_REQUEST_TIMEOUT):
+        self._base = base_url.rstrip("/")
+        self._timeout = timeout
+        self._session_id: str | None = None
+
+    @property
+    def base_url(self) -> str:
+        return self._base
+
+    @property
+    def session_id(self) -> str | None:
+        return self._session_id
+
+    @property
+    def connected(self) -> bool:
+        return self._session_id is not None
+
+    def _sync_request(
+        self, method: str, path: str, payload: dict[str, Any] | None, timeout: float
+    ) -> Any:
+        body = json.dumps(payload).encode() if payload is not None else None
+        request = urllib.request.Request(
+            f"{self._base}{path}",
+            data=body,
+            method=method,
+            headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"} if body else {},
+        )
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=timeout) as response:
+                raw = response.read()
+        except urllib.error.HTTPError as error:
+            detail = error.read().decode(errors="replace")[:500]
+            raise RuntimeError(f"WebDriverAgent {method} {path} failed: HTTP {error.code} {detail}")
+        except (urllib.error.URLError, TimeoutError, OSError, http.client.HTTPException) as error:
+            # HTTPException covers garbage services answering probed ports —
+            # BadStatusLine is not an OSError, so it needs mapping here.
+            raise WdaUnavailableError(
+                f"WebDriverAgent at {self._base} is unreachable: {error}. "
+                "Check the device connection, the WDA runner process, and any "
+                "port forwarding (iproxy or 'pymobiledevice3 remote')."
+            )
+        try:
+            payload_out = json.loads(raw)
+        except ValueError:
+            return raw
+        if isinstance(payload_out, dict) and "value" in payload_out:
+            value = payload_out["value"]
+            if isinstance(value, dict) and value.get("error"):
+                message = value.get("message") or value["error"]
+                raise RuntimeError(f"WebDriverAgent {method} {path} failed: {message}")
+            # WDA reports the live session in the outer /status envelope, not
+            # inside value — surface it so a foreign session is detectable.
+            if (
+                path == "/status"
+                and isinstance(value, dict)
+                and isinstance(payload_out.get("sessionId"), str)
+                and payload_out["sessionId"]
+            ):
+                value["sessionId"] = payload_out["sessionId"]
+            return value
+        return payload_out
+
+    async def _request(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        path: str,
+        payload: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        request_task = asyncio.create_task(
+            asyncio.to_thread(self._sync_request, method, path, payload, timeout or self._timeout)
+        )
+        try:
+            return await asyncio.shield(request_task)
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            # The blocking urllib call keeps running on its thread; drain it
+            # before propagating so a cancelled input cannot still land on the
+            # device after the caller (and its device lease) moved on.
+            try:
+                await request_task
+            except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                raise
+            except (OSError, ValueError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as drain_error:
+                logger.debug(f"WDA request drain failed while cancelling: {drain_error}")
+            raise
+
+    # --- Session lifecycle ---
+
+    async def status(self, timeout: float = 5.0) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+        try:
+            value = await self._request("GET", "/status", timeout=timeout)
+        except (RuntimeError, WdaUnavailableError, OSError) as error:
+            logger.debug(f"WDA status probe failed for {self._base}: {error}")
+            return None
+        # Reject non-JSON/foreign bodies instead of wrapping them: a proxy or
+        # unrelated service answering on this port is not WebDriverAgent.
+        return value if isinstance(value, dict) else None
+
+    async def device_info(self, timeout: float = 10.0) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """GET /wda/device/info — available without a session.
+
+        ``uuid`` here is ``identifierForVendor``, not the device UDID, so
+        identity checks must rely on ``name``/``isSimulator`` instead.
+        """
+        value = await self._request("GET", "/wda/device/info", timeout=timeout)
+        if not isinstance(value, dict):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"WebDriverAgent /wda/device/info returned a non-JSON response: {value!r:.300}"
+            )
+        return value
+
+    async def _create_owned_session(self, adopt_existing: bool) -> str:
+        """Status preflight, POST /session, and ID assignment as one unit."""
+        if self._session_id:
+            return self._session_id
+        status = await self.status()
+        if status is None:
+            raise WdaUnavailableError(f"WebDriverAgent at {self._base} did not answer /status.")
+        active = status.get("sessionId")
+        if isinstance(active, str) and active:
+            if adopt_existing:
+                # The driver launched this runner itself, so its auto-created
+                # session is ours to reuse — not a foreign client to protect.
+                self._session_id = active
+                return active
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Refusing to replace the active WebDriverAgent session "
+                f"({active}), which this client does not own — POST /session "
+                "would kill it. Point ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_URL at a dedicated WDA "
+                "server or close the existing session first."
+            )
+        payload = {
+            "capabilities": {
+                "alwaysMatch": {"platformName": "iOS"},
+                "firstMatch": [{}],
+            }
+        }
+        value = await self._request("POST", "/session", payload, timeout=60.0)
+        session_id = None
+        if isinstance(value, dict):
+            session_id = value.get("sessionId")
+            if session_id is None and isinstance(value.get("capabilities"), dict):
+                session_id = value.get("capabilities", {}).get("sessionId")
+        if not isinstance(session_id, str) or not session_id:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"WebDriverAgent did not return a session id (response: {value!r:.300})."
+            )
+        self._session_id = session_id
+        return session_id
+
+    async def open_session(self, adopt_existing: bool = False) -> str:
+        """Create a WDA session, refusing to take over a foreign one.
+
+        ``adopt_existing=True`` reuses the active session reported by
+        ``/status``; only safe when the caller owns the WDA runner process
+        (auto-launched runners create a session on startup). Foreign or
+        user-provisioned endpoints must keep the default refusal.
+
+        Cancellation-safe: when the caller is cancelled while creation is in
+        flight, the request is drained and any session it produced is closed
+        before the CancelledError propagates.
+        """
+        create_task = asyncio.ensure_future(self._create_owned_session(adopt_existing))
+        try:
+            return await asyncio.shield(create_task)
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            session_id = None
+            try:
+                session_id = await create_task
+            except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                raise
+            except (OSError, ValueError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as drain_error:
+                logger.debug(f"WDA session-create drain failed while cancelling: {drain_error}")
+            if session_id:
+                try:
+                    await self.close_session()
+                except (OSError, ValueError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as close_error:
+                    # Best-effort teardown of the orphaned session.
+                    logger.debug(
+                        f"WDA session close after cancelled open_session failed: {close_error}"
+                    )
+            raise
+
+    async def close_session(self) -> None:
+        session_id, self._session_id = self._session_id, None
+        if session_id is None:
+            return
+        try:
+            await self._request("DELETE", f"/session/{session_id}", timeout=10.0)
+        except (RuntimeError, WdaUnavailableError, OSError) as error:
+            logger.debug(f"WDA session delete failed: {error}")
+
+    # --- Observation ---
+
+    async def screenshot_png(self) -> bytes:
+        value = await self._request("GET", "/screenshot")
+        if not isinstance(value, str) or not value:
+            raise RuntimeError("WebDriverAgent returned no screenshot data.")
+        return base64.b64decode(value)
+
+    async def source_json(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        value = await self._request("GET", "/source?format=json")
+        if not isinstance(value, dict):
+            raise RuntimeError("WebDriverAgent returned a non-JSON hierarchy.")
+        return value
+
+    async def window_size(self) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        path = f"/session/{self._session_id}/window/size" if self._session_id else "/window/size"
+        value = await self._request("GET", path)
+        if isinstance(value, dict) and "width" in value and "height" in value:
+            return float(value["width"]), float(value["height"])
+        raise RuntimeError(f"WebDriverAgent returned an unexpected window size: {value!r}")
+
+    async def active_app(self) -> str | None:
+        path = "/wda/activeAppInfo"
+        if self._session_id:
+            path = f"/session/{self._session_id}/wda/activeAppInfo"
+        try:
+            value = await self._request("GET", path)
+        except (RuntimeError, WdaUnavailableError):
+            return None
+        if isinstance(value, dict):
+            bundle = value.get("bundleId") or value.get("bundleIdentifier")
+            return bundle if isinstance(bundle, str) and bundle else None
+        return None
+
+    # --- Input ---
+
+    async def _actions(self, pointer_actions: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> None:
+        session = self._require_session()
+        payload = {
+            "actions": [
+                {
+                    "type": "pointer",
+                    "id": "artemis-finger",
+                    "parameters": {"pointerType": "touch"},
+                    "actions": pointer_actions,
+                }
+            ]
+        }
+        await self._request("POST", f"/session/{session}/actions", payload)
+
+    def _require_session(self) -> str:
+        if not self._session_id:
+            raise RuntimeError("WebDriverAgent session is not open.")
+        return self._session_id
+
+    async def tap(self, x: float, y: float, hold_ms: int = 0) -> None:
+        actions: list[dict[str, Any]] = [
+            {"type": "pointerMove", "duration": 0, "x": x, "y": y},
+            {"type": "pointerDown", "button": 0},
+        ]
+        if hold_ms > 0:
+            actions.append({"type": "pause", "duration": hold_ms})
+        actions.append({"type": "pointerUp", "button": 0})
+        await self._actions(actions)
+
+    async def swipe(self, sx: float, sy: float, ex: float, ey: float, duration_ms: int) -> None:
+        await self._actions(
+            [
+                {"type": "pointerMove", "duration": 0, "x": sx, "y": sy},
+                {"type": "pointerDown", "button": 0},
+                {"type": "pause", "duration": 50},
+                {"type": "pointerMove", "duration": duration_ms, "x": ex, "y": ey},
+                {"type": "pointerUp", "button": 0},
+            ]
+        )
+
+    async def type_text(self, text: str) -> None:
+        session = self._require_session()
+        # ``value`` is a list of Unicode code points — newlines and non-ASCII
+        # text carry their literal values to the focused field.
+        payload = {"value": list(text)}
+        await self._request("POST", f"/session/{session}/wda/keys", payload)
+
+    async def press_button(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        """WDA hardware buttons: home, volumeUp, volumeDown, power."""
+        session = self._require_session()
+        try:
+            await self._request("POST", f"/session/{session}/wda/pressButton", {"name": name})
+            return True
+        except WdaUnavailableError:
+            # The transport died — propagate so callers don't misreport an
+            # outage as an unsupported button.
+            raise
+        except RuntimeError:
+            return False
+
+    async def homescreen(self) -> None:
+        await self._request("POST", "/wda/homescreen")
+
+    async def lock(self) -> None:
+        await self._request("POST", "/wda/lock")
+
+    async def unlock(self) -> None:
+        await self._request("POST", "/wda/unlock")
+
+
+def normalize_wda_url(raw: str) -> str:
+    """Accept bare hosts, IPv6 literals, or full URLs and return a base URL."""
+    value = raw.strip()
+    if not value:
+        return value
+    if "://" not in value:
+        # Bare IPv6 literals need brackets once a port is attached. A bare
+        # "v6:port" string is ambiguous — treat the last group as a port only
+        # when the address part parses as a real IPv6 literal.
+        if value.count(":") > 1 and not value.startswith("["):
+            try:
+                ipaddress.IPv6Address(value)
+                value = f"[{value}]"
+            except ValueError:
+                address, _, port = value.rpartition(":")
+                try:
+                    ipaddress.IPv6Address(address)
+                    value = f"[{address}]:{port}"
+                except ValueError:
+                    value = f"[{value}]"
+        value = f"http://{value}"
+    value = value.rstrip("/")
+    scheme, _, remainder = value.partition("://")
+    host_port, _, path = remainder.partition("/")
+    # A port is present when ':' follows the host (or the IPv6 ']' bracket).
+    has_port = (
+        host_port.rsplit("]", 1)[-1].startswith(":") if "]" in host_port else ":" in host_port
+    )
+    if has_port:
+        return value
+    # The default port belongs to the authority, ahead of any path suffix.
+    suffix = f"/{path}" if path else ""
+    return f"{scheme}://{host_port}:{WDA_DEFAULT_PORT}{suffix}"
+
+
+def wda_url_candidates(
+    env_url: str | None = None,
+    env_host: str | None = None,
+    tunnel_ip: str | None = None,
+) -> list[str]:
+    """Ordered endpoints to probe for a running WebDriverAgent server."""
+    candidates: list[str] = []
+    for raw in (
+        env_url if env_url is not None else os.environ.get(WDA_URL_ENV),
+        env_host if env_host is not None else os.environ.get(WDA_HOST_ENV),
+        (
+            f"[{tunnel_ip}]:{WDA_DEFAULT_PORT}"
+            if ":" in tunnel_ip
+            else f"{tunnel_ip}:{WDA_DEFAULT_PORT}"
+        )
+        if tunnel_ip
+        else None,
+        f"127.0.0.1:{WDA_DEFAULT_PORT}",
+    ):
+        if not raw:
+            continue
+        url = normalize_wda_url(raw)
+        if url and url not in candidates:
+            candidates.append(url)
+    return candidates
+
+
+async def probe_wda(candidates: list[str], timeout: float = 5.0) -> WdaClient | None:
+    """Return a client bound to the first endpoint that answers ``/status``."""
+    for url in candidates:
+        client = WdaClient(url)
+        status = await client.status(timeout=timeout)
+        if status is not None:
+            return client
+    return None
+
+
+_ELEMENT_TYPE_PREFIX = "XCUIElementType"
+
+
+def parse_wda_elements(
+    node: dict[str, Any],
+    scale: tuple[float, float],
+    width: int,
+    height: int,
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Flatten a WDA ``/source?format=json`` tree into Artemis ui_elements.
+
+    Mirrors ``parse_hierarchy``'s output: ``text``, ``resource_id``, ``class``,
+    ``bounds``, ``parsed_bounds``, and ``hit_point`` in screenshot pixels.
+    WDA's ``isVisible`` is advisory; elements with usable geometry are kept so
+    downstream consumers see everything XCTest reports.
+    """
+    elements: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+
+    def visit(entry: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        rect = entry.get("rect")
+        if not isinstance(rect, dict):
+            rect = {}
+        try:
+            x = float(rect.get("x") or 0.0)
+            y = float(rect.get("y") or 0.0)
+            w = float(rect.get("width") or 0.0)
+            h = float(rect.get("height") or 0.0)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError, AttributeError):
+            x = y = w = h = 0.0
+        if w > 0 and h > 0:
+            left, top = round(x * scale[0]), round(y * scale[1])
+            right, bottom = round((x + w) * scale[0]), round((y + h) * scale[1])
+            if right > 0 and bottom > 0 and left < width and top < height:
+                label = entry.get("label")
+                value = entry.get("value")
+                name = entry.get("name")
+                text = ""
+                if isinstance(label, str) and label:
+                    text = label
+                elif value is not None and str(value):
+                    text = str(value)
+                element_type = str(entry.get("type") or "")
+                element = pixel_element(
+                    text=text,
+                    resource_id=name if isinstance(name, str) else "",
+                    class_name=element_type.removeprefix(_ELEMENT_TYPE_PREFIX),
+                    left=left,
+                    top=top,
+                    right=right,
+                    bottom=bottom,
+                )
+                element["hit_point"] = [(left + right) // 2, (top + bottom) // 2]
+                element["visible"] = bool(entry.get("isVisible", True))
+                if value is not None and str(value) != text:
+                    element["value"] = str(value)
+                elements.append(element)
+        children = entry.get("children")
+        if isinstance(children, list):
+            for child in children:
+                if isinstance(child, dict):
+                    visit(child)
+
+    visit(node)
+    return elements
diff --git a/artemis/drivers/ios/xcode_driver.py b/artemis/drivers/ios/xcode_driver.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14360229
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artemis/drivers/ios/xcode_driver.py
@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""iOS Simulator support using Xcode 27's native MCP and simctl tools."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import base64
+from io import BytesIO
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import plistlib
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal
+from uuid import uuid4
+
+from PIL import Image
+
+from artemis.drivers.base import BaseDeviceDriver, KeyCode, ScreenData, SwipeDirection
+from artemis.drivers.ios.bridge import XcodeApprovalRequiredError, XcodeBridge
+from artemis.drivers.ios.discovery import (
+    clear_ios_simulator_cache,
+    BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID,
+    device_matches_identifier,
+    parse_simctl_devices,
+    parse_xcode_version,
+    plist_to_json,
+    run_xcrun,
+)
+from artemis.drivers.ios.hierarchy import application_bundle, parse_hierarchy
+from artemis.drivers.ios.recording import (
+    DEFAULT_MAX_DURATION_SECONDS,
+    IosRecordingSession,
+    IosScreenRecorder,
+)
+from third_party.mobile_use.controllers.types import ElementQuery
+from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from third_party.mobile_use.utils.video import get_active_session, remove_active_session
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from artemis.drivers.ios.physical_recording import PhysicalIosRecorder
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+
+async def _parse_listapps_output(raw: bytes) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Parse ``simctl listapps`` output into a bundle-id keyed dict.
+
+    simctl emits OpenStep (ASCII) plists on older Xcode, XML/binary on newer
+    ones; ``plistlib`` only reads the latter, so OpenStep payloads are routed
+    through ``plutil -convert json``.
+    """
+    try:
+        return plistlib.loads(raw)
+    except (plistlib.InvalidFileException, ValueError):
+        pass
+    return json.loads(await plist_to_json(raw))
+
+
+class XcodeSimulatorDriver(BaseDeviceDriver):
+    """One explicitly selected iOS simulator and one native interaction session.
+
+    Android remains the default platform. This driver neither enables Xcode
+    permissions nor controls physical devices. Unsupported Android operations
+    report an error instead of returning a synthetic success.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        device_id: str = BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID,
+        width: int = 0,
+        height: int = 0,
+        *,
+        workspace_path: str | Path | None = None,
+    ):
+        self._device_id = device_id
+        self._width, self._height = width, height
+        self._workspace_path = (
+            Path(workspace_path).expanduser().resolve() if workspace_path is not None else None
+        )
+        self._scale: tuple[float, float] | None = None
+        self._session_key: str | None = None
+        self._bridge = XcodeBridge()
+        self._connect_lock = asyncio.Lock()
+        self._operation_lock = asyncio.Lock()
+        self._recorder: IosScreenRecorder | PhysicalIosRecorder | None = None
+
+    @property
+    def device_id(self) -> str:
+        return self._device_id
+
+    @property
+    def screen_size(self) -> tuple[int, int]:
+        return self._width, self._height
+
+    async def resolve_device(self) -> str:
+        """Read-only validation and UDID selection, safe before the execution lease."""
+        async with self._connect_lock:
+            await self._resolve_device()
+            return self._device_id
+
+    async def _require_ios_host(self) -> None:
+        """Validate the macOS/Xcode host requirements shared by all iOS drivers."""
+        if sys.platform != "darwin":
+            raise RuntimeError("iOS support requires macOS and Xcode 27 or later.")
+        version = parse_xcode_version(await run_xcrun("xcodebuild", "-version"))
+        if version is None or int(version.split(".")[0]) < 27:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Native iOS interaction requires Xcode 27 or later. Set DEVELOPER_DIR to select it."
+            )
+
+    def _validate_workspace(self) -> None:
+        if self._workspace_path is not None and (
+            self._workspace_path.suffix.lower() not in {".xcodeproj", ".xcworkspace"}
+            or not self._workspace_path.is_dir()
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "iOS workspace must be an existing .xcodeproj or .xcworkspace directory."
+            )
+
+    async def _resolve_device(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        self._validate_workspace()
+        await self._require_ios_host()
+        devices = json.loads(await run_xcrun("simctl", "list", "devices", "--json"))
+        available = parse_simctl_devices(devices)
+        if self._device_id.strip().lower() == BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID:
+            candidates = [device for device in available if device.get("state") == "Booted"]
+            if len(candidates) != 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Select --device-serial <iOS simulator UDID>; 'booted' requires exactly one booted iOS simulator."
+                )
+        else:
+            candidates = [
+                device for device in available if device_matches_identifier(device, self._device_id)
+            ]
+            if len(candidates) > 1:
+                udids = sorted(str(d.get("udid") or "?") for d in candidates)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"{len(candidates)} iOS simulators match {self._device_id!r} "
+                    f"({', '.join(udids)}); use the simulator UDID instead."
+                )
+            if not candidates:
+                raise ValueError(f"Unavailable iOS simulator UDID: {self._device_id}")
+        self._device_id = candidates[0]["udid"]
+        return candidates[0]
+
+    async def _prepare_device(self, candidate: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Bring the resolved device to an interactable state before the session."""
+        if candidate.get("state") == "Shutdown":
+            await run_xcrun("simctl", "boot", self._device_id)
+            clear_ios_simulator_cache()
+        await run_xcrun("simctl", "bootstatus", self._device_id, "-b", timeout=180.0)
+
+    def _session_label(self) -> str:
+        return f"Artemis Simulator {uuid4().hex[:8]}"
+
+    def _validate_session_device(self, session: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        if (
+            not session.get("deviceIsSimulator")
+            or str(session.get("deviceUUID") or "").lower() != self._device_id.lower()
+        ):
+            raise RuntimeError("Xcode selected a different device; refusing to interact.")
+
+    async def _start_interaction_session(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        start_arguments = {
+            "deviceIdentifier": self._device_id,
+            "sessionIdentifier": self._session_label(),
+        }
+        try:
+            return await self._bridge.call("DeviceInteractionStartSession", start_arguments)
+        except XcodeApprovalRequiredError:
+            if self._workspace_path is None:
+                raise
+            if "XcodeOpenWorkspace" not in self._bridge.tools:
+                raise XcodeApprovalRequiredError(
+                    "DeviceInteractionStartSession",
+                    "Xcode's XcodeOpenWorkspace tool is unavailable; "
+                    "approve Artemis's access in Xcode.",
+                )
+            opened = await self._bridge.call(
+                "XcodeOpenWorkspace", {"path": str(self._workspace_path)}
+            )
+            identifier = opened.get("workspaceIdentifier")
+            if not isinstance(identifier, str) or not identifier:
+                raise RuntimeError("XcodeOpenWorkspace returned no usable workspace identifier.")
+            return await self._bridge.call("DeviceInteractionStartSession", start_arguments)
+
+    async def connect(self) -> None:
+        async with self._connect_lock:
+            if self._session_key:
+                if self._bridge.connected:
+                    return
+                # The bridge retires itself on tool-call failures; release the
+                # orphaned native session before starting over.
+                await self.disconnect()
+            candidate = await self._resolve_device()
+            await self._prepare_device(candidate)
+            await self._bridge.start()
+            required = {
+                "DeviceInteractionStartSession",
+                "DeviceInteractionSynthesize",
+                "DeviceInteractionEndSession",
+            }
+            if not required.issubset(self._bridge.tools):
+                await self._bridge.close()
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Xcode's native device interaction tools are unavailable. Select Xcode 27 and approve Artemis's access in Xcode."
+                )
+            try:
+                session = await self._start_interaction_session()
+                self._session_key = session.get("interactionSessionKey")
+                if not self._session_key:
+                    raise RuntimeError("Xcode did not return a device interaction session key.")
+                self._validate_session_device(session)
+                await self.get_screen_data(skip_settling=True)
+            except (
+                OSError,
+                ValueError,
+                RuntimeError,
+                TimeoutError,
+                asyncio.CancelledError,
+            ) as error:
+                if isinstance(error, XcodeApprovalRequiredError):
+                    error.workspace_path = self._workspace_path
+                try:
+                    await self.disconnect()
+                except (Exception, asyncio.CancelledError) as cleanup_error:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        f"Could not release the Xcode session after a connection failure: {cleanup_error}",
+                    )
+                raise
+
+    async def disconnect(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            if self._recorder is not None:
+                session = self._recorder.session
+                if session is not None:
+                    if session.is_active:
+                        try:
+                            await self._recorder.stop()
+                        except Exception as exc:
+                            logger.error(
+                                f"iOS recording finalization failed during disconnect: {exc}"
+                            )
+                    if get_active_session(self._device_id) is session:
+                        remove_active_session(self._device_id)
+        finally:
+            async with self._operation_lock:
+                key, self._session_key = self._session_key, None
+                try:
+                    if key:
+                        # A timeout retires the old connection; cleanup may
+                        # create a fresh bridge solely to close the known
+                        # native session.
+                        if not self._bridge.connected:
+                            await self._bridge.start()
+                        await self._bridge.call(
+                            "DeviceInteractionEndSession",
+                            {"interactionSessionKey": key},
+                        )
+                finally:
+                    self._scale = None
+                    await self._bridge.close()
+
+    async def _synthesize(self, command: str = "", activation: str | None = None) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        self._require_connected()
+        arguments = {"interactSessionKey": self._session_key, "interactionCommand": command}
+        if activation:
+            arguments["activationBundleId"] = activation
+        return await self._bridge.call("DeviceInteractionSynthesize", arguments)
+
+    def _require_connected(self) -> None:
+        if not self._session_key or self._device_id.strip().lower() == BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID:
+            raise RuntimeError("Connect the iOS simulator driver before interacting.")
+
+    async def _capture(self) -> ScreenData:
+        result = await self._synthesize()
+        image_path = result.get("screenshotPath")
+        if not image_path:
+            raise RuntimeError("Xcode returned no screenshot; no observation is available.")
+        screenshot = await asyncio.to_thread(Path(image_path).read_bytes)
+        with Image.open(BytesIO(screenshot)) as image:
+            self._width, self._height = image.size
+        hierarchy_path = result.get("hierarchyPath")
+        if not hierarchy_path:
+            self._scale = None
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Xcode returned no accessibility hierarchy. Recapture after the UI settles."
+            )
+        hierarchy = await asyncio.to_thread(Path(hierarchy_path).read_text, encoding="utf-8")
+        self._scale = None
+        elements, self._scale = parse_hierarchy(hierarchy, self._width, self._height)
+        return ScreenData(
+            screenshot_bytes=screenshot,
+            screenshot_base64=base64.b64encode(screenshot).decode("ascii"),
+            ui_elements=elements,
+            width=self._width,
+            height=self._height,
+            platform="ios",
+        )
+
+    async def get_screen_data(self, skip_settling: bool = False) -> ScreenData:
+        # Xcode captures after animations settle; an extra Android delay is unnecessary.
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            return await self._capture()
+
+    async def _capture_unchanged(self, action: str) -> ScreenData:
+        """Capture, refusing to continue when the screen geometry changed."""
+        previous_size = self.screen_size
+        data = await self._capture()
+        if self.screen_size != previous_size:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"The iOS screen changed orientation or size. Observe it again before {action}."
+            )
+        return data
+
+    def _scaled_point(self, x: int, y: int) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        """Convert screenshot pixels to the driver's logical point space."""
+        if self._scale is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Capture an iOS screen before coordinate interaction.")
+        if not 0 <= x < self._width or not 0 <= y < self._height:
+            raise ValueError("iOS input coordinates are outside the current screenshot.")
+        return x / self._scale[0], y / self._scale[1]
+
+    def _point(self, x: int, y: int) -> str:
+        px, py = self._scaled_point(x, y)
+        return f"{px:.4f} {py:.4f}"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _direction_points(direction: str, w: int, h: int) -> tuple[int, int, int, int]:
+        points = {
+            "up": (w // 2, h * 3 // 4, w // 2, h // 4),
+            "down": (w // 2, h // 4, w // 2, h * 3 // 4),
+            "left": (w * 3 // 4, h // 2, w // 4, h // 2),
+            "right": (w // 4, h // 2, w * 3 // 4, h // 2),
+        }
+        return points[direction]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _activation_for(data: ScreenData, x: int, y: int) -> str | None:
+        """Native overlapping-app elements require activation before input."""
+        candidates = []
+        for element in data.ui_elements:
+            bundle = element.get("activation_bundle_id")
+            bounds = element.get("parsed_bounds")
+            if not bundle or not isinstance(bounds, dict):
+                continue
+            if bounds["left"] <= x < bounds["right"] and bounds["top"] <= y < bounds["bottom"]:
+                area = (bounds["right"] - bounds["left"]) * (bounds["bottom"] - bounds["top"])
+                candidates.append((area, bundle))
+        if not candidates:
+            return None
+        minimum = min(area for area, _ in candidates)
+        bundles = {bundle for area, bundle in candidates if area == minimum}
+        if len(bundles) != 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "The target overlaps multiple iOS applications; activate the intended app first."
+            )
+        return bundles.pop()
+
+    async def tap(
+        self, x: int, y: int, duration_ms: int = 100, times: int = 1, delay_ms: int = 100
+    ) -> bool:
+        if times < 1 or duration_ms < 0 or delay_ms < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Tap count must be positive and durations nonnegative.")
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            data = await self._capture_unchanged("tapping")
+            command = f"t {self._point(x, y)} {duration_ms / 1000:.3f}"
+            for index in range(times):
+                await self._synthesize(command, activation=self._activation_for(data, x, y))
+                if index < times - 1:
+                    await asyncio.sleep(delay_ms / 1000)
+            return True
+
+    async def long_press(self, x: int, y: int, duration_ms: int = 1000) -> bool:
+        return await self.tap(x, y, duration_ms=duration_ms)
+
+    async def swipe(
+        self, start_x: int, start_y: int, end_x: int, end_y: int, duration_ms: int = 800
+    ) -> bool:
+        if duration_ms <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("Swipe duration must be positive.")
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            data = await self._capture_unchanged("swiping")
+            await self._synthesize(
+                f"t {self._point(start_x, start_y)} f {self._point(end_x, end_y)} {duration_ms / 1000:.3f}",
+                activation=self._activation_for(data, start_x, start_y),
+            )
+            return True
+
+    async def swipe_direction(
+        self,
+        direction: SwipeDirection | Literal["up", "down", "left", "right"],
+        duration_ms: int = 800,
+    ) -> bool:
+        direction = SwipeDirection(direction).value
+        if duration_ms <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("Swipe duration must be positive.")
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            # swipe_direction is rotation-tolerant by design: recapture and
+            # compute from the *current* size rather than refusing like tap.
+            data = await self._capture()
+            sx, sy, ex, ey = self._direction_points(direction, *self.screen_size)
+            await self._synthesize(
+                f"t {self._point(sx, sy)} f {self._point(ex, ey)} {duration_ms / 1000:.3f}",
+                activation=self._activation_for(data, sx, sy),
+            )
+            return True
+
+    async def input_text(self, text: str, clear_existing: bool = True) -> bool:
+        if clear_existing:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Xcode has no verified replace-text operation. Use clear_existing=False to append, or clear the field through its UI."
+            )
+        # Encode every code point: literal native escape sequences cannot become
+        # unintended control characters, and newlines/Unicode retain their value.
+        escaped = "".join(f"\\u{{{ord(char):04X}}}" for char in text)
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            await self._synthesize(f"sender keyboard kbd {escaped}")
+        return True
+
+    async def press_key(self, key: KeyCode | str | int) -> bool:
+        key = key.value if isinstance(key, KeyCode) else str(key).lower()
+        commands = {
+            "home": "b h",
+            "power": "b p",
+            "volume_up": "b u",
+            "volume_down": "b d",
+            "app_switch": "b h b h",
+            "enter": r"sender keyboard kbd \u{000A}",
+        }
+        if key not in commands:
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Key {key!r} is not supported by the native iOS driver.")
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            await self._synthesize(commands[key])
+        return True
+
+    async def launch_app(self, package_name: str) -> bool:
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            self._require_connected()
+            await run_xcrun("simctl", "launch", self._device_id, package_name)
+        return True
+
+    async def stop_app(self, package_name: str) -> bool:
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            self._require_connected()
+            await run_xcrun("simctl", "terminate", self._device_id, package_name)
+        return True
+
+    async def install_app(self, app_path: Path) -> str:
+        self._require_connected()
+        path = app_path.expanduser().resolve()
+        if path.suffix != ".app" or not path.is_dir():
+            raise ValueError("iOS installation requires a simulator-built .app directory.")
+        with (path / "Info.plist").open("rb") as stream:
+            bundle = plistlib.load(stream).get("CFBundleIdentifier")
+        if not isinstance(bundle, str) or not bundle:
+            raise ValueError("The .app has no CFBundleIdentifier in Info.plist.")
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            self._require_connected()
+            await run_xcrun("simctl", "install", self._device_id, str(path), timeout=120)
+        return bundle
+
+    async def list_apps(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            self._require_connected()
+            data = await _parse_listapps_output(
+                await run_xcrun("simctl", "listapps", self._device_id)
+            )
+        return {
+            bundle: info.get("CFBundleDisplayName") or info.get("CFBundleName") or bundle
+            for bundle, info in data.items()
+        }
+
+    async def open_url(self, url: str) -> bool:
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            self._require_connected()
+            await run_xcrun("simctl", "openurl", self._device_id, url)
+        return True
+
+    async def get_current_package(self) -> str | None:
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            result = await self._synthesize()
+            path = result.get("hierarchyPath")
+            if not path:
+                return None
+            hierarchy = await asyncio.to_thread(Path(path).read_text, encoding="utf-8")
+            return application_bundle(hierarchy)
+
+    async def find_element(
+        self, query: ElementQuery, screen_data: ScreenData | None = None
+    ) -> tuple[dict[str, Any] | None, list[int] | None, str | None]:
+        element, center, error = await super().find_element(query, screen_data)
+        if element is not None:
+            center = element.get("hit_point", center)
+        return element, center, error
+
+    async def tap_element(
+        self, query: ElementQuery, long_press: bool = False, duration_ms: int = 1000
+    ) -> bool:
+        async with self._operation_lock:
+            data = await self._capture()
+            element, center, error = await self.find_element(query, data)
+            if error or element is None or center is None:
+                return False
+            await self._synthesize(
+                f"t {self._point(*center)} {duration_ms / 1000 if long_press else 0.1:.3f}",
+                activation=element.get("activation_bundle_id"),
+            )
+            return True
+
+    async def execute_shell(self, command: str, timeout_seconds: float = 15.0) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Android shell commands are unavailable on iOS Simulator.")
+
+    # --- Recording (native segmented capture) ---
+
+    def _new_recorder(self) -> IosScreenRecorder | PhysicalIosRecorder:
+        """Recorder implementation for this driver (sim: simctl recordVideo)."""
+        return IosScreenRecorder(self._device_id)
+
+    @property
+    def recording_session(self) -> IosRecordingSession | None:
+        """Latest recording session, retained for error reporting after stop."""
+        if self._recorder is None:
+            return None
+        return self._recorder.session
+
+    async def start_video_recording(
+        self,
+        output_dir: Path | None = None,
+        max_duration_seconds: int = DEFAULT_MAX_DURATION_SECONDS,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._require_connected()
+        if not self._device_id:
+            raise RuntimeError("iOS recording requires a pinned device UDID")
+        if self._recorder is None:
+            self._recorder = self._new_recorder()
+        await self._recorder.start(output_dir, max_duration_seconds)
+
+    async def seal_recording_segment(self, through_time: float | None = None) -> None:
+        """Seal the current segment so its final MP4 can be read safely."""
+        if self._recorder is not None:
+            await self._recorder.seal(through_time)
+
+    async def stop_video_recording(self) -> str | None:
+        if self._recorder is None:
+            return None
+        path = await self._recorder.stop()
+        return str(path) if path is not None else None
diff --git a/artemis/interfaces/cli/commands/batch.py b/artemis/interfaces/cli/commands/batch.py
index 225ba98f..7215ecee 100644
--- a/artemis/interfaces/cli/commands/batch.py
+++ b/artemis/interfaces/cli/commands/batch.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 from typing import Annotated
 
 from artemis.config import initialize_llm_config
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import normalize_device_platform
 from artemis.sdk import Agent
 from artemis.sdk.builders import Builders
 from third_party.mobile_use.sdk.types.task import AgentProfile
@@ -38,6 +39,9 @@ async def run_batch_tasks(
     delay_seconds: float = 5.0,
     verification_level: str | None = None,
     explorer_pro_mode: str | None = None,
+    platform: str = "android",
+    device_serial: str | None = None,
+    ios_workspace: str | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Executes a list of automation tasks sequentially.
 
@@ -49,6 +53,9 @@ async def run_batch_tasks(
             'strict') for the Pro profile; ignored by Flash.
         explorer_pro_mode: Explorer tier ('flash', 'pro', 'ultra') behind
             ``ask_explorer`` under the Pro profile; ignored by Flash.
+        platform: 'android' (default) or 'ios' (local simulator or paired device).
+        device_serial: Android serial or iOS device UDID for all tasks.
+        ios_workspace: Xcode project/workspace for first-run iOS approval.
     """
     if not os.environ.get("ARTEMIS_TASK_INGRESS"):
         os.environ["ARTEMIS_TASK_INGRESS"] = "cli"
@@ -59,6 +66,15 @@ async def run_batch_tasks(
         config_builder.with_verification_level(verification_level)
     if explorer_pro_mode is not None:
         config_builder.with_explorer(pro_mode=explorer_pro_mode)
+    if normalize_device_platform(platform, strict=False) == "ios":
+        config_builder.for_ios_device(
+            device_id=device_serial or "booted",
+            workspace_path=ios_workspace,
+        )
+    elif device_serial:
+        from artemis.context import DevicePlatform
+
+        config_builder.for_device(DevicePlatform.ANDROID, device_serial)
     config = config_builder.build()
 
     agent = Agent(config=config)
@@ -162,8 +178,44 @@ def batch_command(
             help="Explorer tier behind ask_explorer under the Pro profile ('flash', 'pro', 'ultra').",
         ),
     ] = None,
+    platform: Annotated[
+        str,
+        typer.Option(
+            "--platform",
+            help="Target mobile platform: 'android' (default) or 'ios' (local simulator or paired device).",
+        ),
+    ] = "android",
+    device_serial: Annotated[
+        str | None,
+        typer.Option(
+            "--device-serial",
+            help="Android serial or iOS device UDID (simulator or paired physical device) for every task in the batch.",
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    ios_workspace: Annotated[
+        Path | None,
+        typer.Option(
+            "--ios-workspace",
+            exists=True,
+            dir_okay=True,
+            file_okay=False,
+            resolve_path=True,
+            help="Existing Xcode project/workspace to request iOS first-run agent approval.",
+        ),
+    ] = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Execute multiple automation tasks in sequence."""
+    try:
+        platform = normalize_device_platform(platform)
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        typer.secho(
+            f"Error: --platform must be 'android' or 'ios' (got '{platform}').",
+            fg=typer.colors.RED,
+        )
+        raise typer.Exit(1) from exc
+    if ios_workspace is not None and platform != "ios":
+        typer.secho("Error: --ios-workspace requires --platform ios.", fg=typer.colors.RED)
+        raise typer.Exit(1)
     task_list: list[str] = []
 
     if tasks_file:
@@ -222,8 +274,11 @@ def batch_command(
                 resp = submit_batch_to_daemon(
                     task_list,
                     profile=profile,
+                    device_serial=device_serial,
                     verification_level=verification_level,
                     explorer_mode=explorer_pro_mode,
+                    platform=platform,
+                    ios_workspace=str(ios_workspace) if ios_workspace else None,
                     base_url=base_url,
                 )
                 if resp and resp.get("tasks"):
@@ -274,5 +329,8 @@ def batch_command(
             delay_seconds=delay,
             verification_level=verification_level,
             explorer_pro_mode=explorer_pro_mode,
+            platform=platform,
+            device_serial=device_serial,
+            ios_workspace=str(ios_workspace) if ios_workspace else None,
         )
     )
diff --git a/artemis/interfaces/cli/commands/run.py b/artemis/interfaces/cli/commands/run.py
index 89dca25a..5d0ab5c1 100644
--- a/artemis/interfaces/cli/commands/run.py
+++ b/artemis/interfaces/cli/commands/run.py
@@ -16,10 +16,14 @@
 
 import asyncio
 import os
+from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Annotated
 
 from langchain_core.callbacks.base import Callbacks
 from artemis.config import checker_overrides_for_level, settings
+from artemis.context import DevicePlatform
+from artemis.drivers.ios.bridge import XcodeApprovalRequiredError, xcode_approval_guidance
+from artemis.drivers.ios.discovery import BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID
 from artemis.utils.startup_progress import publish_startup_progress
 from third_party.mobile_use.main import (
     GoalArgument,
@@ -36,6 +40,7 @@
 import signal
 from rich.console import Console
 from rich.panel import Panel
+from rich.text import Text
 import typer
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
@@ -63,6 +68,8 @@ async def execute_task(
     explorer_flash_mode: str | None = None,
     explorer_pro_mode: str | None = None,
     verification_level: str | None = None,
+    platform: DevicePlatform = DevicePlatform.ANDROID,
+    ios_workspace_path: Path | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Executes a single mobile automation task end-to-end.
 
@@ -84,6 +91,11 @@ async def execute_task(
         verification_level: Coarse Checker preset ('off', 'final', 'checkpoints',
             'strict'); applied before the explicit ``enable_checker`` switch.
     """
+    platform = DevicePlatform(platform)
+    if ios_workspace_path is not None and platform != DevicePlatform.IOS:
+        raise ValueError("--ios-workspace requires --platform ios.")
+    if platform == DevicePlatform.IOS and os.environ.get("ARTEMIS_CLOUD_MODE") == "1":
+        raise ValueError("iOS support is local only; cloud mode targets Android.")
     effective_sid = (
         session_id or os.getenv("ARTEMIS_SESSION_ID") or os.getenv("ARTEMIS_CLOUD_SESSION_ID")
     )
@@ -134,10 +146,14 @@ async def execute_task(
             pro_mode=explorer_pro_mode,
         )
 
-    target_serial = (
-        device_serial or settings.ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL or os.environ.get("ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL")
-    )
-    if not target_serial:
+    target_serial = device_serial
+    if platform == DevicePlatform.IOS:
+        target_serial = target_serial or BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID
+    else:
+        target_serial = (
+            target_serial or settings.ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL or os.environ.get("ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL")
+        )
+    if not target_serial and platform == DevicePlatform.ANDROID:
         try:
             from artemis.runtime import device_pool
 
@@ -146,9 +162,10 @@ async def execute_task(
             target_serial = None
 
     if target_serial:
-        from artemis.context import DevicePlatform
+        config.for_device(platform, target_serial)
 
-        config.for_device(DevicePlatform.ANDROID, target_serial)
+    if ios_workspace_path is not None:
+        config.with_ios_workspace(ios_workspace_path)
 
     if graph_config_callbacks:
         config.with_graph_config_callbacks(graph_config_callbacks)
@@ -176,6 +193,28 @@ def run_command(
             help="Execution profile ('flash' for fast reactive, 'pro' for full graph).",
         ),
     ] = "pro",
+    platform: Annotated[
+        DevicePlatform,
+        typer.Option(
+            "--platform",
+            metavar="PLATFORM",
+            rich_help_panel="Platform",
+            help="Target mobile platform: Android (default) or a local iOS device.",
+        ),
+    ] = DevicePlatform.ANDROID,
+    ios_workspace: Annotated[
+        Path | None,
+        typer.Option(
+            "--ios-workspace",
+            metavar="PATH",
+            rich_help_panel="Platform",
+            exists=True,
+            dir_okay=True,
+            file_okay=False,
+            resolve_path=True,
+            help="Existing Xcode project/workspace to request iOS first-run agent approval.",
+        ),
+    ] = None,
     locked_app_package: Annotated[
         str | None,
         typer.Option(
@@ -192,7 +231,7 @@ def run_command(
         str | None,
         typer.Option(
             "--app-path",
-            help="Local APK path to install before starting the task.",
+            help="Local Android APK or signed iOS .app/.ipa to install before the task.",
         ),
     ] = None,
     enable_planner_validation: Annotated[
@@ -278,7 +317,7 @@ def run_command(
         typer.Option(
             "--device-serial",
             "-s",
-            help="Target specific Android device by serial number (e.g. emulator-5554).",
+            help="Android serial or iOS device UDID (simulator or paired physical device); iOS defaults to the single 'booted' simulator.",
         ),
     ] = None,
     session_id: Annotated[
@@ -296,8 +335,7 @@ def run_command(
         ),
     ] = False,
 ) -> None:
-    """Run an autonomous UI automation task on the connected Android device."""
-    ensure_video_recording_available(with_video_recording_tools)
+    """Run an autonomous UI automation task on an Android or iOS device."""
 
     console = Console()
 
@@ -307,6 +345,16 @@ def run_command(
     )
     is_standalone = standalone or os.environ.get("ARTEMIS_STANDALONE") == "1"
 
+    if ios_workspace is not None and platform != DevicePlatform.IOS:
+        raise typer.BadParameter("--ios-workspace requires --platform ios.")
+
+    if platform == DevicePlatform.IOS:
+        if os.environ.get("ARTEMIS_CLOUD_MODE") == "1":
+            raise typer.BadParameter("iOS support is local only; cloud mode targets Android.")
+        if locked_app_package:
+            raise typer.BadParameter("--locked-app is unavailable for iOS tasks.")
+    ensure_video_recording_available(with_video_recording_tools)
+
     # All platforms route through unified Artemis Daemon unless specifically configured as standalone
     if not is_worker and not is_standalone:
         try:
@@ -335,6 +383,10 @@ def run_command(
                     app_path=app_path,
                     session_id=target_sid,
                     ingress="cli",
+                    platform=platform.value,
+                    ios_workspace=str(ios_workspace) if ios_workspace else None,
+                    verification_level=verification_level,
+                    explorer_mode=explorer_pro_mode,
                     base_url=base_url,
                 )
                 if resp and resp.get("tasks"):
@@ -390,7 +442,8 @@ def on_status(sess_info):
                 f"[yellow]Daemon routing notice: {exc}. Falling back to local execution...[/yellow]"
             )
 
-    display_local_device_status(console, host=settings.ADB_HOST, port=settings.ADB_PORT)
+    if platform == DevicePlatform.ANDROID:
+        display_local_device_status(console, host=settings.ADB_HOST, port=settings.ADB_PORT)
 
     cancelled = False
     original_sigterm = None
@@ -427,6 +480,8 @@ def on_status(sess_info):
                 explorer_flash_mode=explorer_flash_mode,
                 explorer_pro_mode=explorer_pro_mode,
                 verification_level=verification_level,
+                platform=platform,
+                ios_workspace_path=ios_workspace,
             )
         )
     except (KeyboardInterrupt, asyncio.CancelledError):
@@ -434,9 +489,20 @@ def on_status(sess_info):
         # this worker to stop through a cancel marker and the Agent cancelled
         # its own task so the recording and trace could be finalized.
         cancelled = True
+    except XcodeApprovalRequiredError as e:
+        console.print()
+        console.print(
+            Panel(
+                Text(f"{e}\n\n{xcode_approval_guidance(workspace_path=ios_workspace)}"),
+                title="Xcode Approval Required",
+                expand=False,
+            )
+        )
+        console.print()
+        raise SystemExit(2)
     except Exception as e:
         err_msg = str(e)
-        if "API_KEY" in err_msg or "requires" in err_msg:
+        if "API_KEY" in err_msg or "api key" in err_msg.lower():
             console.print()
             console.print(
                 Panel(
diff --git a/artemis/mcp/action_names.py b/artemis/mcp/action_names.py
index 78cef0a5..88ca45ad 100644
--- a/artemis/mcp/action_names.py
+++ b/artemis/mcp/action_names.py
@@ -151,7 +151,19 @@ def to_canonical_call(
         # bare key word for the common keys. Anything else keeps its original spelling
         # so the driver can forward it verbatim (arbitrary KEYCODE_* / numeric codes).
         bare = keycode.removeprefix("KEYCODE_").lower() if keycode else ""
-        known = {"home", "back", "enter", "delete", "tab", "search", "menu", "app_switch"}
+        known = {
+            "home",
+            "back",
+            "enter",
+            "delete",
+            "tab",
+            "search",
+            "menu",
+            "app_switch",
+            "power",
+            "volume_up",
+            "volume_down",
+        }
         return "press_key", {"key": bare if bare in known else keycode}
 
     if verb == "back":
diff --git a/artemis/mcp/action_server.py b/artemis/mcp/action_server.py
index be32b95c..f810d132 100644
--- a/artemis/mcp/action_server.py
+++ b/artemis/mcp/action_server.py
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
 from artemis.mcp.actuators.base import Actuator
 from artemis.mcp.observation import observe as observe_impl
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_mime_type
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ async def observe_screen(
                         ImageContent(
                             type="image",
                             data=_b64.b64encode(img_bytes).decode("utf-8"),
-                            mimeType="image/jpeg",
+                            mimeType=image_mime_type(img_bytes),
                         )
                     )
                 return CallToolResult(
diff --git a/artemis/mcp/action_session.py b/artemis/mcp/action_session.py
index 06e512ca..f5f58ca0 100644
--- a/artemis/mcp/action_session.py
+++ b/artemis/mcp/action_session.py
@@ -233,7 +233,14 @@ async def get_action_session(ctx: Any, actuator: Any = None) -> ActionSession:
     from artemis.mcp.action_server import build_action_server
     from artemis.mcp.actuators.adb import AdbActuator
 
-    actuator = actuator or getattr(ctx, "actuator", None) or AdbActuator(ctx)
+    actuator = actuator or getattr(ctx, "actuator", None)
+    if actuator is None:
+        if getattr(getattr(ctx, "device", None), "mobile_platform", None) == "ios":
+            from artemis.mcp.actuators.ios import IosActuator
+
+            actuator = IosActuator(ctx)
+        else:
+            actuator = AdbActuator(ctx)
     server = build_action_server(actuator)
     session = ActionSession(server)
     await session.start()
diff --git a/artemis/mcp/action_specs.py b/artemis/mcp/action_specs.py
index 1ea69a11..d52c5349 100644
--- a/artemis/mcp/action_specs.py
+++ b/artemis/mcp/action_specs.py
@@ -565,13 +565,15 @@ async def _wire_focus_and_clear_text(actuator: Any, a: dict[str, Any]) -> Action
         operator=OperatorDialect(
             description=(
                 "[ACTION] Press a physical or virtual system button (e.g. ENTER, BACK,"
-                " HOME, APP_SWITCH)."
+                " HOME, APP_SWITCH, POWER, VOLUME_UP, VOLUME_DOWN)."
             ),
             params=(
                 ParamSpec(
                     "key",
-                    Literal["ENTER", "BACK", "HOME", "APP_SWITCH"],
-                    "Standard Android system button name (ENTER, BACK, HOME, APP_SWITCH).",
+                    Literal[
+                        "ENTER", "BACK", "HOME", "APP_SWITCH", "POWER", "VOLUME_UP", "VOLUME_DOWN"
+                    ],
+                    "Standard system button name (ENTER, BACK, HOME, APP_SWITCH, POWER, VOLUME_UP, VOLUME_DOWN).",
                 ),
             ),
         ),
diff --git a/artemis/mcp/actuators/ios.py b/artemis/mcp/actuators/ios.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a650b525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artemis/mcp/actuators/ios.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Native iOS actuator sharing Artemis's normalized action contract."""
+
+from artemis.mcp.action_types import ActionCode, ActionResult
+from artemis.mcp.action_manifest import DEVICE_ACTIONS
+from artemis.mcp.actuators.adb import AdbActuator, ensure_focus_at_coords
+
+
+class IosActuator(AdbActuator):
+    """Reuse controller actions while keeping Android shell conventions out of iOS."""
+
+    def capabilities(self) -> frozenset[str]:
+        return DEVICE_ACTIONS - {"erase_one_char", "focus_and_clear_text"}
+
+    def _dims(self) -> tuple[int, int]:
+        # The simulator may rotate after SDK initialization. Its most recent
+        # screenshot dimensions own the coordinate space for the next action.
+        return self.controller.driver.screen_size
+
+    async def input_text(
+        self, text: str, target: tuple[int, int] | None = None, clear_exist: bool = True
+    ) -> ActionResult:
+        if clear_exist:
+            return ActionResult.failure(
+                "input_text",
+                "Whole-field clearing is unavailable on iOS. Focus an empty field or place "
+                "the cursor manually, then set clear_exist=false.",
+                code=ActionCode.UNSUPPORTED,
+            )
+        if target:
+            error = await ensure_focus_at_coords(self.controller, *self._to_px(*target))
+            if error:
+                return ActionResult.failure("input_text", error)
+        success = await self.controller.type_text(text, clear_existing=clear_exist)
+        if not success:
+            return ActionResult.failure("input_text", "Failed to type text on the iOS device.")
+        return ActionResult.success("input_text", f"Typed '{text}'.")
+
+    async def press_key(self, key: str) -> ActionResult:
+        if await self.controller.press_key(key):
+            return ActionResult.success("press_key", f"Pressed key '{key}'.")
+        return ActionResult.failure(
+            "press_key", f"iOS key '{key}' is unsupported or failed.", code=ActionCode.UNSUPPORTED
+        )
+
+    async def manage_app(self, action: str, app_name: str) -> ActionResult:
+        if action.lower() not in {"launch", "stop"}:
+            return ActionResult.failure(
+                "manage_app", f"Invalid manage_app action: {action}", code=ActionCode.INVALID_ARGS
+            )
+        from artemis.tools.mobile.launch_app import find_package
+
+        bundle_id = await find_package(self.ctx, app_name, use_fallback=False)
+        if not bundle_id:
+            return ActionResult.failure(
+                "manage_app",
+                f"Installed iOS app not found: {app_name}",
+                code=ActionCode.PACKAGE_NOT_FOUND,
+            )
+        if action.lower() == "launch":
+            success = await self.controller.launch_app(bundle_id)
+        else:
+            success = await self.controller.terminate_app(bundle_id)
+        if not success:
+            return ActionResult.failure("manage_app", f"Failed to {action} iOS app '{bundle_id}'.")
+        return ActionResult.success("manage_app", f"Dispatched {action} for iOS app '{bundle_id}'.")
diff --git a/artemis/mcp/adb_server.py b/artemis/mcp/adb_server.py
index 14da4d5c..c6e82354 100644
--- a/artemis/mcp/adb_server.py
+++ b/artemis/mcp/adb_server.py
@@ -44,8 +44,15 @@
 from artemis.context import ArtemisContext, DeviceContext, DevicePlatform
 from artemis.controllers.unified_controller import UnifiedMobileController
 from artemis.platform import platform
+from artemis.drivers.ios.discovery import BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import normalize_device_platform
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.app_launch_utils import launch_app_with_retries
 
+# Placeholder iOS screen metrics for the lazy context — the driver replaces
+# them with the real display size when it connects.
+_LAZY_IOS_PLACEHOLDER_WIDTH = 1206
+_LAZY_IOS_PLACEHOLDER_HEIGHT = 2622
+
 
 def configure_stdio_mode() -> None:
     """Applies process-wide settings required when serving MCP over stdio.
@@ -115,12 +122,42 @@ def decorator(fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., Any]:
 _CONTROLLERS: dict[str, Any] = {}
 
 
-def _get_controller(device_serial: str | None = None):
-    """Lazy-load device controller on-demand, caching per device serial."""
+def _get_controller(device_serial: str | None = None, target_platform: str | None = None):
+    """Lazy-load device controller on-demand, caching per device serial.
+
+    ``target_platform="ios"`` builds a native iOS controller: the serial is a
+    simulator UDID (or "booted") or a paired physical device UDID, the context carries
+    ``DevicePlatform.IOS`` so the factory selects the Xcode driver, and the
+    cache key is namespaced so a UDID can never collide with an Android
+    serial. Callers must ``await driver.connect()`` before interacting --
+    the native session opens lazily on first use.
+    """
     global _GLOBAL_CONTROLLER, _CONTROLLERS
-    target_serial = (
-        device_serial or os.environ.get("ARTEMIS_DEVICE_ID") or os.environ.get("ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL")
-    )
+    is_ios_target = normalize_device_platform(target_platform, strict=False) == "ios"
+    # ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL is Android-only and must never leak into an iOS target.
+    target_serial = device_serial or os.environ.get("ARTEMIS_DEVICE_ID")
+    if not is_ios_target:
+        target_serial = target_serial or os.environ.get("ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL")
+    if is_ios_target:
+        cache_key = f"ios:{target_serial or BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID}"
+        if cache_key in _CONTROLLERS:
+            return _CONTROLLERS[cache_key]
+        logger.info("Initializing lazy iOS device controller...")
+        ctx = ArtemisContext(
+            trace_id="mcp-session",
+            device=DeviceContext(
+                host_platform=platform.os_type.name,
+                mobile_platform=DevicePlatform.IOS,
+                device_id=target_serial or BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID,
+                # Placeholder until the driver reports real screen metrics.
+                device_width=_LAZY_IOS_PLACEHOLDER_WIDTH,
+                device_height=_LAZY_IOS_PLACEHOLDER_HEIGHT,
+            ),
+        )
+        controller = UnifiedMobileController(ctx=ctx)
+        _CONTROLLERS[cache_key] = controller
+        return controller
+
     if target_serial and target_serial in _CONTROLLERS:
         return _CONTROLLERS[target_serial]
     if not target_serial and _GLOBAL_CONTROLLER is not None:
diff --git a/artemis/runtime/__init__.py b/artemis/runtime/__init__.py
index 9821beec..08106288 100644
--- a/artemis/runtime/__init__.py
+++ b/artemis/runtime/__init__.py
@@ -21,13 +21,16 @@
 )
 from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import (
     ADB_ENDPOINT_ID_ENV,
+    IOS_LOCK_SCOPE,
     AdbEndpoint,
     AdbSession,
     AdbTarget,
     InvalidAdbEndpoint,
+    IosTarget,
     current_adb_endpoint,
 )
 from artemis.runtime.device_pool import DevicePool, DeviceStatus, device_pool
+from artemis.runtime.ios_device_pool import IosDevicePool, ios_device_pool
 from artemis.runtime.process_probe import pid_is_alive
 from artemis.runtime.daemon_client import (
     ensure_daemon_running,
@@ -66,6 +69,7 @@
 
 __all__ = [
     "ADB_ENDPOINT_ID_ENV",
+    "IOS_LOCK_SCOPE",
     "AdbEndpoint",
     "AdbSession",
     "AdbTarget",
@@ -75,6 +79,8 @@
     "DevicePool",
     "DeviceStatus",
     "InvalidAdbEndpoint",
+    "IosDevicePool",
+    "IosTarget",
     "clear_cancel_request",
     "clear_server_info",
     "current_adb_endpoint",
@@ -87,6 +93,7 @@
     "get_server_status",
     "is_artemis_daemon",
     "is_daemon_running",
+    "ios_device_pool",
     "is_cancel_requested",
     "is_port_in_use",
     "pid_is_alive",
diff --git a/artemis/runtime/adb_endpoint.py b/artemis/runtime/adb_endpoint.py
index 9729f96a..029018b2 100644
--- a/artemis/runtime/adb_endpoint.py
+++ b/artemis/runtime/adb_endpoint.py
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-"""Immutable ADB endpoint and task target primitives.
+"""Immutable device endpoint and task target primitives.
 
-The selected endpoint is a user preference. An :class:`AdbTarget` is an
-execution snapshot. Keeping those concepts separate prevents a queued or
-running task from silently moving to another ADB server when the preference
-changes in the Admin Console.
+The selected endpoint is a user preference. An :class:`AdbTarget` or
+:class:`IosTarget` is an execution snapshot. Keeping those concepts separate
+prevents a queued or running task from silently moving to another ADB server
+or simulator when the preference changes in the Admin Console.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -37,11 +37,65 @@
 _LOCAL_HOSTS = frozenset({"127.0.0.1", "localhost", "::1"})
 _SAFE_HOST_PATTERN = re.compile(r"^[A-Za-z0-9._:\-\[\]]+$")
 
+# User-facing platform vocabulary shared by CLI, console, daemon, and MCP.
+SUPPORTED_PLATFORMS: tuple[str, ...] = ("android", "ios")
+DEFAULT_PLATFORM = "android"
+
+
+def normalize_device_platform(
+    value: object,
+    *,
+    default: str = DEFAULT_PLATFORM,
+    strict: bool = True,
+) -> str:
+    """Canonicalize a platform token to ``"android"`` or ``"ios"``.
+
+    Strips whitespace and case-folds. ``strict=True`` (entry points) raises
+    ``ValueError`` on anything else; ``strict=False`` (fail-open internals)
+    falls back to *default*. Surfaces adapt the ``ValueError`` to their own
+    error type (HTTP 400, Typer error, blocked verdict, ...).
+    """
+    text = str(value).strip().lower() if value is not None else ""
+    if not text:
+        return default
+    if text in SUPPORTED_PLATFORMS:
+        return text
+    if strict:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported platform '{value}'. Expected 'android' or 'ios'.")
+    return default
+
 
 class InvalidAdbEndpoint(ValueError):
     """Raised when an ADB server endpoint is malformed."""
 
 
+def device_pool_for(platform: object):
+    """The device pool for a platform token (lazy imports avoid a cycle).
+
+    Both pools expose the same admission surface (``validate_explicit_serial``,
+    ``validate_explicit_serial_async``, ``select_device_async``,
+    ``list_devices_async``).
+    """
+    if normalize_device_platform(platform, strict=False) == "ios":
+        from artemis.runtime.ios_device_pool import ios_device_pool
+
+        return ios_device_pool
+    from artemis.runtime.device_pool import device_pool
+
+    return device_pool
+
+
+def target_for_platform(
+    platform: object,
+    serial: str | None = None,
+    endpoint: AdbEndpoint | None = None,
+) -> AdbTarget | IosTarget:
+    """Build the execution target for a platform; ``lock_scope`` comes with it."""
+    if normalize_device_platform(platform, strict=False) == "ios":
+        return IosTarget(serial=serial)
+    return AdbTarget(endpoint=endpoint or current_adb_endpoint(), serial=serial)
+
+
 @dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
 class AdbEndpoint:
     """Network address of one ADB server."""
@@ -120,6 +174,10 @@ class AdbTarget:
     endpoint: AdbEndpoint
     serial: str | None = None
 
+    @property
+    def platform(self) -> str:
+        return "android"
+
     @property
     def lock_scope(self) -> str:
         return self.endpoint.identity
@@ -128,8 +186,60 @@ def lock_scope(self) -> str:
     def lock_key(self) -> str:
         return f"{self.lock_scope}/{self.serial or 'pending'}"
 
+    def apply_to_environment(
+        self,
+        environment: MutableMapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    ) -> MutableMapping[str, str]:
+        return self.endpoint.apply_to_environment(environment)
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "platform": self.platform,
+            "endpoint": self.endpoint.to_dict(),
+            "serial": self.serial,
+        }
+
+
+# Execution lock scope shared by every iOS simulator task. The device UDID
+# distinguishes simulators inside the scope; "ios" keeps an iOS lock file
+# namespaced away from any Android serial of the same text.
+IOS_LOCK_SCOPE = "ios"
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+class IosTarget:
+    """An iOS device UDID (simulator or paired physical device)."""
+
+    serial: str | None = None
+
+    @property
+    def platform(self) -> str:
+        return "ios"
+
+    @property
+    def lock_scope(self) -> str:
+        return IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
+
+    @property
+    def lock_key(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.lock_scope}/{self.serial or 'pending'}"
+
+    def apply_to_environment(
+        self,
+        environment: MutableMapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    ) -> MutableMapping[str, str]:
+        target = environment if environment is not None else os.environ
+        # LOCK_SCOPE_ENV names the execution scope generically: the ADB
+        # endpoint identity for Android, the platform tag for iOS devices.
+        target[ADB_ENDPOINT_ID_ENV] = self.lock_scope
+        # An iOS worker never touches ADB: a stale serial must not leak in.
+        target.pop("ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL", None)
+        # The worker's device id comes from the queue target, not a parent env.
+        target.pop("ARTEMIS_DEVICE_ID", None)
+        return target
+
     def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        return {"endpoint": self.endpoint.to_dict(), "serial": self.serial}
+        return {"platform": self.platform, "serial": self.serial}
 
 
 class AdbSession:
diff --git a/artemis/runtime/daemon_client.py b/artemis/runtime/daemon_client.py
index 85471489..fae28ad6 100644
--- a/artemis/runtime/daemon_client.py
+++ b/artemis/runtime/daemon_client.py
@@ -221,6 +221,8 @@ def submit_task_to_daemon(
     conversation_id: str | None = None,
     verification_level: str | None = None,
     explorer_mode: str | None = None,
+    platform: str | None = None,
+    ios_workspace: str | None = None,
     base_url: str | None = None,
     timeout: float = 15.0,
 ) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
@@ -230,6 +232,9 @@ def submit_task_to_daemon(
     ``explorer_mode`` ('flash' | 'pro' | 'ultra') are the Pro-profile tuning
     knobs of ``/api/run``; they are forwarded verbatim and ignored by Flash.
 
+    ``platform="ios"`` submits an iOS task: ``device_serial`` is a simulator
+    or physical UDID and ``ios_workspace`` optionally scopes Xcode approval.
+
     Returns the response JSON dict if successfully enqueued, or None on error.
     """
     url = f"{base_url or f'http://{DEFAULT_DAEMON_HOST}:{DEFAULT_DAEMON_PORT}'}/api/run"
@@ -246,6 +251,8 @@ def submit_task_to_daemon(
         "session_id": session_id,
         "ingress": ingress,
         "conversation_id": conversation_id,
+        "platform": platform,
+        "ios_workspace": ios_workspace,
     }
 
     try:
@@ -345,13 +352,16 @@ def submit_batch_to_daemon(
     ingress: str = "cli",
     verification_level: str | None = None,
     explorer_mode: str | None = None,
+    platform: str | None = None,
+    ios_workspace: str | None = None,
     base_url: str | None = None,
     timeout: float = 15.0,
 ) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
     """Submit a batch of goals to the running Daemon.
 
     ``verification_level`` / ``explorer_mode`` apply to every goal of the batch
-    (see :func:`submit_task_to_daemon`).
+    (see :func:`submit_task_to_daemon`). ``platform="ios"`` targets an iOS
+    device; ``device_serial`` is then the device UDID.
     """
     url = f"{base_url or f'http://{DEFAULT_DAEMON_HOST}:{DEFAULT_DAEMON_PORT}'}/api/run"
     payload = {
@@ -361,6 +371,8 @@ def submit_batch_to_daemon(
         "ingress": ingress,
         "verification_level": verification_level,
         "explorer_mode": explorer_mode,
+        "platform": platform,
+        "ios_workspace": ios_workspace,
     }
     try:
         data = json.dumps(payload).encode("utf-8")
diff --git a/artemis/runtime/device_lock.py b/artemis/runtime/device_lock.py
index 9579d234..1b8e92f6 100644
--- a/artemis/runtime/device_lock.py
+++ b/artemis/runtime/device_lock.py
@@ -939,9 +939,15 @@ def annotate_active_owner(
         lock_dir = get_temp_dir("device-locks")
         if device_id is not None:
             clean_id = cls._normalize_device_id(device_id)
-            path = lock_dir / f"artemis-device-{clean_id}.lock"
-            if not path.exists():
-                path = lock_dir / "artemis-global-device.lock"
+            candidates = [
+                lock_dir / f"artemis-device-{clean_id}.lock",
+                *sorted(lock_dir.glob(f"artemis-device-*__{clean_id}.lock")),
+                lock_dir / "artemis-global-device.lock",
+            ]
+            path = next(
+                (candidate for candidate in candidates if candidate.exists()),
+                candidates[-1],
+            )
         else:
             path = cls._find_lock_by_pid(os.getpid())
             if path is None:
@@ -959,6 +965,7 @@ def annotate_active_owner(
             "acquired_at": owner.acquired_at,
             "session_id": str(session_id),
             "ingress": ingress or owner.ingress or "sdk",
+            "lock_scope": owner.lock_scope,
         }
         return cls._atomic_write_json(path, payload)
 
@@ -971,7 +978,12 @@ def cleanup_stale_locks(cls, device_id: str | None = None) -> int:
             return removed
 
         patterns = (
-            [f"artemis-device-{cls._normalize_device_id(device_id)}.lock"]
+            [
+                # Both the bare key and every scoped variant
+                # (e.g. artemis-device-ios__<UDID>.lock) target this device.
+                f"artemis-device-{cls._normalize_device_id(device_id)}.lock",
+                f"artemis-device-*__{cls._normalize_device_id(device_id)}.lock",
+            ]
             if device_id
             else ["artemis-device-*.lock", "artemis-global-device.lock", "*.lock"]
         )
diff --git a/artemis/runtime/device_pool.py b/artemis/runtime/device_pool.py
index c67aa538..388fe826 100644
--- a/artemis/runtime/device_pool.py
+++ b/artemis/runtime/device_pool.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class DeviceStatus:
     """State and lock allocation metadata for a connected device."""
 
     serial: str
-    state: str  # "device", "offline", "unauthorized", etc.
+    state: str  # "device", "offline", "unauthorized", "Shutdown", etc.
     model: str | None = None
     product: str | None = None
     is_emulator: bool = False
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ class DeviceStatus:
     active_task_desc: str | None = None
     active_session_id: str | None = None
     acquired_at: str | None = None
+    platform: str = "android"
 
     def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         return {
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@ def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
             "active_task_desc": self.active_task_desc,
             "active_session_id": self.active_session_id,
             "acquired_at": self.acquired_at,
+            "platform": self.platform,
         }
 
 
diff --git a/artemis/runtime/ios_device_pool.py b/artemis/runtime/ios_device_pool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a6576e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artemis/runtime/ios_device_pool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""iOS device pool: simulator and physical discovery, locks, selection.
+
+The iOS counterpart of :class:`~artemis.runtime.device_pool.DevicePool`.
+Enumeration rides ``xcrun simctl list devices`` for simulators and
+``xcrun devicectl list devices`` for paired physical hardware; lock ownership
+shares the same :class:`DeviceExecutionLock` registry under the ``ios`` scope
+so a simulator, a physical device, and an Android serial can never share a
+lock identity. Auto-selection only ever picks simulators — physical hardware
+requires an explicit serial. All methods fail open on missing Xcode tooling
+or an enumeration error, mirroring the Android pool's admission contract.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from artemis.drivers.ios.discovery import (
+    BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID,
+    is_physical_ios,
+    list_core_devices,
+    list_core_devices_sync,
+    list_ios_simulators,
+    list_ios_simulators_sync,
+    physical_ios_ready,
+)
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
+from artemis.runtime.device_lock import DeviceExecutionLock
+from artemis.runtime.device_pool import DeviceStatus
+from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+# simctl states the driver can use as-is ("device"/Booted) or boot itself
+# ("Shutdown"). Anything else (e.g. "Creating") is rejected on explicit picks.
+ACCEPTABLE_STATES = frozenset({"device", "Shutdown"})
+
+# devicectl states that allow driving a physical device right now.
+PHYSICAL_ACCEPTABLE_STATES = frozenset({"device"})
+
+
+def _ios_lock_owners() -> dict:
+    """Active lock owners scoped to iOS, keyed by normalized device id.
+
+    Owner map keys are only scope-prefixed for multi-owner collisions, so
+    match by owner payload: an iOS lock always carries lock_scope="ios",
+    and an Android lock on the same text must never mark a device busy.
+    """
+    return {
+        DeviceExecutionLock._normalize_device_id(o.device_id): o
+        for o in DeviceExecutionLock.get_active_owners().values()
+        if o and getattr(o, "lock_scope", None) == IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
+    }
+
+
+def _owner_fields(owner) -> dict:
+    return {
+        "is_busy": owner is not None,
+        "active_pid": owner.pid if owner else None,
+        "active_task_desc": owner.description if owner else None,
+        "active_session_id": owner.session_id if owner else None,
+        "acquired_at": owner.acquired_at if owner else None,
+    }
+
+
+def _match_statuses(devices: list[DeviceStatus], requested_serial: str) -> list[DeviceStatus]:
+    """All statuses matching a requested UDID or device name."""
+    needle = str(requested_serial).lower()
+    return [d for d in devices if d.serial.lower() == needle or (d.model or "") == requested_serial]
+
+
+def _match_or_reject(
+    devices: list[DeviceStatus], requested_serial: str
+) -> tuple[DeviceStatus | None, str | None]:
+    """Return (match, None), (None, ambiguity rejection), or (None, None)."""
+    matches = _match_statuses(devices, requested_serial)
+    if len(matches) > 1:
+        serials = sorted(d.serial for d in matches)
+        return None, (
+            f"{len(matches)} iOS devices match '{requested_serial}' "
+            f"({', '.join(serials)}); pass the device UDID instead."
+        )
+    return (matches[0] if matches else None), None
+
+
+def _booted_rejection(raw: list[dict] | None, requested_serial: str) -> str | None:
+    """``booted`` needs exactly one booted simulator to resolve safely."""
+    if str(requested_serial).strip().lower() != BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID:
+        return None
+    if raw is None:
+        # Enumeration cannot answer: fail open to the driver's own check.
+        return None
+    booted = [d for d in raw if d.get("state") == "Booted"]
+    if len(booted) == 1:
+        return None
+    return (
+        f"'{BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID}' requires exactly one booted iOS simulator "
+        f"({len(booted)} found); pass an explicit simulator UDID instead."
+    )
+
+
+def _state_rejection(match: DeviceStatus, requested_serial: str) -> str | None:
+    """The shared explicit-target state check for both validator variants."""
+    acceptable = ACCEPTABLE_STATES if match.is_emulator else PHYSICAL_ACCEPTABLE_STATES
+    if match.state not in acceptable:
+        kind = "simulator" if match.is_emulator else "physical device"
+        return f"iOS {kind} '{requested_serial}' is in state '{match.state}' and cannot be used."
+    return None
+
+
+class IosDevicePool:
+    """Discovers iOS simulators and physical devices and reports lock state."""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_statuses(raw_devices: list[dict]) -> list[DeviceStatus]:
+        ios_owners = _ios_lock_owners()
+        devices: list[DeviceStatus] = []
+        for device in raw_devices:
+            udid = str(device.get("udid") or "")
+            runtime = str(device.get("runtime") or "")
+            state = (
+                "device"
+                if device.get("state") == "Booted"
+                else str(device.get("state") or "unknown")
+            )
+            owner = ios_owners.get(DeviceExecutionLock._normalize_device_id(udid))
+            devices.append(
+                DeviceStatus(
+                    serial=udid,
+                    state=state,
+                    model=device.get("name"),
+                    product=runtime.removeprefix("com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.").replace(
+                        "-", " "
+                    ),
+                    is_emulator=True,
+                    platform="ios",
+                    **_owner_fields(owner),
+                )
+            )
+        return devices
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_physical_statuses(raw_devices: list[dict]) -> list[DeviceStatus]:
+        """CoreDevice entries -> statuses; usable devices read as "device"."""
+        ios_owners = _ios_lock_owners()
+        devices: list[DeviceStatus] = []
+        for device in raw_devices:
+            if not is_physical_ios(device):
+                continue
+            udid = str(device.get("udid") or "")
+            ready = physical_ios_ready(device)
+            state = (
+                "device"
+                if ready
+                else "unpaired"
+                if device.get("pairing_state") != "paired"
+                else "offline"
+            )
+            owner = ios_owners.get(DeviceExecutionLock._normalize_device_id(udid))
+            devices.append(
+                DeviceStatus(
+                    serial=udid,
+                    state=state,
+                    model=device.get("name"),
+                    product=f"iOS {device.get('os_version') or '?'} physical",
+                    is_emulator=False,
+                    platform="ios",
+                    **_owner_fields(owner),
+                )
+            )
+        return devices
+
+    async def list_devices_async(self) -> list[DeviceStatus]:
+        """All simulators plus physical devices; enumeration failures degrade to []."""
+        simulators = self._build_statuses(await list_ios_simulators() or [])
+        physical = self._build_physical_statuses(await list_core_devices() or [])
+        return simulators + physical
+
+    async def try_list_devices_async(self) -> list[DeviceStatus] | None:
+        """Like list_devices_async, but ``None`` when enumeration cannot answer."""
+        raw = await list_ios_simulators()
+        core = await list_core_devices()
+        if raw is None and core is None:
+            return None
+        return self._build_statuses(raw or []) + self._build_physical_statuses(core or [])
+
+    async def validate_explicit_serial_async(self, requested_serial: str) -> str | None:
+        """Reject an explicitly requested UDID or device name, ``None`` when usable.
+
+        Mirrors the Android validator: only a successful, non-empty
+        enumeration may reject, and an enumeration that cannot answer (None)
+        must not reject. ``Shutdown`` simulators are valid targets — the
+        driver boots them on connect. Physical devices must be paired and
+        connected (``"device"``); offline devices fail here.
+        """
+        raw = await list_ios_simulators()
+        core = await list_core_devices()
+        if raw is None and core is None:
+            return None
+        if str(requested_serial).strip().lower() == BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID:
+            # The documented selector: accepted by exactly one booted
+            # simulator, rejected otherwise, fail-open without enumeration.
+            return _booted_rejection(raw, requested_serial)
+        devices = self._build_statuses(raw or []) + self._build_physical_statuses(core or [])
+        match, ambiguity = _match_or_reject(devices, requested_serial)
+        if ambiguity is not None:
+            return ambiguity
+        if match is None:
+            # A failed enumeration cannot prove the serial is absent —
+            # defer to the driver's own resolution rather than reject.
+            if raw is None or core is None:
+                return None
+            return (
+                f"iOS device '{requested_serial}' is not available. "
+                f"Known devices: {sorted(d.serial for d in devices)}."
+            )
+        return _state_rejection(match, requested_serial)
+
+    def validate_explicit_serial(self, requested_serial: str) -> str | None:
+        """Synchronous validator for non-async admission paths (MCP tools).
+
+        Shares the async validator's matching and state rules so both
+        admission paths accept and reject the same targets.
+        """
+        raw = list_ios_simulators_sync()
+        core = list_core_devices_sync()
+        if raw is None and core is None:
+            return None
+        if str(requested_serial).strip().lower() == BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID:
+            return _booted_rejection(raw, requested_serial)
+        devices = self._build_statuses(raw or []) + self._build_physical_statuses(core or [])
+        match, ambiguity = _match_or_reject(devices, requested_serial)
+        if ambiguity is not None:
+            return ambiguity
+        if match is None:
+            # An enumeration that could not answer must not reject the serial.
+            if raw is None or core is None or not devices:
+                return None
+            return (
+                f"iOS device '{requested_serial}' is not available. "
+                f"Known devices: {sorted(d.serial for d in devices)}."
+            )
+        return _state_rejection(match, requested_serial)
+
+    async def select_device_async(self, preferred_serial: str | None = None) -> str | None:
+        """Pick a simulator UDID for task execution.
+
+        An explicit serial wins as-is. Otherwise prefer an idle booted
+        simulator, then any booted one, then the only available simulator
+        when none are booted (the driver boots it on connect). Physical
+        devices are never auto-selected — hardware always needs an explicit
+        serial. ``None`` when no simulator exists; strict ``booted``
+        ambiguity rejection is the driver's job for users who literally
+        target "booted".
+        """
+        if preferred_serial:
+            if str(preferred_serial).strip().lower() != BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID:
+                return preferred_serial
+            # "booted" is a documented selector: pin it to the unique booted
+            # simulator when enumeration can answer. Zero/multiple booted sims
+            # keep the literal so the driver's resolution reports the
+            # explicit-UDID guidance; a failed enumeration fails open the same
+            # way. Physical hardware is still never auto-selected.
+            booted_devices = await self.try_list_devices_async()
+            if booted_devices is None:
+                return preferred_serial
+            booted_only = [d for d in booted_devices if d.is_emulator and d.state == "device"]
+            if len(booted_only) == 1:
+                return booted_only[0].serial
+            return preferred_serial
+        devices = await self.try_list_devices_async() or []
+        simulators = [d for d in devices if d.is_emulator]
+        booted = [d for d in simulators if d.state == "device"]
+        if len(booted) == 1:
+            return booted[0].serial
+        if not booted and len(simulators) == 1:
+            return simulators[0].serial
+        idle_booted = [d for d in booted if not d.is_busy]
+        return idle_booted[0].serial if idle_booted else (booted[0].serial if booted else None)
+
+
+ios_device_pool = IosDevicePool()
diff --git a/artemis/runtime/ios_observation.py b/artemis/runtime/ios_observation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..60ce665a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artemis/runtime/ios_observation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Shared iOS observation lifecycle for one-shot native captures.
+
+``mobile_get_device_state`` and the device smoke check both need a screen
+capture from an iOS driver that was constructed lazily — no lease, no native
+session.  This helper performs the complete, cancellation-safe lifecycle:
+resolve the device identity, take the real iOS-scoped lease, connect, capture,
+then disconnect and release in that order, even when the caller is cancelled.
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+from typing import Any
+
+from artemis.controllers.device_controller import ScreenDataResponse
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
+from artemis.runtime.device_lock import DeviceExecutionLock
+from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+_DISCONNECT_ERRORS = (OSError, ValueError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError)
+
+
+async def observe_ios_controller(controller: Any) -> ScreenDataResponse:
+    """Capture screen data from an unconnected iOS controller.
+
+    Acquires the ``ios``-scoped device lease before any native setup, connects
+    the driver, captures, then always disconnects (when connect was attempted)
+    and releases the lease — including on cancellation, where cleanup is
+    shielded from the caller's CancelledError before it propagates.
+    """
+    driver = controller._driver
+    resolved = await driver.resolve_device()
+    controller.ctx.device.device_id = resolved
+    lease = DeviceExecutionLock(
+        resolved,
+        description="Artemis iOS observation",
+        ingress="mcp",
+        concurrency_mode="per_device",
+        lock_scope=IOS_LOCK_SCOPE,
+    )
+    connect_attempted = False
+
+    async def _cleanup() -> None:
+        try:
+            if connect_attempted:
+                try:
+                    await driver.disconnect()
+                except _DISCONNECT_ERRORS as exc:
+                    logger.warning(f"iOS observation native disconnect failed: {exc}")
+        finally:
+            lease.release()
+
+    acquire_task = asyncio.create_task(asyncio.to_thread(lease.acquire, blocking=False))
+    try:
+        try:
+            # A cancelled waiter must still drain the acquisition thread: if the
+            # lease landed concurrently, skipping the drain would leak it.
+            await asyncio.shield(acquire_task)
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            try:
+                await acquire_task
+            except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                raise
+            except (OSError, ValueError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as drain_error:
+                logger.debug(f"iOS observation lease drain failed while cancelling: {drain_error}")
+            raise
+        connect_attempted = True
+        await driver.connect()
+        data = await controller.get_screen_data()
+        device = controller.ctx.device
+        device.device_width = data.width
+        device.device_height = data.height
+        return data
+    finally:
+        cleanup = asyncio.ensure_future(_cleanup())
+        try:
+            await asyncio.shield(cleanup)
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            await cleanup
+            raise
diff --git a/artemis/sdk/agent.py b/artemis/sdk/agent.py
index c0c0da08..85cb25c4 100644
--- a/artemis/sdk/agent.py
+++ b/artemis/sdk/agent.py
@@ -13,16 +13,20 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import asyncio
+import contextlib
 import inspect
 import os
 import re
+import threading
 
 import uuid
+from io import BytesIO
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from dotenv import load_dotenv
 from google import genai
 from langchain_google_genai import ChatGoogleGenerativeAI
+from PIL import Image
 
 from artemis.clients.screen_client_factory import (
     describe_backend,
@@ -36,17 +40,19 @@
 )
 from artemis.context import (
     ArtemisContext,
+    DeviceContext,
     DevicePlatform,
     ExecutionSetup,
 )
 from artemis.data_engine.engine import DataEngine
 from artemis.graph.state import State
-from artemis.runtime import trace_store
+from artemis.runtime import DeviceExecutionLock, trace_store
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
 from artemis.runtime.cancel_requests import watch_for_cancel_request
 from artemis.sdk.run_outcome import attach_test_summary, resolve_trace_suffix
 from artemis.sdk.types.agent import AgentConfig
 from artemis.utils.startup_progress import publish_startup_progress
-from third_party.mobile_use.sdk.types.exceptions import AgentError
+from third_party.mobile_use.sdk.types.exceptions import AgentError, AgentNotInitializedError
 from third_party.mobile_use.sdk.types.task import Task
 from third_party.mobile_use.sdk.agent import AgentBase, TOutput
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
@@ -113,7 +119,7 @@ def __init__(
             updates = {}
             if target_dev:
                 updates["device_id"] = target_dev
-                updates["device_platform"] = DevicePlatform.ANDROID
+                updates["device_platform"] = config.device_platform or DevicePlatform.ANDROID
             if concurrency_mode:
                 updates["concurrency_mode"] = str(concurrency_mode).strip().lower()
             if max_concurrency is not None:
@@ -125,6 +131,148 @@ def __init__(
         self._tmp_traces_dir = Path(settings.TRACES_PATH)
         self._initialized = False
         self._task_lock = asyncio.Lock()
+        self._ios_driver = None
+        self._adb_client = None
+        self._ui_adb_client = None
+
+    async def _init_internal(
+        self,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        retry_count: int = 5,
+        retry_wait_seconds: int = 5,
+    ):
+        if self._config.device_platform != DevicePlatform.IOS:
+            return await super()._init_internal(api_key, retry_count, retry_wait_seconds)
+        if os.environ.get("ARTEMIS_CLOUD_MODE") == "1":
+            raise AgentError("iOS support is local only; cloud mode targets Android.")
+        if self._initialized:
+            return True
+        from artemis.drivers.factory import ios_driver_class
+        from artemis.drivers.ios.discovery import BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID
+
+        publish_startup_progress(
+            "device_check", "Checking the iOS device", session_id=self._session_id
+        )
+        # The picker runs simctl/devicectl subprocesses — keep them off the
+        # event loop so init timeouts and progress stays responsive.
+        driver_class = await asyncio.to_thread(
+            ios_driver_class, self._config.device_id or BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID
+        )
+        driver = driver_class(
+            device_id=self._config.device_id or BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID,
+            workspace_path=getattr(self._config, "ios_workspace_path", None),
+        )
+        self._ios_driver = driver
+        try:
+            # Resolve the device without booting it or opening a native UI
+            # session. Mutating setup waits for run_task's execution lease.
+            await driver.resolve_device()
+        except (OSError, ValueError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError, asyncio.CancelledError):
+            await driver.disconnect()
+            self._ios_driver = None
+            raise
+        width, height = driver.screen_size
+        self._device_context = DeviceContext(
+            host_platform="DARWIN",
+            mobile_platform=DevicePlatform.IOS,
+            device_id=driver.device_id,
+            device_width=width,
+            device_height=height,
+        )
+        # Android read-only ADB probes have no iOS equivalent yet; native
+        # simctl recording is supported and honors the configured flag.
+        self._config = self._config.model_copy(update={"disable_device_probes": True})
+        publish_startup_progress("device_ready", "iOS device selected", session_id=self._session_id)
+        asyncio.create_task(self._prewarm_llm_connections(api_key))
+        self._initialized = True
+        return True
+
+    @contextlib.asynccontextmanager
+    async def _ios_operation(self):
+        """Serialize one public iOS SDK call behind the device execution lease.
+
+        Called from ``run_task`` itself (internal app installation), the helper
+        reuses the lease and native session the task already holds. Called
+        publicly, it acquires the same FIFO device lease a task would, then
+        opens a short-lived native session that is always closed on exit.
+        """
+        driver = self._ios_driver
+        if not self._initialized or driver is None:
+            raise AgentNotInitializedError()
+        if asyncio.current_task() is getattr(self, "_current_task", None):
+            yield driver
+            return
+        async with self._task_lock:
+            if not self._initialized or self._ios_driver is not driver:
+                raise AgentNotInitializedError()
+            device_lock = DeviceExecutionLock(
+                driver.device_id,
+                description="Artemis iOS device operation",
+                concurrency_mode=getattr(self._config, "concurrency_mode", "per_device"),
+                max_concurrency=getattr(self._config, "max_concurrency", None),
+                session_id=self._session_id,
+                ingress="sdk",
+                lock_scope=IOS_LOCK_SCOPE,
+            )
+            queue_cancel_event = threading.Event()
+            acquire_task = asyncio.create_task(
+                asyncio.to_thread(device_lock.acquire, cancel_event=queue_cancel_event)
+            )
+            connect_attempted = False
+            try:
+                try:
+                    await asyncio.shield(acquire_task)
+                except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                    queue_cancel_event.set()
+                    try:
+                        await asyncio.shield(acquire_task)
+                    except (OSError, ValueError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as exc:
+                        # Draining the lock acquisition after cancellation is best effort.
+                        logger.debug(
+                            f"Device lock acquisition drain after cancel failed: {exc}",
+                            exc_info=True,
+                        )
+                    raise
+                connect_attempted = True
+                await driver.connect()
+                (
+                    self._device_context.device_width,
+                    self._device_context.device_height,
+                ) = driver.screen_size
+                yield driver
+            finally:
+                try:
+                    if connect_attempted:
+                        try:
+                            await driver.disconnect()
+                        except (OSError, ValueError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as exc:
+                            logger.debug(
+                                f"iOS driver disconnect after SDK operation failed: {exc}",
+                                exc_info=True,
+                            )
+                finally:
+                    await asyncio.to_thread(device_lock.release)
+
+    async def _install_app_internal(self, app_path: str | Path) -> str | None:
+        if self._config.device_platform != DevicePlatform.IOS:
+            return await super()._install_app_internal(app_path)
+        async with self._ios_operation() as driver:
+            return await driver.install_app(Path(app_path))
+
+    async def _prepare_app_lock(self, task: Task, context: ArtemisContext):
+        if context.device.mobile_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS and task.request.locked_app_package:
+            raise AgentError(
+                "iOS app locking is unavailable because foreground ownership cannot be verified."
+            )
+        return await super()._prepare_app_lock(task, context)
+
+    async def get_screenshot(self):
+        if self._config.device_platform != DevicePlatform.IOS:
+            return await super().get_screenshot()
+        async with self._ios_operation() as driver:
+            data = await driver.get_screen_data()
+            with Image.open(BytesIO(data.screenshot_bytes)) as image:
+                return image.copy()
 
     async def _prewarm_llm_connections(self, api_key: str | None = None):
         """Pre-warms the HTTP2/gRPC connection pools for both Native GenAI and LangChain clients in the background."""
@@ -200,6 +348,10 @@ def _on_cancel() -> None:
             logger.debug(f"[{task_name}] Cancel watcher stopped: {exc}")
 
     async def clean(self, force: bool = False):
+        driver = getattr(self, "_ios_driver", None)
+        if driver is not None:
+            await driver.disconnect()
+            self._ios_driver = None
         if not self._initialized and not force:
             return
 
@@ -210,6 +362,14 @@ async def clean(self, force: bool = False):
 
     async def _ensure_device_unlocked(self) -> None:
         """Reject secure keyguard instead of allowing an agent to guess credentials."""
+        driver = getattr(self, "_ios_driver", None)
+        if driver is not None:
+            # A previous task may have closed its native transport.
+            await driver.connect()
+            self._device_context.device_width, self._device_context.device_height = (
+                driver.screen_size
+            )
+            return
         if self._adb_client is None:
             raise AgentError("ADB client is not initialized.")
 
@@ -234,6 +394,8 @@ async def _ensure_device_unlocked(self) -> None:
 
     async def _prepare_device_environment(self, context: ArtemisContext):
         """Prepare device environment flags (like forcing Web Accessibility) before the task runs."""
+        if context.device.mobile_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS:
+            return
         if not self._config.force_web_accessibility:
             logger.info(
                 "Forcing web accessibility is disabled in AgentConfig. Skipping"
@@ -282,6 +444,12 @@ async def _prepare_device_environment(self, context: ArtemisContext):
 
     def _prepare_tracing(self, task: Task, context: ArtemisContext):
         """Prepare tracing and data engine setup."""
+        driver = getattr(self, "_ios_driver", None)
+        if driver is not None:
+            from artemis.mcp.actuators.ios import IosActuator
+
+            context._active_driver = driver
+            context.actuator = IosActuator(context)
         task_name = self._prepare_trace_paths(task)
 
         context.execution_setup = ExecutionSetup(
diff --git a/artemis/sdk/builders/agent_config_builder.py b/artemis/sdk/builders/agent_config_builder.py
index 16893864..d6d641aa 100644
--- a/artemis/sdk/builders/agent_config_builder.py
+++ b/artemis/sdk/builders/agent_config_builder.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 """Builder for AgentConfig objects using a fluent interface."""
 
 import os
+from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, cast
 
 from artemis.config import (
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@
     load_agent_config,
     settings,
 )
+from artemis.drivers.ios.discovery import BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID
 from artemis.context import DevicePlatform
 from artemis.sdk.types.agent import AgentConfig, ServerConfig
 from artemis.utils.video import detect_video_tools_enabled
@@ -37,11 +39,13 @@ class AgentConfigBuilder(AgentConfigBuilderBase):
     def __init__(self):
         """Initialize an empty AgentConfigBuilder with Artemis defaults."""
         super().__init__(servers=get_default_servers())
+        self._video_recording_tools_explicit: bool = False
         self._video_recording_tools_enabled: bool = detect_video_tools_enabled()
         self._force_web_accessibility: bool = False
         self._disable_checker: bool = False
         self._concurrency_mode: str = "per_device"
         self._max_concurrency: int | None = None
+        self._ios_workspace_path: Path | None = None
 
         agent_cfg = load_agent_config()
         self._explorer = agent_cfg.explorer
@@ -50,9 +54,8 @@ def __init__(self):
         self._video_analyzer = agent_cfg.video_analyzer
         self._enable_video_ledger = agent_cfg.video_analyzer.enable_ledger
         if agent_cfg.video_analyzer.enabled is not None:
+            self._video_recording_tools_explicit = True
             self._video_recording_tools_enabled = agent_cfg.video_analyzer.enabled
-        else:
-            self._video_recording_tools_enabled = detect_video_tools_enabled()
         self._disable_planner_validation = not agent_cfg.planner_validation.enabled
         self._enable_committee = agent_cfg.committee.enabled
         self._committee_debate_rounds = agent_cfg.committee.debate_rounds
@@ -76,6 +79,24 @@ def for_device_serial(self, device_serial: str) -> "AgentConfigBuilder":
         """Target a specific Android device by its ADB serial number."""
         return self.for_device(DevicePlatform.ANDROID, device_serial)
 
+    def for_ios_device(
+        self, device_id: str = BOOTED_SIMULATOR_ID, *, workspace_path: str | Path | None = None
+    ) -> "AgentConfigBuilder":
+        """Target an iOS device UDID (simulator or paired physical), or the booted simulator."""
+        if workspace_path is not None:
+            self.with_ios_workspace(workspace_path)
+        return self.for_device(DevicePlatform.IOS, device_id)
+
+    # Backward-compatible alias from when iOS support was simulator-only.
+    for_ios_simulator = for_ios_device
+
+    def with_ios_workspace(self, workspace_path: str | Path | None) -> "AgentConfigBuilder":
+        """Set an existing Xcode project/workspace for iOS first-run approval."""
+        self._ios_workspace_path = (
+            Path(workspace_path).expanduser().resolve() if workspace_path is not None else None
+        )
+        return self
+
     def with_concurrency_mode(self, mode: str) -> "AgentConfigBuilder":
         """Configure concurrency mode: 'global' (1 task globally) or 'per_device' (1 task per device)."""
         self._concurrency_mode = str(mode).strip().lower()
@@ -92,6 +113,7 @@ def with_video_recording_tools(self, enabled: bool = True) -> "AgentConfigBuilde
         Args:
             enabled: Whether to enable video recording tools
         """
+        self._video_recording_tools_explicit = True
         self._video_recording_tools_enabled = enabled
         return self
 
@@ -425,7 +447,15 @@ def _extra_config_fields(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
                 or os.environ.get("ARTEMIS_DEVICE_ID")
                 or os.environ.get("ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL")
             ),
-            "video_recording_tools_enabled": self._video_recording_tools_enabled,
+            "video_recording_tools_enabled": (
+                self._video_recording_tools_enabled
+                if self._video_recording_tools_explicit
+                else detect_video_tools_enabled(
+                    self._device_platform.value
+                    if self._device_platform is not None
+                    else DevicePlatform.ANDROID.value
+                )
+            ),
             "force_web_accessibility": self._force_web_accessibility,
             "disable_checker": self._disable_checker,
             "disable_midway_checks": self._disable_midway_checks,
@@ -454,6 +484,7 @@ def _extra_config_fields(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
             ),
             "concurrency_mode": self._concurrency_mode,
             "max_concurrency": self._max_concurrency,
+            "ios_workspace_path": self._ios_workspace_path,
         }
 
     def build(self, validate_profiles: bool = True) -> AgentConfig:
diff --git a/artemis/sdk/types/agent.py b/artemis/sdk/types/agent.py
index 10f4e1d9..ccff0a98 100644
--- a/artemis/sdk/types/agent.py
+++ b/artemis/sdk/types/agent.py
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-from typing import Literal
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Literal
 
 from artemis.config import (
     ExplorerConfig,
@@ -34,6 +35,13 @@
 __all__ = ["AgentConfig", "AgentProfile", "ApiBaseUrl", "DevicePlatform", "ServerConfig"]
 
 
+def _default_video_recording_tools(data: dict[str, Any]) -> bool:
+    """Detect the recording toolchain for the configured device platform."""
+    platform = data.get("device_platform")
+    platform_name = getattr(platform, "value", platform) or DevicePlatform.ANDROID.value
+    return detect_video_tools_enabled(str(platform_name))
+
+
 class AgentConfig(AgentConfigBase):
     """ARTEMIS agent configuration.
 
@@ -41,7 +49,9 @@ class AgentConfig(AgentConfigBase):
     settings to :class:`AgentConfigBase`.
     """
 
-    video_recording_tools_enabled: bool = Field(default_factory=detect_video_tools_enabled)
+    video_recording_tools_enabled: bool = Field(
+        default_factory=lambda data: _default_video_recording_tools(data)
+    )
     force_web_accessibility: bool = False
     disable_checker: bool = False
     disable_midway_checks: bool = True
@@ -71,6 +81,10 @@ class AgentConfig(AgentConfigBase):
     video_analyzer: VideoAnalyzerConfig = Field(default_factory=VideoAnalyzerConfig)
     concurrency_mode: Literal["global", "per_device"] = "per_device"
     max_concurrency: int | None = None
+    ios_workspace_path: Path | None = Field(
+        default=None,
+        description="Optional existing Xcode project/workspace for local iOS first-run approval; no permission grants.",
+    )
 
     model_config = {"arbitrary_types_allowed": True}
 
diff --git a/artemis/services/llm.py b/artemis/services/llm.py
index ec91e6fa..2a46b362 100644
--- a/artemis/services/llm.py
+++ b/artemis/services/llm.py
@@ -929,6 +929,9 @@ def _get_val(obj, attr, expected_type):
     return ModelEndpoint(
         provider=ModelProvider.from_string(provider_val),
         model_name=str(model_val),
+        api_base=_get_val(cfg, "api_base", str),
+        api_key=_get_val(cfg, "api_key", str),
+        max_tokens=_get_val(cfg, "max_tokens", int),
         temperature=_get_val(cfg, "temperature", (int, float)) or 0.0,
         timeout_seconds=_get_val(cfg, "timeout", (int, float)) or 60.0,
         thinking_budget=_get_val(cfg, "thinking_budget", int),
diff --git a/artemis/tools/committee_tool.py b/artemis/tools/committee_tool.py
index 28735c90..e5dca5b5 100644
--- a/artemis/tools/committee_tool.py
+++ b/artemis/tools/committee_tool.py
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
     get_recent_subgoal_hashes,
 )
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -283,7 +284,7 @@ async def run_agent_turn(llm, system_prompt, tools, agent_name):
                 human_content.append(
                     {
                         "type": "image_url",
-                        "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{screenshot_b64}"},
+                        "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(screenshot_b64)},
                     }
                 )
 
@@ -377,7 +378,7 @@ async def run_tool(tc):
             final_human_content.append(
                 {
                     "type": "image_url",
-                    "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{screenshot_b64}"},
+                    "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(screenshot_b64)},
                 }
             )
 
diff --git a/artemis/tools/explorer_tool.py b/artemis/tools/explorer_tool.py
index 14a95b94..93fc7a72 100644
--- a/artemis/tools/explorer_tool.py
+++ b/artemis/tools/explorer_tool.py
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
 from artemis.utils.element_hit_test import find_element_at_point
 from artemis.utils.visualization import draw_dots
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -480,7 +481,7 @@ def render_operator_blocks(
         return text
     return [
         {"type": "text", "text": text},
-        {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{img_b64}"}},
+        {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(img_b64)}},
     ]
 
 
diff --git a/artemis/tools/history/screenshot.py b/artemis/tools/history/screenshot.py
index 94f55d34..3548e7e6 100644
--- a/artemis/tools/history/screenshot.py
+++ b/artemis/tools/history/screenshot.py
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 from artemis.core.tool_failure import ToolFailure
 from artemis.utils.visualization import overlay_action_on_screenshot
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ def to_content_blocks(self) -> list[dict[str, Any]] | str:
         encoded = base64.b64encode(self.image_bytes).decode("utf-8")
         return [
             {"type": "text", "text": self.description},
-            {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{encoded}"}},
+            {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": image_data_uri(encoded)}},
         ]
 
 
diff --git a/artemis/tools/index.py b/artemis/tools/index.py
index cf1762ce..6d71ecb6 100644
--- a/artemis/tools/index.py
+++ b/artemis/tools/index.py
@@ -27,9 +27,16 @@ def get_tools_from_wrappers(
     wrappers: list[ToolWrapper],
 ) -> list[BaseTool]:
     """Instantiate the available tools of ``wrappers``, traced into the data engine."""
-    return build_tools_from_wrappers(
+    tools = build_tools_from_wrappers(
         ctx, wrappers, wrap_tool=lambda t: trace_langchain_tool(t, ctx)
     )
+    if getattr(getattr(ctx, "device", None), "mobile_platform", None) == "ios":
+        tools = [
+            t
+            for t in tools
+            if t.name not in {"run_adb_command", "manage_task", "analyze_task_output"}
+        ]
+    return tools
 
 
 def get_tool_by_name(name: str, tools: list[BaseTool]) -> BaseTool | None:
diff --git a/artemis/tools/mobile/launch_app.py b/artemis/tools/mobile/launch_app.py
index 23cde2c7..ca47d9fb 100644
--- a/artemis/tools/mobile/launch_app.py
+++ b/artemis/tools/mobile/launch_app.py
@@ -18,17 +18,35 @@
 from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
-from artemis.context import ArtemisContext
+from artemis.context import ArtemisContext, DevicePlatform
 from artemis.data_engine.trace import trace_langchain_tool
 from artemis.drivers.base import BaseDeviceDriver
 from artemis.graph.state import State
 from artemis.tools.base import ArtemisTool, ToolCategory
 from artemis.tools.tool_wrapper import ToolWrapper
 from artemis.utils.cython_compat import CyFunctionDetector
-from third_party.mobile_use.tools.mobile.launch_app import LAUNCH_APP_DOCSTRING, find_package
+from third_party.mobile_use.tools.mobile.launch_app import (
+    LAUNCH_APP_DOCSTRING,
+    find_package as find_android_package,
+)
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.app_launch_utils import launch_app_with_retries
 
 
+async def find_package(ctx: ArtemisContext, app_name: str, use_fallback: bool = True) -> str | None:
+    """Resolve an installed Android package or iOS bundle identifier."""
+    if getattr(getattr(ctx, "device", None), "mobile_platform", None) != DevicePlatform.IOS:
+        return await find_android_package(ctx, app_name, use_fallback=use_fallback)
+    from artemis.drivers.factory import get_driver
+
+    apps = await get_driver(ctx).list_apps()
+    if app_name in apps:
+        return app_name
+    matches = [
+        bundle_id for bundle_id, name in apps.items() if name.casefold() == app_name.casefold()
+    ]
+    return matches[0] if len(matches) == 1 else None
+
+
 class LaunchAppArgs(BaseModel):
     """Arguments schema for launching an application."""
 
@@ -82,11 +100,24 @@ async def execute(
                     outcome = f"Failed to launch app '{app}': Package not found."
                     error_msg = "Package not found."
                 else:
-                    success, error_msg = await launch_app_with_retries(
-                        ctx=ctx, app_package=package_name
-                    )
+                    if (
+                        getattr(getattr(ctx, "device", None), "mobile_platform", None)
+                        == DevicePlatform.IOS
+                    ):
+                        from artemis.drivers.factory import get_driver
+
+                        success = await get_driver(ctx).launch_app(package_name)
+                        error_msg = None if success else "Launch failed."
+                    else:
+                        success, error_msg = await launch_app_with_retries(
+                            ctx=ctx, app_package=package_name
+                        )
                     outcome = (
-                        f"Launched app '{app}' ({package_name}); foreground confirmed."
+                        f"Launched app '{app}' ({package_name})."
+                        if success
+                        and getattr(getattr(ctx, "device", None), "mobile_platform", None)
+                        == DevicePlatform.IOS
+                        else f"Launched app '{app}' ({package_name}); foreground confirmed."
                         if success
                         else f"Failed to launch app '{app}': {error_msg}"
                     )
diff --git a/artemis/tools/mobile/read_hierarchy.py b/artemis/tools/mobile/read_hierarchy.py
index 02930e82..229bd7ce 100644
--- a/artemis/tools/mobile/read_hierarchy.py
+++ b/artemis/tools/mobile/read_hierarchy.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import inspect
+import json
 from typing import Any
 
 from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
@@ -76,6 +77,8 @@ async def execute(
                 xml_hierarchy = getattr(screen_data, "ui_hierarchy_xml", None)
                 if xml_hierarchy:
                     return str(xml_hierarchy)
+                if getattr(screen_data, "platform", None) == "ios":
+                    return json.dumps(screen_data.ui_elements, ensure_ascii=False)
                 return ToolFailure("Error retrieving UI hierarchy: No UI hierarchy in screen data.")
             if driver is not None and hasattr(driver, "get_ui_hierarchy"):
                 xml_hierarchy = await driver.get_ui_hierarchy()
@@ -98,7 +101,10 @@ async def execute(
 
 def get_ui_hierarchy_tool(ctx: ArtemisContext) -> BaseTool:
     """Exports get_ui_hierarchy as a LangChain BaseTool."""
-    return trace_langchain_tool(get_ui_hierarchy.to_langchain_tool(ctx), ctx)
+    tool = get_ui_hierarchy.to_langchain_tool(ctx)
+    if getattr(getattr(ctx, "device", None), "mobile_platform", None) == "ios":
+        tool.description = "[DIAGNOSTIC] Retrieves the current iOS accessibility elements as JSON."
+    return trace_langchain_tool(tool, ctx)
 
 
 ui_hierarchy_wrapper = ToolWrapper(
diff --git a/artemis/utils/image_mime.py b/artemis/utils/image_mime.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..20706ec0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/artemis/utils/image_mime.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+"""Image media-type detection for LLM message payloads.
+
+Screenshots flow through the codebase as raw bytes or base64 strings and are
+embedded in OpenAI-style ``image_url`` data URIs and provider ``Part`` objects.
+Historically every site hardcoded ``image/jpeg`` while the bytes were actually
+PNG, which strict OpenAI-compatible endpoints reject. Sniff the magic bytes
+instead of trusting the label.
+"""
+
+import base64
+
+_PNG_MAGIC = b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"
+_JPEG_MAGIC = b"\xff\xd8"
+
+
+def image_mime_type(data: bytes | str) -> str:
+    """Return ``image/png`` or ``image/jpeg`` for raw or base64 image bytes."""
+    if isinstance(data, str):
+        # The base64 alphabet can't hold the magic bytes; decode just enough
+        # to sniff the header.
+        if data.startswith("data:"):
+            data = data.rsplit(",", 1)[-1]
+        chunk = data[:20]
+        chunk += "=" * (-len(chunk) % 4)
+        data = base64.b64decode(chunk)
+    if data[:2] == _JPEG_MAGIC:
+        return "image/jpeg"
+    if data[:8] == _PNG_MAGIC:
+        return "image/png"
+    # Every screenshot path in the project emits PNG; keep PNG as the honest
+    # default for unrecognized-but-image bytes.
+    return "image/png"
+
+
+def image_data_uri(data: bytes | str) -> str:
+    """Return a ``data:image/<mime>;base64,<b64>`` URI with the correct type."""
+    if isinstance(data, bytes):
+        mime = image_mime_type(data)
+        data = base64.b64encode(data).decode("utf-8")
+    else:
+        mime = image_mime_type(data)
+    return f"data:{mime};base64,{data}"
diff --git a/artemis/utils/video.py b/artemis/utils/video.py
index 76afb5df..3743b2a2 100644
--- a/artemis/utils/video.py
+++ b/artemis/utils/video.py
@@ -21,11 +21,13 @@
 import asyncio
 import importlib.util
 import json
+import math
 from pathlib import Path
 import re
 import shutil
-import time
 import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
 from typing import Any
 
 import cv2
@@ -289,21 +291,74 @@ async def remux_recording_to_mp4(source_path: Path, output_path: Path) -> bool:
     return False
 
 
-async def probe_video_segment(video_path: Path) -> dict[str, float | int]:
-    """Read duration and coded dimensions for a finalized segment."""
-    process = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
-        get_ffprobe_path(),
-        "-v",
-        "error",
-        "-show_entries",
-        "stream=width,height,duration,codec_type:format=duration",
-        "-of",
-        "json",
-        str(video_path),
-        stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
-        stderr=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
-    )
-    stdout, _stderr = await process.communicate()
+def _probe_video_segment_cv2(video_path: Path) -> dict[str, float | int]:
+    """Read metadata from a finalized CFR video when ffprobe is unavailable."""
+    capture = cv2.VideoCapture(str(video_path))
+    try:
+        width = capture.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH)
+        height = capture.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT)
+        fps = capture.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS)
+        frame_count = capture.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT)
+    finally:
+        capture.release()
+    if not (
+        math.isfinite(width)
+        and math.isfinite(height)
+        and math.isfinite(fps)
+        and math.isfinite(frame_count)
+        and width > 0
+        and height > 0
+        and fps > 0
+        and frame_count > 0
+    ):
+        return {}
+    return {
+        "duration": frame_count / fps,
+        "width": int(width),
+        "height": int(height),
+    }
+
+
+async def probe_video_segment(
+    video_path: Path, *, timeout_seconds: float | None = None
+) -> dict[str, float | int]:
+    """Read duration and coded dimensions for a finalized segment.
+
+    ``timeout_seconds`` bounds the owned ffprobe child: on timeout or
+    cancellation the subprocess is killed and drained before propagating.
+    """
+    try:
+        process = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
+            get_ffprobe_path(),
+            "-v",
+            "error",
+            "-show_entries",
+            "stream=width,height,duration,codec_type:format=duration",
+            "-of",
+            "json",
+            str(video_path),
+            stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        return await asyncio.to_thread(_probe_video_segment_cv2, video_path)
+    if timeout_seconds is None:
+        # Default callers keep the original unbounded communicate behaviour.
+        stdout, _stderr = await process.communicate()
+    else:
+        try:
+            stdout, _stderr = await asyncio.wait_for(process.communicate(), timeout_seconds)
+        except (TimeoutError, asyncio.CancelledError):
+            if process.returncode is None:
+                try:
+                    process.kill()
+                except ProcessLookupError:
+                    pass
+            try:
+                await process.communicate()
+            except (OSError, RuntimeError, TimeoutError) as drain_error:
+                logger.debug(f"ffprobe drain after kill failed: {drain_error}")
+            raise
     if process.returncode != 0:
         return {}
     try:
@@ -364,6 +419,7 @@ async def write_recording_manifest(
     output_dir: Path,
     mp4_paths: list[Path],
     segment_offsets: dict[Path, float] | None = None,
+    probe_timeout_seconds: float | None = None,
 ) -> Path | None:
     """Write the browser playlist used for orientation-aware playback.
 
@@ -385,7 +441,13 @@ async def write_recording_manifest(
     for path in mp4_paths:
         if not path.exists():
             continue
-        metadata = await probe_video_segment(path)
+        # Forward the timeout only when supplied so default callers keep the
+        # historical probe signature.
+        metadata = await (
+            probe_video_segment(path, timeout_seconds=probe_timeout_seconds)
+            if probe_timeout_seconds is not None
+            else probe_video_segment(path)
+        )
         duration = float(metadata.get("duration", 0))
         width = int(metadata.get("width", 0))
         height = int(metadata.get("height", 0))
@@ -564,8 +626,16 @@ def is_scrcpy_installed() -> bool:
     return shutil.which("scrcpy") is not None
 
 
-def detect_video_tools_enabled() -> bool:
-    """Check if both scrcpy and ffmpeg are available to enable automated video features."""
+def detect_video_tools_enabled(platform: str = "android") -> bool:
+    """Check whether the platform's recording toolchain is available locally.
+
+    iOS uses native ``xcrun simctl io recordVideo`` capture plus the bundled
+    FFmpeg for post-processing; Android requires scrcpy plus FFmpeg.
+    """
+    if str(platform).strip().lower() == "ios":
+        return (
+            sys.platform == "darwin" and shutil.which("xcrun") is not None and is_ffmpeg_installed()
+        )
     return is_ffmpeg_installed() and is_scrcpy_installed()
 
 
diff --git a/artemis/utils/visualization.py b/artemis/utils/visualization.py
index c6c2ddd2..ba398d20 100644
--- a/artemis/utils/visualization.py
+++ b/artemis/utils/visualization.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import io
+import math
 import os
 import re
 from typing import Any
@@ -170,6 +171,38 @@ def get_center_coordinates(left: int, top: int, right: int, bottom: int) -> tupl
     return (left + right) // 2, (top + bottom) // 2
 
 
+def get_hit_point(
+    node: dict[str, Any], width: int | None = None, height: int | None = None
+) -> tuple[int, int] | None:
+    """Return a valid native interaction point, when the driver supplied one."""
+    point = node.get("hit_point")
+    if not isinstance(point, (list, tuple)) or len(point) != 2:
+        return None
+    try:
+        if any(
+            isinstance(value, bool)
+            or not isinstance(value, (int, float))
+            or not math.isfinite(value)
+            for value in point
+        ):
+            return None
+    except OverflowError:
+        return None
+    x, y = map(round, point)
+    if x < 0 or y < 0 or (width is not None and x >= width) or (height is not None and y >= height):
+        return None
+    return x, y
+
+
+def _native_interaction_metadata(node: dict[str, Any], width: int, height: int) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    if (point := get_hit_point(node, width, height)) is not None:
+        metadata["hit_point"] = list(point)
+    if isinstance(bundle := node.get("activation_bundle_id"), str) and bundle:
+        metadata["activation_bundle_id"] = bundle
+    return metadata
+
+
 def _inject_mutual_occlusion_warnings(
     lines: list[str], items_bounds: list[tuple[int, tuple[int, int, int, int]]]
 ) -> list[str]:
@@ -298,7 +331,9 @@ def is_duplicate(text_val: str, cx: int, cy: int) -> bool:
                 ocr_bounds = parse_bounds(ocr.get("bounds"))
                 if ocr_bounds:
                     left, top, right, bottom = ocr_bounds
-                    cx, cy = get_center_coordinates(left, top, right, bottom)
+                    cx, cy = get_hit_point(node, width, height) or get_center_coordinates(
+                        left, top, right, bottom
+                    )
                     if is_duplicate(ocr["text"], cx, cy):
                         continue
 
@@ -314,7 +349,9 @@ def is_duplicate(text_val: str, cx: int, cy: int) -> bool:
 
         if not registered and text.strip() and bounds:
             left, top, right, bottom = bounds
-            cx, cy = get_center_coordinates(left, top, right, bottom)
+            cx, cy = get_hit_point(node, width, height) or get_center_coordinates(
+                left, top, right, bottom
+            )
             if is_duplicate(text, cx, cy):
                 continue
 
@@ -374,7 +411,9 @@ def is_duplicate(text_val: str, cx: int, cy: int) -> bool:
                 ocr_bounds = parse_bounds(ocr.get("bounds"))
                 if ocr_bounds:
                     left, top, right, bottom = ocr_bounds
-                    cx, cy = get_center_coordinates(left, top, right, bottom)
+                    cx, cy = get_hit_point(node, width, height) or get_center_coordinates(
+                        left, top, right, bottom
+                    )
                     if is_duplicate(ocr["text"], cx, cy):
                         continue
 
@@ -389,8 +428,9 @@ def is_duplicate(text_val: str, cx: int, cy: int) -> bool:
                             "text": ocr["text"].strip(),
                             "bounds": [left, top, right, bottom],
                             "class": node.get("class"),
-                            "resource_id": node.get("resource-id"),
+                            "resource_id": node.get("resource-id") or node.get("resource_id"),
                             "is_ocr": True,
+                            **_native_interaction_metadata(node, width, height),
                         }
                     )
                     labels.append(str(idx))
@@ -406,7 +446,9 @@ def is_duplicate(text_val: str, cx: int, cy: int) -> bool:
         shown = text.strip() or hint
         if not registered and shown and bounds:
             left, top, right, bottom = bounds
-            cx, cy = get_center_coordinates(left, top, right, bottom)
+            cx, cy = get_hit_point(node, width, height) or get_center_coordinates(
+                left, top, right, bottom
+            )
             if is_duplicate(shown, cx, cy):
                 continue
 
@@ -424,8 +466,9 @@ def is_duplicate(text_val: str, cx: int, cy: int) -> bool:
                 "text": shown,
                 "bounds": [left, top, right, bottom],
                 "class": node.get("class"),
-                "resource_id": node.get("resource-id"),
+                "resource_id": node.get("resource-id") or node.get("resource_id"),
                 "is_ocr": False,
+                **_native_interaction_metadata(node, width, height),
             }
             if not text.strip():
                 element["is_hint"] = True
@@ -513,8 +556,13 @@ def _resolve_coordinates(coord: Any, width: int, height: int) -> tuple[int, int]
         if 0.0 <= x <= 1.0 and 0.0 <= y <= 1.0:
             px = int(round(x * width))
             py = int(round(y * height))
-        elif 0 <= x <= 1000 and 0 <= y <= 1000 and (width > 1000 or height > 1000):
-            # Android normalized 1000 coordinate space
+        elif (
+            0 <= x <= 1000
+            and 0 <= y <= 1000
+            and (width > 1000 or height > 1000 or x > width or y > height)
+        ):
+            # Normalized 0-1000 space — also on small (logical-size) iOS
+            # screenshots where the values exceed the pixel bounds anyway.
             px = int(round(x * width / 1000.0))
             py = int(round(y * height / 1000.0))
         else:
diff --git a/docs/ios.md b/docs/ios.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ddbb1b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/ios.md
@@ -0,0 +1,425 @@
+# iOS support
+
+Artemis can run Flash and Pro tasks on iOS simulators and on paired physical
+iPhones/iPads on macOS with Xcode 27 or newer. Select iOS explicitly: the
+existing Android defaults still apply on a Mac. iOS tasks work through the CLI,
+embedded Python SDK, Artemis Daemon task queue, Admin Console, and the Artemis
+MCP tools — including native screen recording, video analysis/replay, device
+discovery, live screen streaming, and per-device locking that cannot collide
+with Android targets.
+
+The iOS drivers use tools included with Xcode and Artemis's existing Python MCP
+dependency. Simulators communicate with `xcrun mcpbridge` using an initialized
+MCP session for screen observation and input, and `xcrun simctl` for lifecycle
+operations. Physical devices use `xcrun devicectl` (CoreDevice) for lifecycle
+plus **WebDriverAgent (WDA)** for observation and input — Xcode's
+`DeviceInteraction*` MCP tools accept simulators only. WDA is the same
+XCUITest HTTP bridge Appium uses and must be built and installed on the device
+once (see below). Apple added native agent device interactions in Xcode 27;
+see the
+[Xcode 27 release notes](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/xcode-release-notes/xcode-27-release-notes).
+
+## Prepare Xcode
+
+1. Install Xcode 27 or newer, complete its first-launch setup, and install an iOS
+   simulator runtime. Confirm that `xcodebuild -version` reports the intended
+   version and that `xcode-select -p` points to that Xcode installation. You can
+   also set `DEVELOPER_DIR` for the Artemis process when multiple Xcode versions
+   are installed.
+2. Enable external agent access using Apple's
+   [Xcode MCP access instructions](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/xcode/giving-external-agents-access-to-xcode)
+   and review any Xcode approval prompts. For the workspace-independent MCP
+   server introduced in Xcode 27, follow Apple's enablement instructions in the
+   [release notes](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/xcode-release-notes/xcode-27-release-notes).
+   Artemis does not enable the server or grant permissions automatically.
+3. For physical devices: connect the iPhone/iPad over USB (or enable network
+   pairing), tap **Trust** on the device pairing prompt, and enable **Developer
+   Mode** in Settings > Privacy & Security on iOS 16+. `xcrun devicectl list
+   devices` should show the device `connected` (or `available (paired)`); the
+   JSON fields are `pairingState: paired` and `tunnelState: connected`.
+4. Check the toolchain and available simulators from the repository root:
+
+   ```bash
+   bash scripts/setup_ios_env.sh
+   ```
+
+   This check reads the Xcode version, tool locations, simulator and
+   physical-device (`devicectl`) inventories, and `xcrun mcp-server status`. It
+   does not install dependencies, boot a simulator, or change access settings. A passing check confirms prerequisites; the first
+   driver connection checks native MCP tool availability and device access.
+5. Install Artemis's Python dependencies and configure a model provider using
+   the normal project configuration:
+
+   ```bash
+   uv sync --dev
+   cp .env.example .env
+   ```
+
+   Fill in the provider credentials in `.env` and select the desired models in
+   `config/artemis.jsonc`. The one-click Android startup and dependency installer
+   are not needed for this iOS workflow.
+
+## Run a task
+
+List the simulators to find the UDID for an available iOS device:
+
+```bash
+xcrun simctl list devices available
+```
+
+Run a standalone task on that simulator:
+
+```bash
+uv run artemis run "Open Settings and inspect the General screen" \
+  --platform ios --standalone --device-serial <SIMULATOR-UDID> --profile flash
+```
+
+An explicitly selected simulator is booted if necessary, and the driver waits
+for it to finish booting. To use a simulator that is already running, omit
+`--device-serial` or pass `--device-serial booted`. Exactly one available iOS
+simulator must be booted; with zero or multiple booted devices, choose a UDID.
+The driver resolves `booted` once and pins every later command to that UDID.
+
+Use `--profile pro` to run the planner, operator, and verification workflow on
+the same driver. Prompts and app identifiers should refer to iOS apps and bundle
+identifiers, such as `com.apple.Preferences`.
+
+To install a simulator build before the task, add
+`--app-path /absolute/path/MyApp.app`. The bundle's `Info.plist` must provide
+`CFBundleIdentifier`.
+
+### Physical devices
+
+A paired physical device is selected the same way — by UDID:
+
+```bash
+xcrun devicectl list devices          # find the device UDID
+uv run artemis run "Open Settings" \
+  --platform ios --standalone --device-serial <DEVICE-UDID> --profile flash
+```
+
+Physical UDIDs are routed to a separate driver: `devicectl` handles install,
+launch, terminate, app listing, URL opening, and screenshot capture, while
+the UI hierarchy and input (taps, swipes, text, buttons) go through
+**WebDriverAgent**. `booted` remains a simulator-only selector — physical
+tasks always require an explicit `--device-serial`.
+
+#### WebDriverAgent setup (one time per device)
+
+WDA is a signed XCTest runner app that exposes an HTTP automation endpoint on
+port 8100. Build and install it once per device — Appium users can reuse an
+existing WDA install:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/appium/WebDriverAgent.git
+cd WebDriverAgent
+xcodebuild build-for-testing -project WebDriverAgent.xcodeproj \
+  -scheme WebDriverAgentRunner -destination id=<DEVICE-UDID> \
+  -allowProvisioningUpdates DEVELOPMENT_TEAM=<TEAM-ID> \
+  PRODUCT_BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER=com.example.WebDriverAgentRunner
+xcrun devicectl device install app --device <DEVICE-UDID> \
+  <DerivedData>/Build/Products/Debug-iphoneos/WebDriverAgentRunner-Runner.app
+```
+
+Any Apple development team works; a free Personal Team profile must be
+re-signed every 7 days while paid-program profiles last a year.
+
+When Artemis connects, it finds an installed `*WebDriverAgent*` runner on the
+device, launches it via `devicectl device process launch`, and probes its HTTP
+endpoint on the CoreDevice tunnel address and `127.0.0.1:8100` (for
+`iproxy`/`pymobiledevice3` port forwards). Endpoint overrides:
+
+- `ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_URL` — full base URL, e.g. `http://127.0.0.1:8100` or
+  `http://<device-LAN-ip>:8100`
+- `ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_HOST` — host only; port 8100 assumed
+- `ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_BUNDLE_ID` — nonstandard runner bundle identifier
+- `ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_XCTESTRUN` — path to a `WebDriverAgentRunner_*.xctestrun`
+  bundle from `xcodebuild build-for-testing`; Artemis hosts it via
+  `xcodebuild test-without-building` (the canonical WDA session — a bare
+  runner app launch does not start the HTTP server)
+
+Endpoint ownership limits: an explicitly configured or forwarded WDA
+endpoint (`ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_URL`/`ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_HOST`) must belong to the
+selected physical device. Before opening a session, Artemis reads WDA's
+sessionless `GET /wda/device/info` and refuses to connect when it reports a
+simulator or a device name different from the selected device — the name
+corroborates the selection but is not a cryptographic proof of unique-device
+identity (WDA's `uuid` is `identifierForVendor`, not the device UDID). Artemis
+also refuses to replace a WDA session that belongs to another client, since
+WDA's `POST /session` unconditionally kills the active session; close the
+existing session first.
+
+Protocol details verified against WebDriverAgent 16.14.0 (commit `d177824`,
+checked 2026-10-07):
+[FBSessionCommands.m](https://github.com/appium/WebDriverAgent/blob/d177824/WebDriverAgentLib/Commands/FBSessionCommands.m),
+[FBResponsePayload.m](https://github.com/appium/WebDriverAgent/blob/d177824/WebDriverAgentLib/Routing/FBResponsePayload.m),
+[FBCustomCommands.m](https://github.com/appium/WebDriverAgent/blob/d177824/WebDriverAgentLib/Commands/FBCustomCommands.m).
+
+Simulator bridging note: `xcrun mcpbridge` is spawned with a minimal
+environment; `DEVELOPER_DIR` and `MCP_XCODE_PID` are forwarded when set so a
+specific Xcode toolchain can be pinned.
+
+Differences from simulators:
+
+- The device must already be paired, trusted, and connected; Artemis never
+  boots or unlocks it — unlock the device before connecting, since WDA cannot
+  inject touches while it is locked. The first XCTest attach may also show an
+  on-device "Enable UI Automation" passcode prompt; approve it once.
+- `--app-path` expects a device-signed artifact: an `.app` built for an arm64
+  device destination (signed with a valid provisioning profile) or a `.ipa`.
+  Simulator `.app` bundles are x86_64/arm64-simulator builds and cannot be
+  installed on hardware.
+- Screen recording polls `devicectl device capture screenshot` and assembles
+  timestamped MP4 segments (~1–3 fps). There is no `recordVideo`-equivalent
+  stream on hardware, so motion fidelity is lower than simulator captures and
+  brief gaps between frames are expected.
+
+### First-run Xcode approval
+
+The very first time a new Python interpreter asks Xcode for device access,
+Xcode requires user approval for that interpreter and, if one is supplied, the
+selected project folder. Point Artemis at an existing Xcode project or
+workspace so the request can be recorded:
+
+```bash
+uv run artemis run "Open Settings" --platform ios --standalone \
+  --ios-workspace /absolute/path/MyApp.xcodeproj
+```
+
+If approval is still pending, the run stops with an "Xcode Approval Required"
+panel instead of retrying. Approve the interpreter and the selected folder from
+the Xcode MCP menu bar icon, choosing **Always Allow** there if offered and you
+want later runs to skip the prompt; then rerun the task. Advanced users can instead
+inspect pending request IDs with `xcrun mcp-server status` and approve only
+those entries via `sudo xcrun mcp-server approve <REQUEST-ID> --always` from
+their own terminal; the CLI path requires admin rights and is performed by the
+user, never by Artemis.
+
+Granted approvals persist across fresh bridge processes; there is no need to
+keep a bridge alive. A different interpreter path or build, a different project
+folder, or an expiring grant can require approval again. The Always/persistent
+choice belongs to you and Xcode; Artemis requests only scoped approval for its
+interpreter and the folder you select and never enables global access.
+
+Grant duration is Xcode's decision, not Artemis's: Xcode binds each agent
+approval to the requesting binary's code signature. A binary signed with a
+real signing identity can hold a persistent **Always Allow** grant, but an
+unsigned or adhoc-signed interpreter — the common case for `python3` from uv,
+Homebrew, or a virtual environment — receives a grant that expires after
+roughly 24 hours, and upgrading or replacing that interpreter binary requires
+re-approval either way. `xcrun mcp-server status` lists every grant with its
+expiry. On headless or CI machines an administrator can run
+`sudo xcrun mcp-server enable` to keep the service reachable while Xcode is
+closed; per-agent approval still applies unless the administrator also passes
+`--unsafe-always-allow-all-agents`, which lets any local process drive
+reachable projects and should stay disabled outside CI.
+
+## Embedded Python SDK
+
+Configure iOS through the embedded SDK's builder:
+
+```python
+from artemis.sdk import Agent
+from artemis.sdk.builders import AgentConfigBuilder
+
+config = AgentConfigBuilder().for_ios_device("<SIMULATOR-UDID>").build()
+agent = Agent(config=config)
+```
+
+To run the first-run approval flow against a specific project, pass the
+existing project or workspace through the builder:
+
+```python
+config = (
+    AgentConfigBuilder()
+    .for_ios_device(
+        "<SIMULATOR-UDID>",
+        workspace_path="/absolute/path/MyApp.xcodeproj",
+    )
+    .build()
+)
+```
+
+`with_ios_workspace(path)` applies the same setting, and `None` clears it.
+The path is used only if Xcode refuses the initial session with an approval
+error; already-approved runs never open a workspace.
+
+The generic builder also accepts
+`for_device(DevicePlatform.IOS, "<SIMULATOR-UDID>")`, with `DevicePlatform`
+imported from `artemis.context`. Supplying only a `device_serial` without an iOS
+configuration retains the existing Android selection behavior.
+
+The dependency-free remote client submits iOS tasks to an iOS-capable host —
+the remote host needs macOS, Xcode, and (for hardware) WDA set up as above;
+`ios_workspace` is an optional host-side path, not resolved locally:
+
+```python
+from artemis_client import ArtemisClient
+
+client = ArtemisClient(
+    base_url="http://mac-host:8000",
+    device_serial="<UDID>",
+    platform="ios",
+    # optional: ios_workspace="/abs/host/path/MyApp.xcworkspace",
+)
+result = await client.run("Open Settings and inspect the General page")
+```
+
+iOS submissions first check `GET /api/v1/capabilities` and refuse to POST
+when the host does not advertise `platform.ios` — upgrade the host instead
+of silently running on Android.
+
+## Daemon, web console, and batch submission
+
+Without `--standalone`, `artemis run --platform ios` forwards
+`platform`/`ios_workspace`/`device_serial` to the running Artemis Daemon, which
+queues the task against the selected iOS device under the shared `ios`
+lock scope and spawns the worker with `--platform ios` — no ADB endpoint or Android readiness
+probe is involved. `artemis batch` accepts the same `--platform`,
+`--device-serial`, and `--ios-workspace` flags for goal lists.
+
+The Admin Console `/api/run` accepts `platform: "ios"`, an iOS device UDID
+(simulator or paired physical hardware) in `device_serial`, and an optional
+`ios_workspace`; `/api/devices` lists Android
+devices and iOS devices (simulators and paired physical hardware) together,
+each tagged with its `platform`. The live screen view
+(`/api/stream/device-live`) streams frames captured with `simctl io
+screenshot` for simulators or `devicectl capture screenshot` for physical
+devices when an iOS task holds the lock; `/api/stream/device-state` reports
+the `platform` of the streamed device. Replay preserves the recorded session's
+`mobile_platform`, so an iOS trace replays through the native iOS driver (the
+device picker retargets iOS replays to a chosen UDID — simulator or paired
+physical).
+
+`mobile_run_task` accepts `platform="ios"`, `device_serial=<UDID>`, and
+`ios_workspace=<path>`; it validates the UDID against the `simctl` and
+`devicectl` inventories rather than ADB and queues the runner under the `ios`
+lock scope. `mobile_get_device_state` and `mobile_diagnose` accept the same
+`platform` switch — the latter runs a native screenshot/hierarchy smoke test
+on the selected iOS device. The legacy
+`Android_ADB_Controller` actuator server (tap/swipe/type tools) remains
+Android-only.
+
+A minimal run looks like:
+
+```python
+agent = Agent(config=config)
+try:
+    await agent.init()
+    result = await agent.run_task(goal="Open Settings", profile="flash")
+    screenshot = await agent.get_screenshot()
+finally:
+    await agent.clean()
+```
+
+`init` resolves the simulator without opening a native session. Public
+`get_screenshot()` and `install_app()` calls acquire the device execution
+lease and own a short-lived native session that is closed before they return,
+so they work both right after `init` and between tasks. An app installation
+requested inside `run_task` reuses the task's existing lease and session
+instead of acquiring a second one.
+
+## Supported operations and limits
+
+| Operation | Simulator | Physical device |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| Device selection and readiness | `simctl` inventory, `boot`, `bootstatus` | `devicectl` inventory; must be paired and connected |
+| Screenshot and accessibility hierarchy | Xcode native device-interaction MCP session | WDA `/source` and `/screenshot` (devicectl screenshot fallback) |
+| Tap, long press, and swipe | Native synthesized touch events | WDA W3C pointer actions |
+| Text entry | Native keyboard synthesis with `clear_exist=false` | WDA `/wda/keys`, `clear_exist=false` |
+| Enter, Home, Power, volume, and app switcher | Native keyboard and button synthesis | WDA `/wda/keys` (Enter), `/wda/homescreen`, and `/wda/pressButton` |
+| App install, launch, and terminate | `simctl` with simulator `.app` bundles | `devicectl` with signed `.app`/`.ipa`; terminate re-verifies the running executable against the installed app URL (a cached launch PID is only a hint — recycled PIDs are never trusted) |
+| Screen recording | `simctl io recordVideo` (VFR H.264) | `devicectl` screenshot polling assembled to timestamped MP4 |
+
+The native hierarchy is normalized into the element tree used by Artemis's
+perception and action tools. Screenshots and touch coordinates are kept in the
+same coordinate space. Custom UI without accessible elements still relies on
+visual targeting.
+
+watchOS, tvOS, and visionOS are outside this implementation. Install a
+simulator build on simulators and a device-signed build on hardware; neither
+artifact is interchangeable with the other or with an Android `.apk`. The
+drivers do not build Xcode projects.
+
+iOS has no system Back button. Use the app's visible navigation controls.
+The native driver supports `enter`, `home`, `power`, `volume_up`, `volume_down`,
+and `app_switch`. The `erase_one_char` and `focus_and_clear_text` actions are
+not exposed. The `back` and `delete` keys and automatic replacement of existing
+text fail with an explicit unsupported-operation error. When calling the `input_text` action,
+pass `clear_exist=false`; the default requests text replacement. In direct
+driver or controller calls, the equivalent argument is `clear_existing=False`.
+To replace text, clear the field using its visible UI first.
+Android shell commands, Logcat, Android resource identifiers, Android package
+discovery, and the Android Accessibility Helper are unavailable on iOS.
+Platform-specific operations fail explicitly when unsupported.
+
+Screen recording on simulators uses the native `xcrun simctl io recordVideo`
+capture with no third-party device automation. Each segment is a
+variable-frame-rate H.264 `.mov` anchored to its first captured frame; after
+recording stops (or when a rotation or the duration limit rolls a segment),
+the bundled FFmpeg post-processing finalizes a browser-safe 30 fps MP4 and a
+`recording.json` manifest mapping every segment to its session-time offset.
+On physical devices, recording polls `devicectl device capture screenshot`
+into timestamped PNG frames and assembles the same manifest/MP4 output shape
+at the real capture cadence. The video analyzer can clip the sealed portion of
+an in-progress recording; request ranges that reach past the sealed boundary
+are clipped with a warning. Limitations: iOS capture is silent (no audio),
+pre-first-frame startup time is not captured, physical capture runs at ~1–3
+fps rather than continuous video, and recorder restarts leave a brief gap in
+the timeline rather than stretching recorded frames.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+- **Xcode version or tools are incorrect:** inspect `xcodebuild -version`,
+  `xcode-select -p`, and any `DEVELOPER_DIR` override. Command Line Tools alone
+  do not provide the full Xcode simulator and device-interaction environment.
+- **MCP tool missing or access denied:** follow Apple's MCP access instructions,
+  review approval prompts, and check `xcrun mcp-server status`. Xcode 27 release
+  notes mention that some settings may require relaunching Xcode or restarting
+  the Mac. If Xcode requests workspace approval before allowing a session, open
+  and approve the intended workspace through Xcode's normal access flow.
+- **CoreSimulator inventory fails:** run `xcrun simctl list devices available`
+  in a local terminal. Sandboxed processes need access to the simulator service
+  and its device data. Install a runtime and create a simulator if the iOS
+  inventory is empty.
+- **Multiple booted simulators:** supply `--device-serial` with the intended
+  simulator's UDID.
+- **Physical device not found:** confirm `xcrun devicectl list devices` lists
+  it as `paired`; if pairing is absent, reconnect and approve the Trust prompt.
+  A device shown as `disconnected`/offline needs USB reattachment or reachable
+  network pairing.
+- **Physical install fails:** the artifact must be signed for the device —
+  check the signing team and provisioning profile, or build an `.ipa` with
+  `xcodebuild -exportArchive` for the device destination.
+- **Physical input fails on a locked device:** unlock the device; WDA cannot
+  inject touches while locked.
+- **"No WebDriverAgent server answers":** no WDA endpoint responded on the
+  CoreDevice tunnel or `127.0.0.1:8100`, and no installed runner matching
+  `*WebDriverAgent*` was found to launch. Build and install the WDA runner
+  (one-time steps above), or point `ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_URL` at a forwarded or
+  LAN-reachable server.
+- **WDA runner launches but never answers:** unlock the device first — UI
+  Automation, and therefore WDA's HTTP server, cannot start while it is
+  locked. Otherwise the runner may be crashing on launch — check provisioning
+  (`get-task-allow`, matching certificate) and whether a free-team profile
+  expired; also try forwarding port 8100 (`iproxy 8100 8100`) and setting
+  `ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_URL`.
+- **A queued iOS task runs on the wrong surface:** confirm the submission
+  carried `platform: "ios"` (CLI `--platform ios`, web request `platform`,
+  or the MCP `platform` argument); tasks default to Android.
+
+## Contributing and validation
+
+Keep native MCP and subprocess interactions behind the iOS driver. Unit tests
+should use fake MCP sessions and command runners so the normal deterministic
+suite remains usable on Linux and without Xcode or model credentials. Run
+`make test`, `make lint`, and `make typecheck` before submitting a change.
+
+For live acceptance on a configured Mac, run the prerequisite script and an
+explicit standalone CLI task. Verify that the chosen simulator receives taps,
+swipes, and text, and that the screenshot and hierarchy describe the same
+screen. Test an ambiguous `booted` selection and denied MCP access as well as a
+successful session, and confirm that the session is released when the task
+ends or is cancelled. Record the Xcode version, simulator runtime, UDID, and
+observed results in the pull request; unit tests alone do not establish live
+device compatibility.
diff --git a/mcp_server/background/task_runner.py b/mcp_server/background/task_runner.py
index a6f377ce..cad7d71b 100644
--- a/mcp_server/background/task_runner.py
+++ b/mcp_server/background/task_runner.py
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
     load_dotenv(os.path.join(PROJECT_ROOT, ".env"))
 
 from artemis.runtime import trace_store
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import normalize_device_platform
 from mcp_server.notifiers import notify
 from mcp_server.utils import device_utils
 
@@ -121,6 +122,8 @@ async def run_task(
     device_serial: str | None = None,
     verification_level: str | None = None,
     explorer_pro_mode: str | None = None,
+    platform: str = "android",
+    ios_workspace: str | None = None,
 ):
     """Executes the mobile automation agent task and logs all actions/results.
 
@@ -154,7 +157,8 @@ async def run_task(
     print("--------------------------------------------------")
 
     agent = None
-    adb_path = device_utils.resolve_adb_path()
+    is_ios = normalize_device_platform(platform, strict=False) == "ios"
+    adb_path = None if is_ios else device_utils.resolve_adb_path()
     target_serial = device_serial
 
     try:
@@ -168,9 +172,14 @@ async def run_task(
         from artemis.sdk.builders import Builders
         from artemis.sdk.types import AgentProfile
 
-        connected_devices = device_utils.get_connected_devices(adb_path)
+        connected_devices = [] if is_ios else device_utils.get_connected_devices(adb_path)
 
-        if device_serial:
+        if is_ios:
+            # The iOS driver resolves "booted" against `simctl` at connect
+            # time; an explicit UDID was already validated at admission.
+            target_serial = device_serial or "booted"
+            print(f"✅ Targeting iOS device: '{target_serial}'.")
+        elif device_serial:
             target_serial = device_serial
             if connected_devices and device_serial not in connected_devices:
                 print(
@@ -221,7 +230,12 @@ async def run_task(
         if settings.ADB_HOST:
             config_builder.with_adb_server(host=settings.ADB_HOST, port=settings.ADB_PORT)
 
-        if target_serial:
+        if is_ios:
+            config_builder.for_ios_device(
+                device_id=target_serial or "booted",
+                workspace_path=ios_workspace,
+            )
+        elif target_serial:
             from artemis.context import DevicePlatform
 
             config_builder.for_device(DevicePlatform.ANDROID, target_serial)
@@ -434,6 +448,16 @@ async def run_task(
         "--explorer-pro-mode",
         help="Pro-profile Explorer perception version: 'flash', 'pro' or 'ultra'",
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--platform",
+        default="android",
+        choices=["android", "ios"],
+        help="Target platform ('android' default; 'ios' targets simulators or physical devices via Xcode/devicectl)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--ios-workspace",
+        help="Xcode project/workspace path for first-run iOS approval (iOS only)",
+    )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
@@ -449,5 +473,7 @@ async def run_task(
             device_serial=args.device_serial,
             verification_level=args.verification_level,
             explorer_pro_mode=args.explorer_pro_mode,
+            platform=args.platform,
+            ios_workspace=args.ios_workspace,
         )
     )
diff --git a/mcp_server/tools/device_state.py b/mcp_server/tools/device_state.py
index 76b682bf..916f6cda 100644
--- a/mcp_server/tools/device_state.py
+++ b/mcp_server/tools/device_state.py
@@ -14,11 +14,14 @@
 
 """MCP Tool: mobile_get_device_state."""
 
+import asyncio
 import base64
 import os
 
 from mcp_server.base import mcp
 from artemis.mcp.adb_server import _get_controller
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import normalize_device_platform
+from artemis.runtime.ios_observation import observe_ios_controller
 from mcp_server.utils import env_utils
 from artemis.utils.ocr_xml_fusion import (
     fuse_ocr_with_xml,
@@ -31,7 +34,11 @@
 
 
 @mcp.tool()
-async def mobile_get_device_state(view_type: str, device_serial: str | None = None) -> str:
+async def mobile_get_device_state(
+    view_type: str,
+    device_serial: str | None = None,
+    platform: str | None = None,
+) -> str:
     """Real-time mobile device state observer (for debugging and validation).
 
     Retrieves a real-time screenshot or a simplified UI element tree from the
@@ -44,20 +51,40 @@ async def mobile_get_device_state(view_type: str, device_serial: str | None = No
             returns the image's local file URI.
           - "hierarchy": returns the simplified text-labeled element list —
             exactly what the automation subagent sees when making decisions.
-        device_serial: Optional device serial (e.g. "emulator-5554") to inspect
-          a specific device; omitted → the default connected device. With
-          several devices attached, confirm the target with the user
-          (`adb devices -l` lists serials).
+        device_serial: Optional device serial (e.g. "emulator-5554", or an iOS
+          device UDID with platform="ios") to inspect a specific device;
+          omitted → the default connected device.
+        platform: "android" (default) or "ios". For iOS, device_serial is a
+          device UDID (simulator or paired physical device); omit it to use the single booted simulator.
     """
     try:
-        controller = _get_controller(device_serial=device_serial)
-        device_width = controller.ctx.device.device_width
-        device_height = controller.ctx.device.device_height
+        # Strict at the public boundary: a misspelled platform must never fall
+        # through to the Android controller. None/empty stays Android.
+        canonical_platform = normalize_device_platform(platform)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        return f"Error: Failed to initialize/lock device controller: {e}"
+    try:
+        if canonical_platform == "ios":
+            # iOS resolution enumerates simctl/devicectl synchronously; offload
+            # the blocking factory so the MCP loop stays responsive.
+            controller = await asyncio.to_thread(
+                _get_controller, device_serial=device_serial, target_platform="ios"
+            )
+        else:
+            controller = _get_controller(device_serial=device_serial)
+        is_ios = str(getattr(controller.ctx.device, "mobile_platform", "android")).lower() == "ios"
     except Exception as e:
-        return f"Error: Failed to initialize/lock Android device controller: {e}"
+        return f"Error: Failed to initialize/lock device controller: {e}"
 
     try:
-        device_data = await controller.get_screen_data()
+        if is_ios:
+            # Owns the whole one-shot lifecycle — device lease, native connect,
+            # capture, disconnect, release — all cancellation-safe.
+            device_data = await observe_ios_controller(controller)
+        else:
+            device_data = await controller.get_screen_data()
+        device_width = controller.ctx.device.device_width
+        device_height = controller.ctx.device.device_height
         latest_screenshot_b64 = device_data.base64
         xml_hierarchy = device_data.elements
 
@@ -69,7 +96,8 @@ async def mobile_get_device_state(view_type: str, device_serial: str | None = No
             safe_device_id = "".join(
                 [c if c.isalnum() or c in ("-", "_") else "_" for c in device_id]
             )
-            screenshot_filename = f"live_screenshot_{safe_device_id}.jpg"
+            ext = "png" if is_ios else "jpg"
+            screenshot_filename = f"live_screenshot_{safe_device_id}.{ext}"
             screenshot_path = os.path.join(project_root, screenshot_filename)
 
             with open(screenshot_path, "wb") as f:
diff --git a/mcp_server/tools/diagnose.py b/mcp_server/tools/diagnose.py
index 4f336463..305bac52 100644
--- a/mcp_server/tools/diagnose.py
+++ b/mcp_server/tools/diagnose.py
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 )
 from artemis.core.diagnostics.schema import ProbeResult, ProbeStatus, SystemReadinessReport
 from artemis.runtime import DeviceExecutionLock, trace_store
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import normalize_device_platform
 from artemis.runtime.helper_manager import helper_manager
 from artemis.utils.credentials_validator import validate_api_key
 from third_party.mobile_use.utils.logger import get_logger
@@ -467,14 +468,94 @@ def _probe_unavailable(serial: str | None, error: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
     }
 
 
-async def _device_smoke_test(device_serial: str | None) -> dict[str, Any]:
+async def _device_smoke_test(
+    device_serial: str | None, platform: str = "android"
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Drive the device end to end (screenshot + UI hierarchy) through the shared smoke test."""
-    return await smoke_test_device(device_serial)
+    return await smoke_test_device(device_serial, platform=platform)
+
+
+def _ios_requested_device(
+    ios_result: ProbeResult | None, requested_device: str | None
+) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    """Canonical iOS selection from probe metadata, or None when ambiguous.
+
+    Mirrors the driver/pool contract: UDID compare is case-insensitive, names
+    match exactly, exactly one match is required, and physical hardware is
+    never picked implicitly. Returns the selected entry as
+    ``{serial, name, state, is_emulator}``.
+    """
+    metadata = ios_result.metadata if ios_result else {}
+    usable_sims = [
+        d
+        for d in (metadata.get("simulators") or [])
+        if d.get("udid") and d.get("state") in ("Booted", "Shutdown")
+    ]
+    physical = [d for d in (metadata.get("connected_physical_devices") or []) if d.get("udid")]
+    booted = [d for d in usable_sims if d.get("state") == "Booted"]
+
+    def _entry(device: dict[str, Any], *, is_emulator: bool) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        state = device.get("state") or ""
+        return {
+            "serial": str(device.get("udid")),
+            "name": device.get("name"),
+            "state": ("device" if not is_emulator or state == "Booted" else state or "unknown"),
+            "is_emulator": is_emulator,
+        }
+
+    if requested_device:
+        if requested_device.strip().lower() == "booted":
+            return _entry(booted[0], is_emulator=True) if len(booted) == 1 else None
+        needle = requested_device.lower()
+        matches = [
+            (d, True)
+            for d in usable_sims
+            if str(d.get("udid")).lower() == needle or d.get("name") == requested_device
+        ]
+        matches += [
+            (d, False)
+            for d in physical
+            if str(d.get("udid")).lower() == needle or d.get("name") == requested_device
+        ]
+        if len(matches) != 1:
+            return None
+        device, is_emulator = matches[0]
+        return _entry(device, is_emulator=is_emulator)
+    if len(booted) == 1:
+        return _entry(booted[0], is_emulator=True)
+    if len(usable_sims) == 1:
+        return _entry(usable_sims[0], is_emulator=True)
+    return None
 
 
 async def _run_device_probe(
-    adb_result: ProbeResult | None, requested_device: str | None
+    adb_result: ProbeResult | None,
+    requested_device: str | None,
+    ios_result: ProbeResult | None = None,
+    platform: str = "android",
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    if platform == "ios":
+        selected = _ios_requested_device(ios_result, requested_device)
+        if selected is None:
+            if requested_device:
+                return _probe_unavailable(
+                    requested_device,
+                    f"requested iOS device '{requested_device}' does not resolve to exactly "
+                    "one usable iOS device; pass the simulator or paired physical device "
+                    "UDID listed in the ios_simulators check facts",
+                )
+            return _probe_unavailable(
+                None,
+                "no single unambiguous iOS device is available; pass device_serial with an "
+                "explicit simulator or paired physical device UDID",
+            )
+        try:
+            return await _device_smoke_test(selected["serial"], platform="ios")
+        except Exception as exc:
+            return _probe_unavailable(
+                selected["serial"], f"iOS smoke test raised {exc.__class__.__name__}: {exc}"
+            )
+
     devices = (adb_result.metadata.get("devices") if adb_result else None) or []
     ready = [str(d.get("serial")) for d in devices if d.get("state") == "device"]
     if requested_device and requested_device not in ready:
@@ -732,6 +813,7 @@ def _next_steps(
     tasks: dict[str, list[dict[str, Any]]],
     device_probe: dict[str, Any] | None,
     accessibility_helper: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    platform: str = "android",
 ) -> list[str]:
     steps: list[str] = []
     needs_restart = False
@@ -773,16 +855,20 @@ def _next_steps(
             steps.extend(credential_lines)
             needs_restart = needs_restart or credential_restart
 
-    steps.extend(
-        _device_steps(
-            adb_result,
-            attempt_fix=attempt_fix,
-            requested_device=requested_device,
-            emulator=emulator,
-            launch_requested=bool(launch_steps),
-            tasks=tasks,
+    if platform != "ios":
+        # ADB-specific guidance (busy devices, AVD hints, authorization) does
+        # not apply to simulator targets; the ios_simulators probe's own
+        # steps cover iOS findings.
+        steps.extend(
+            _device_steps(
+                adb_result,
+                attempt_fix=attempt_fix,
+                requested_device=requested_device,
+                emulator=emulator,
+                launch_requested=bool(launch_steps),
+                tasks=tasks,
+            )
         )
-    )
     steps.extend(launch_steps)
     steps.extend(_device_probe_steps(device_probe))
     steps.extend(_helper_steps(accessibility_helper, attempt_fix=attempt_fix))
@@ -975,19 +1061,24 @@ async def _run_extras(
     launch_avd: str | None,
     verify_credentials: bool,
     probe_device: bool,
+    platform: str = "android",
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Optional, slower work: emulator launch, live key checks, device smoke test, lock state."""
     adb_result = _find(results, "android_adb")
+    ios_result = _find(results, "ios_simulators")
     launch_steps: list[str] = []
     if launch_avd:
         emulator, launch_steps = await _handle_launch_avd(launch_avd, adb_result)
     else:
         emulator = _emulator_status()
 
-    helper_serial = _helper_target(adb_result, requested_device)
+    # The on-device Accessibility Helper is Android-only; iOS observes natively.
+    helper_serial = _helper_target(adb_result, requested_device) if platform != "ios" else None
     credentials, device_probe, accessibility_helper = await asyncio.gather(
         _verify_credentials(_find(results, "gemini_api_key")) if verify_credentials else _none(),
-        _run_device_probe(adb_result, requested_device) if probe_device else _none(),
+        _run_device_probe(adb_result, requested_device, ios_result, platform)
+        if probe_device
+        else _none(),
         asyncio.to_thread(_helper_status, helper_serial) if helper_serial else _none(),
     )
     return {
@@ -1000,10 +1091,19 @@ async def _run_extras(
     }
 
 
-def _requested_device_ready(results: list[ProbeResult], requested_device: str | None) -> bool:
-    """A caller-named device counts as a blocker: attached and authorized, or not ready."""
+def _requested_device_ready(
+    results: list[ProbeResult],
+    requested_device: str | None,
+    platform: str = "android",
+) -> bool:
+    """A caller-named device counts as a blocker: attached and usable, or not ready."""
     if not requested_device:
         return True
+    if platform == "ios":
+        ios_result = _find(results, "ios_simulators")
+        if ios_result is None:
+            return False
+        return _ios_requested_device(ios_result, requested_device) is not None
     adb_result = _find(results, "android_adb")
     if adb_result is None:
         return False
@@ -1018,9 +1118,19 @@ def _verdict(
     credentials: list[dict[str, Any]] | None,
     device_probe: dict[str, Any] | None,
     accessibility_helper: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    platform: str = "android",
 ) -> str:
-    verdict = base_verdict(results)
-    if verdict == "blocked" or not _requested_device_ready(results, requested_device):
+    if platform == "ios":
+        # iOS tasks never touch ADB: the iOS simulator probe takes the device
+        # gate and android_adb drops out of the blocker set for this call.
+        ios_result = _find(results, "ios_simulators")
+        adjusted = [r for r in results if r.id != "android_adb"]
+        verdict = base_verdict(adjusted)
+        if verdict == "blocked" or ios_result is None or ios_result.status is not ProbeStatus.PASS:
+            return "blocked"
+    else:
+        verdict = base_verdict(results)
+    if verdict == "blocked" or not _requested_device_ready(results, requested_device, platform):
         return "blocked"
     primary = _primary_credential(credentials)
     if primary is not None and not primary.get("valid"):
@@ -1096,6 +1206,7 @@ async def mobile_diagnose(
     launch_avd: str | None = None,
     verify_credentials: bool = False,
     probe_device: bool = False,
+    platform: str | None = None,
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Diagnoses why ARTEMIS cannot run tasks from this IDE and returns the fixes.
 
@@ -1177,10 +1288,23 @@ async def mobile_diagnose(
           really start. Use it when the checks pass but tasks still fail on
           the device, or the screen stays black. A failed probe makes the
           verdict "blocked" and lists the fix.
+        platform: 'android' (default) or 'ios'. With 'ios', `device_serial`
+          is a simulator or paired physical UDID and `probe_device` exercises
+          the native path (Xcode MCP for simulators, WebDriverAgent for
+          hardware); ADB-only extras (AVD launch, accessibility helper) are skipped.
     """
     fixes_applied: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    try:
+        platform_name = normalize_device_platform(platform)
+    except ValueError:
+        return {
+            "verdict": "blocked",
+            "error": f"Invalid platform '{platform}'. Expected 'android' or 'ios'.",
+        }
     requested_device = device_serial.strip() if device_serial and device_serial.strip() else None
-    avd_name = launch_avd.strip() if launch_avd and launch_avd.strip() else None
+    avd_name = (
+        launch_avd.strip() if launch_avd and launch_avd.strip() and platform_name != "ios" else None
+    )
     try:
         report, host = await asyncio.wait_for(
             collect_readiness(), timeout=DIAGNOSIS_TIMEOUT_SECONDS
@@ -1201,6 +1325,7 @@ async def mobile_diagnose(
                 launch_avd=avd_name,
                 verify_credentials=verify_credentials,
                 probe_device=probe_device,
+                platform=platform_name,
             ),
             timeout=DIAGNOSIS_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
         )
@@ -1216,10 +1341,26 @@ async def mobile_diagnose(
         credentials=credentials,
         device_probe=device_probe,
         accessibility_helper=accessibility_helper,
+        platform=platform_name,
     )
-    device = _compact_device(report)
-    if device is not None and accessibility_helper is not None:
-        device["accessibility_helper"] = accessibility_helper
+    if platform_name == "ios":
+        # The response device is the iOS target diagnose would smoke/probe,
+        # not the Android active_device from the readiness report.
+        selected_ios = _ios_requested_device(_find(results, "ios_simulators"), requested_device)
+        device = (
+            {
+                "serial": selected_ios["serial"],
+                "model": selected_ios["name"],
+                "platform": "ios",
+                "is_emulator": selected_ios["is_emulator"],
+            }
+            if selected_ios
+            else None
+        )
+    else:
+        device = _compact_device(report)
+        if device is not None and accessibility_helper is not None:
+            device["accessibility_helper"] = accessibility_helper
     env_file = host.metadata.get("env_file")
     return {
         "verdict": verdict,
@@ -1236,6 +1377,7 @@ async def mobile_diagnose(
             tasks=extras["tasks"],
             device_probe=device_probe,
             accessibility_helper=accessibility_helper,
+            platform=platform_name,
         ),
         "checks": [_render_check(r) for r in sort_by_fix_order(results)],
         "host": _compact_host(host.metadata),
diff --git a/mcp_server/tools/task_runner.py b/mcp_server/tools/task_runner.py
index d30c42eb..8d045e54 100644
--- a/mcp_server/tools/task_runner.py
+++ b/mcp_server/tools/task_runner.py
@@ -29,12 +29,14 @@
 from artemis.config import ExplorerVersion, checker_overrides_for_level
 from artemis.config.runtime import read_ipc_port
 from artemis.runtime import (
+    IOS_LOCK_SCOPE,
     DeviceExecutionLock,
-    device_pool,
+    IosTarget,
     ensure_daemon_running,
     submit_task_to_daemon,
     trace_store,
 )
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import device_pool_for, normalize_device_platform
 
 # Seconds the spawned runner gets to finish its imports and open its log files
 # before the spawn is declared dead. Normal startup creates stdout.log within a
@@ -144,17 +146,23 @@ def _start_spawn_watchdog(
     ).start()
 
 
-def _validate_device_serial(device_serial: str) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
-    """Reject a task whose explicitly requested device is not attached and authorized.
+def _validate_device_serial(device_serial: str, platform: str = "android") -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    """Reject a task whose explicitly requested device is not attached and usable.
 
     Returns a failure response dict when the serial must be rejected, or None when
-    the device is usable. If device enumeration itself fails (no adb available),
+    the device is usable. If device enumeration itself fails (no adb/xcrun),
     validation is skipped rather than blocking task submission.
     """
     try:
-        # The shared validator fails open on an indeterminate/empty enumeration:
+        # The shared validators fail open on an indeterminate/empty enumeration:
         # the task proceeds and fails downstream with a clear no-device error.
-        detail = device_pool.validate_explicit_serial(device_serial)
+        detail = device_pool_for(platform).validate_explicit_serial(device_serial)
+        inspect_hint = (
+            "Run `xcrun simctl list devices` (simulators) or "
+            "`xcrun devicectl list devices` (physical devices)"
+            if platform == "ios"
+            else "Run `adb devices -l` to inspect attached hardware"
+        )
     except Exception:
         return None
     if detail is None:
@@ -164,8 +172,8 @@ def _validate_device_serial(device_serial: str) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
         "error": detail,
         "message": (
             f"{detail} Task rejected to prevent execution on an unintended device. "
-            "Run `adb devices -l` to inspect attached hardware, then resubmit with a "
-            "valid serial (or omit device_serial for automatic selection)."
+            f"{inspect_hint}, then resubmit with a "
+            "valid identifier (or omit device_serial for automatic selection)."
         ),
     }
 
@@ -212,8 +220,10 @@ def mobile_run_task(
     device_serial: str | None = None,
     verification_level: str | None = None,
     explorer_mode: str | None = None,
+    platform: str = "android",
+    ios_workspace: str | None = None,
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
-    """Starts an autonomous mobile UI automation subagent on a connected Android device.
+    """Starts an autonomous mobile UI automation subagent on a connected mobile device.
 
     Delegates a mobile workflow to a background agent. Non-blocking: returns
     immediately with `trace_id` (for `mobile_manage_task` / `mobile_inspect_trace`),
@@ -259,14 +269,20 @@ def mobile_run_task(
         model: `"Flash"` or `"Pro"` — see model selection above.
         locked_app_package: Optional package name to lock execution to; the
           agent auto-launches it and restricts actions to that app.
-        app_path: Optional local APK path to install before running.
+        app_path: Optional local APK (Android) or signed .app/.ipa (iOS) to install before running.
         expected_output_desc: Optional, Pro only. If set, a summarization agent
           writes a report to `output.md` in `notes_dir`. Ignored for Flash.
-        device_serial: Optional device serial (e.g. "emulator-5554") to bind
-          execution to a specific device; distinct devices run concurrently.
-          If omitted, an available device is selected automatically. When
+        device_serial: Optional device serial (e.g. "emulator-5554" or an iOS
+          device UDID) to bind execution to a specific device; distinct devices
+          run concurrently. If omitted, an available device is selected
+          automatically (physical iOS hardware is never auto-selected). When
           several devices are attached, confirm the target with the user first
-          (`adb devices -l` lists serials and authorization states).
+          (`adb devices -l` lists Android serials; `xcrun devicectl list
+          devices` lists physical iOS UDIDs).
+        platform: `"android"` (default) or `"ios"` — iOS runs locally against
+          a simulator or paired physical device.
+        ios_workspace: Optional Xcode workspace path for iOS; scopes the
+          agent-access approval grant (simulator interaction only).
         verification_level: Optional, Pro only. Coarse Checker preset: `"off"`
           (no audit; the Operator self-reports), `"final"` (one exit review
           against the goal, the default), `"checkpoints"` (every plan
@@ -282,6 +298,15 @@ def mobile_run_task(
     if model.lower() not in ("flash", "pro"):
         raise ValueError(f"Invalid model '{model}'. Must be either 'Flash' or 'Pro'.")
     canonical_model = "Flash" if model.lower() == "flash" else "Pro"
+    # 0a. Validate and normalize platform: 'android' (ADB) or 'ios' (Xcode).
+    platform = normalize_device_platform(platform)
+    if platform == "ios" and locked_app_package:
+        return {
+            "trace_id": None,
+            "status": "failed",
+            "error": "locked_app_package is Android-only; iOS tasks cannot lock to an app package.",
+            "message": "Task rejected: 'locked_app_package' requires the Android platform.",
+        }
     # 0b. Validate the Pro tuning knobs before any trace exists so a typo is a
     # plain tool error rather than a failed trace on disk.
     verification_level, explorer_mode = _normalize_pro_tuning(verification_level, explorer_mode)
@@ -303,7 +328,7 @@ def mobile_run_task(
     # different device than the caller asked for. Runs after init_trace so the
     # rejection carries a trace_id like every other response of this tool.
     if device_serial:
-        rejection = _validate_device_serial(device_serial)
+        rejection = _validate_device_serial(device_serial, platform)
         if rejection:
             trace_store.update_trace_status(trace_id, "failed", error=rejection["error"])
             return {"trace_id": trace_id, **rejection}
@@ -325,6 +350,8 @@ def mobile_run_task(
                     conversation_id=conversation_id,
                     verification_level=verification_level,
                     explorer_mode=explorer_mode,
+                    platform=platform,
+                    ios_workspace=ios_workspace,
                     base_url=base_url,
                 )
                 if resp and resp.get("status") == "rejected":
@@ -442,6 +469,10 @@ def mobile_run_task(
     }
     if device_serial:
         reserve_kwargs["device_id"] = device_serial
+    if platform == "ios":
+        # iOS workers queue under the ios__<UDID> scope so they never collide
+        # with an Android device sharing the same textual identifier.
+        reserve_kwargs["lock_scope"] = IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
     queue_ticket = DeviceExecutionLock.reserve(**reserve_kwargs)
 
     # 5. Spawn the background task runner as an independent subprocess
@@ -458,6 +489,8 @@ def mobile_run_task(
             canonical_model,
             "--conversation-id",
             conversation_id or "",
+            "--platform",
+            platform,
         ]
         if locked_app_package:
             cmd.extend(["--locked-app-package", locked_app_package])
@@ -467,6 +500,8 @@ def mobile_run_task(
             cmd.extend(["--expected-output-desc", expected_output_desc])
         if device_serial:
             cmd.extend(["--device-serial", device_serial])
+        if platform == "ios" and ios_workspace:
+            cmd.extend(["--ios-workspace", ios_workspace])
         if verification_level:
             cmd.extend(["--verification-level", verification_level])
         if explorer_mode:
@@ -475,7 +510,13 @@ def mobile_run_task(
         env = os.environ.copy()
         env["ARTEMIS_SESSION_ID"] = trace_id
         env["ARTEMIS_TASK_INGRESS"] = "mcp"
-        if device_serial:
+        if platform == "ios":
+            # iOS workers run under the ios lock scope; the target scrubs
+            # stale ADB serials so an Android id can never leak in.
+            IosTarget(serial=device_serial).apply_to_environment(env)
+            if device_serial:
+                env["ARTEMIS_DEVICE_ID"] = device_serial
+        elif device_serial:
             env["ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL"] = device_serial
             env["ARTEMIS_DEVICE_ID"] = device_serial
         env[DeviceExecutionLock.QUEUE_TICKET_ENV] = queue_ticket
@@ -499,6 +540,8 @@ def mobile_run_task(
             "session_id": trace_id,
             "ingress": "mcp",
         }
+        if platform == "ios":
+            transfer_kwargs["lock_scope"] = IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
         if device_serial:
             transfer_kwargs["device_id"] = device_serial
 
diff --git a/packages/artemis-client/src/artemis_client/client.py b/packages/artemis-client/src/artemis_client/client.py
index d1d3e2d4..b4525583 100644
--- a/packages/artemis-client/src/artemis_client/client.py
+++ b/packages/artemis-client/src/artemis_client/client.py
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ def request(
 #: Pro-profile Explorer perception versions accepted by ``/api/run`` (``explorer_mode``).
 ExplorerMode = Literal["flash", "pro", "ultra"]
 EXPLORER_MODES: tuple[str, ...] = ("flash", "pro", "ultra")
+#: Device platforms accepted by ``/api/run`` (``platform``).
+PLATFORMS: tuple[str, ...] = ("android", "ios")
 
 
 def _normalize_choice(value: str | None, name: str, choices: tuple[str, ...]) -> str | None:
@@ -84,9 +86,15 @@ def __init__(
         concurrency_mode: str = "per_device",
         max_concurrency: int | None = None,
         standalone: bool = False,
+        platform: str | None = None,
+        ios_workspace: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         if poll_interval <= 0:
             raise ValueError("poll_interval must be greater than zero")
+        normalized_platform = _normalize_choice(platform, "platform", PLATFORMS)
+        workspace = str(ios_workspace).strip() if ios_workspace is not None else ""
+        if workspace and normalized_platform != "ios":
+            raise ValueError("ios_workspace requires platform='ios'")
         resolved_base_url = base_url or os.environ.get("ARTEMIS_BASE_URL")
         if not resolved_base_url:
             daemon_host = os.environ.get("ARTEMIS_DAEMON_HOST", "127.0.0.1")
@@ -100,6 +108,9 @@ def __init__(
         self.concurrency_mode = str(concurrency_mode).strip().lower()
         self.max_concurrency = max_concurrency
         self.standalone = standalone
+        self._platform = normalized_platform
+        # Host-side path only: it is never resolved against the local disk.
+        self._ios_workspace = workspace or None
         self._transport = transport or JsonTransport(
             resolved_base_url,
             token=token,
@@ -186,6 +197,8 @@ async def submit(
         task_id: str | None = None,
         verification_level: VerificationLevel | None = None,
         explorer_mode: ExplorerMode | None = None,
+        platform: str | None = None,
+        ios_workspace: str | None = None,
         options: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> TaskHandle:
         """Submit one task and return immediately after scheduler admission.
@@ -205,6 +218,13 @@ async def submit(
             verification_level, "verification_level", VERIFICATION_LEVELS
         )
         resolved_mode = _normalize_choice(explorer_mode, "explorer_mode", EXPLORER_MODES)
+        resolved_platform = _normalize_choice(platform, "platform", PLATFORMS) or self._platform
+        call_workspace = str(ios_workspace).strip() if ios_workspace is not None else ""
+        if call_workspace and resolved_platform != "ios":
+            raise ValueError("ios_workspace requires platform='ios'")
+        resolved_workspace = call_workspace or (
+            self._ios_workspace if resolved_platform == "ios" else None
+        )
         if task_id is None:
             resolved_task_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
         else:
@@ -229,10 +249,22 @@ async def submit(
             "conversation_id": conversation_id,
             "verification_level": resolved_level,
             "explorer_mode": resolved_mode,
+            "platform": resolved_platform,
+            "ios_workspace": resolved_workspace,
             "options": dict(options) if options is not None else None,
         }
         payload.update({key: value for key, value in optional_values.items() if value is not None})
 
+        if resolved_platform == "ios":
+            # A legacy host silently drops unknown platform fields — refuse
+            # before POSTing unless it advertises iOS wire support.
+            advertised = await self.capabilities()
+            if not advertised.supports("platform.ios"):
+                raise TaskRejectedError(
+                    "This Artemis host does not advertise 'platform.ios' "
+                    "support; upgrade the host before submitting iOS tasks."
+                )
+
         response = self._mapping(
             await self._request("POST", "/api/run", json_body=payload),
             endpoint="/api/run",
@@ -306,6 +338,8 @@ async def run(
         task_id: str | None = None,
         verification_level: VerificationLevel | None = None,
         explorer_mode: ExplorerMode | None = None,
+        platform: str | None = None,
+        ios_workspace: str | None = None,
         options: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
         timeout: float = 1800.0,
         poll_interval: float | None = None,
@@ -323,6 +357,8 @@ async def run(
             task_id=task_id,
             verification_level=verification_level,
             explorer_mode=explorer_mode,
+            platform=platform,
+            ios_workspace=ios_workspace,
             options=options,
         )
         return await self.wait_for_task(
@@ -341,6 +377,8 @@ async def run_task(self, task: Any, **overrides: Any) -> TaskResult:
             "device_serial": getattr(task, "device_serial", None)
             or getattr(task, "device_id", None),
             "locked_app_package": getattr(task, "locked_package", None),
+            "platform": getattr(task, "platform", None),
+            "ios_workspace": getattr(task, "ios_workspace", None),
         }
         values.update(overrides)
         return await self.run(goal, **values)
diff --git a/packages/artemis-client/src/artemis_client/models.py b/packages/artemis-client/src/artemis_client/models.py
index e9c4e2d4..05378a21 100644
--- a/packages/artemis-client/src/artemis_client/models.py
+++ b/packages/artemis-client/src/artemis_client/models.py
@@ -52,6 +52,24 @@ def _device_from_payload(payload: Mapping[str, Any]) -> str | None:
     return None
 
 
+def _platform_from_payload(payload: Mapping[str, Any]) -> str:
+    """Normalized platform ('android'|'ios'|...) from raw or device_info."""
+    direct = _string(payload.get("platform"))
+    if direct:
+        return direct.lower()
+    device_info = payload.get("device_info")
+    if isinstance(device_info, str):
+        try:
+            device_info = json.loads(device_info)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError, json.JSONDecodeError):
+            device_info = None
+    if isinstance(device_info, Mapping):
+        nested = _string(device_info.get("mobile_platform"))
+        if nested:
+            return nested.lower()
+    return "android"
+
+
 @dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
 class TaskHandle:
     """A task accepted by the remote Artemis scheduler."""
@@ -66,6 +84,11 @@ def session_id(self) -> str:
         """Compatibility alias for servers that call a task a session."""
         return self.task_id
 
+    @property
+    def platform(self) -> str:
+        """Recorded device platform; defaults to 'android' when absent."""
+        return _platform_from_payload(self.raw)
+
     @classmethod
     def from_payload(cls, payload: Mapping[str, Any]) -> TaskHandle:
         task_id = _string(payload.get("task_id") or payload.get("session_id") or payload.get("id"))
@@ -111,6 +134,11 @@ def done(self) -> bool:
     def succeeded(self) -> bool:
         return self.status in SUCCESS_TASK_STATUSES
 
+    @property
+    def platform(self) -> str:
+        """Recorded device platform; defaults to 'android' when absent."""
+        return _platform_from_payload(self.raw)
+
     @classmethod
     def from_payload(
         cls,
@@ -160,6 +188,11 @@ class Device:
     busy: bool = False
     raw: Mapping[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict, repr=False, compare=False)
 
+    @property
+    def platform(self) -> str:
+        """Recorded device platform; defaults to 'android' when absent."""
+        return _platform_from_payload(self.raw)
+
     @classmethod
     def from_payload(cls, payload: Mapping[str, Any]) -> Device:
         serial = _string(
diff --git a/packages/artemis-client/tests/test_client.py b/packages/artemis-client/tests/test_client.py
index a5480a7a..c3cceb63 100644
--- a/packages/artemis-client/tests/test_client.py
+++ b/packages/artemis-client/tests/test_client.py
@@ -15,9 +15,12 @@
 
 from artemis_client import (
     ArtemisClient,
+    Device,
     NotFoundError,
     ProtocolError,
+    TaskHandle,
     TaskRejectedError,
+    TaskResult,
     TaskTimeoutError,
 )
 
@@ -285,5 +288,186 @@ async def test_stop_targets_one_session(self) -> None:
         )
 
 
+class IosPlatformSubmissionTests(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
+    """Platform/workspace forwarding and iOS capability preflight."""
+
+    CAPABLE = {
+        "api_version": "1",
+        "features": ["tasks.submit", "platform.ios"],
+    }
+
+    def _client(self, **kwargs) -> ArtemisClient:
+        self.transport = FakeTransport()
+        return ArtemisClient(
+            "https://artemis.example.test",
+            poll_interval=0.001,
+            transport=self.transport,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _admitted(platform=None):
+        task = {"session_id": "task-1", "status": "pending"}
+        if platform:
+            task["platform"] = platform
+        return {"status": "started", "tasks": [task]}
+
+    async def test_ios_submit_preflights_capabilities_then_posts_platform(self):
+        client = self._client(device_serial="SIM-UDID", platform="ios")
+        self.transport.add("GET", "/api/v1/capabilities", self.CAPABLE)
+        self.transport.add("POST", "/api/run", self._admitted("ios"))
+
+        handle = await client.submit("Open Settings")
+
+        get_call, post_call = self.transport.calls
+        self.assertEqual(get_call[0], "GET")
+        self.assertEqual(post_call[0], "POST")
+        body = post_call[2]
+        self.assertEqual(body["platform"], "ios")
+        self.assertNotIn("ios_workspace", body)
+        self.assertEqual(handle.platform, "ios")
+
+    async def test_android_submit_sends_no_platform_and_no_preflight(self):
+        client = self._client()
+        self.transport.add("POST", "/api/run", self._admitted())
+
+        await client.submit("Open Settings")
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.transport.calls), 1)
+        method, path, body = self.transport.calls[0]
+        self.assertEqual((method, path), ("POST", "/api/run"))
+        self.assertNotIn("platform", body)
+        self.assertNotIn("ios_workspace", body)
+
+    async def test_ios_workspace_is_forwarded_only_for_ios(self):
+        client = self._client(platform="ios", ios_workspace="/host/MyApp.xcworkspace")
+        self.transport.add("GET", "/api/v1/capabilities", self.CAPABLE)
+        self.transport.add("POST", "/api/run", self._admitted("ios"))
+
+        await client.submit("Open Settings")
+
+        body = self.transport.calls[1][2]
+        self.assertEqual(body["platform"], "ios")
+        self.assertEqual(body["ios_workspace"], "/host/MyApp.xcworkspace")
+
+        # A blank per-call token must inherit, never erase, the ctor choice.
+        self.transport.add("GET", "/api/v1/capabilities", self.CAPABLE)
+        self.transport.add("POST", "/api/run", self._admitted("ios"))
+        await client.submit("Open Settings", platform="  ")
+        self.assertEqual(self.transport.calls[3][2]["platform"], "ios")
+
+    def test_constructor_workspace_requires_ios_platform(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            self._client(ios_workspace="/host/MyApp.xcworkspace")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            self._client(platform="android", ios_workspace="/host/MyApp.xcworkspace")
+
+    async def test_workspace_on_non_ios_call_rejects_before_transport(self):
+        client = self._client()
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            await client.submit("goal", ios_workspace="/host/ws.xcworkspace")
+        self.assertEqual(self.transport.calls, [])
+
+    async def test_invalid_platform_rejects_before_transport(self):
+        client = self._client()
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            await client.submit("goal", platform="tvos")
+        self.assertEqual(self.transport.calls, [])
+
+    async def test_legacy_server_blocks_ios_before_posting(self):
+        client = self._client(platform="ios")
+        self.transport.add("GET", "/api/v1/capabilities", NotFoundError(404, "not implemented"))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TaskRejectedError):
+            await client.submit("Open Settings")
+
+        methods = [call[0] for call in self.transport.calls]
+        self.assertEqual(methods, ["GET"])  # no POST /api/run attempted
+
+    async def test_per_call_platform_override_beats_constructor_default(self):
+        client = self._client(platform="android")
+        self.transport.add("GET", "/api/v1/capabilities", self.CAPABLE)
+        self.transport.add("POST", "/api/run", self._admitted("ios"))
+
+        await client.submit("goal", platform="ios")
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.transport.calls[1][2]["platform"], "ios")
+
+    async def test_run_and_run_task_forward_platform(self):
+        task_id = "00000000-0000-4000-8000-000000000199"
+        client = self._client()
+        self.transport.add("GET", "/api/v1/capabilities", self.CAPABLE)
+        self.transport.add(
+            "POST",
+            "/api/run",
+            {
+                "status": "started",
+                "tasks": [{"session_id": task_id, "status": "pending", "platform": "ios"}],
+            },
+        )
+        self.transport.add(
+            "GET",
+            f"/api/sessions/{task_id}",
+            {"session_id": task_id, "status": "completed"},
+        )
+        task = type(
+            "T",
+            (),
+            {
+                "goal": "Do it",
+                "platform": "ios",
+                "ios_workspace": "/host/ws.xcworkspace",
+            },
+        )()
+        result = await client.run_task(task, task_id=task_id)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result.done)
+        body = self.transport.calls[1][2]
+        self.assertEqual(body["platform"], "ios")
+        self.assertEqual(body["ios_workspace"], "/host/ws.xcworkspace")
+
+    async def test_platform_defaults_to_android_everywhere(self):
+        client = self._client()
+        self.transport.add("POST", "/api/run", self._admitted())
+        handle = await client.submit("goal")
+        self.assertEqual(handle.platform, "android")
+
+        self.transport.add(
+            "GET", "/api/sessions/task-1", {"session_id": "task-1", "status": "completed"}
+        )
+        result = await client.get_task("task-1")
+        self.assertEqual(result.platform, "android")
+
+        self.transport.add("GET", "/api/devices", {"devices": [{"serial": "x", "state": "device"}]})
+        (device,) = await client.list_devices()
+        self.assertEqual(device.platform, "android")
+
+    def test_models_read_platform_from_top_level_or_device_info(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            TaskHandle.from_payload({"task_id": "t", "platform": " iOS "}).platform,
+            "ios",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            TaskResult.from_payload(
+                {
+                    "task_id": "t",
+                    "status": "completed",
+                    "device_info": {"mobile_platform": "IOS"},
+                }
+            ).platform,
+            "ios",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Device.from_payload(
+                {
+                    "serial": "s",
+                    "device_info": '{"mobile_platform": "ios"}',
+                }
+            ).platform,
+            "ios",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(Device.from_payload({"serial": "s", "platform": "ios"}).platform, "ios")
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/pyright-core.json b/pyright-core.json
index 3ae152e7..2d9ede52 100644
--- a/pyright-core.json
+++ b/pyright-core.json
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 {
   "venvPath": ".",
   "venv": ".venv",
+  "pythonVersion": "3.12",
   "include": [
     "artemis/graph/state.py",
     "artemis/graph/visibility.py",
     "artemis/runtime/adb_endpoint.py",
     "artemis/runtime/process_probe.py",
+    "artemis/drivers/ios",
+    "artemis/runtime/ios_device_pool.py",
+    "artemis/mcp/actuators/ios.py",
     "artemis/mcp/action_types.py",
     "artemis/data_engine/models.py",
     "artemis/agents/explorer/native_runner.py",
diff --git a/scripts/setup_ios_env.sh b/scripts/setup_ios_env.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..028077f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/setup_ios_env.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# Read-only prerequisite checks. This script does not install tools, boot
+# devices, select Xcode, or change Xcode's MCP permissions.
+set -euo pipefail
+
+fail() {
+    printf 'Error: %s\n' "$1" >&2
+    exit 1
+}
+
+[[ "$(uname -s)" == "Darwin" ]] || fail "iOS support requires macOS."
+
+command -v xcodebuild >/dev/null 2>&1 || fail "Install Xcode 27 or newer."
+command -v xcrun >/dev/null 2>&1 || fail "Xcode's xcrun is unavailable."
+
+if ! version_output=$(xcodebuild -version); then
+    fail "Cannot read the selected Xcode version. Check xcode-select -p."
+fi
+version=$(printf '%s\n' "$version_output" | awk '/^Xcode / {print $2; exit}')
+[[ "$version" =~ ^([0-9]+)(\.[0-9]+)*$ ]] || fail "Cannot parse Xcode version: $version"
+(( BASH_REMATCH[1] >= 27 )) || fail "Xcode 27 or newer is required (selected: $version)."
+
+if ! simctl_path=$(xcrun --find simctl); then
+    fail "The selected Xcode installation does not provide simctl."
+fi
+if ! bridge_path=$(xcrun --find mcpbridge); then
+    fail "The selected Xcode installation does not provide mcpbridge."
+fi
+
+printf 'Xcode %s\nsimctl: %s\nmcpbridge: %s\n\n' "$version" "$simctl_path" "$bridge_path"
+
+if ! devices=$(xcrun simctl list devices available); then
+    fail "Cannot query CoreSimulator. Run this check in a local terminal with access to Xcode's simulator services."
+fi
+printf '%s\n\n' "$devices"
+if ! printf '%s\n' "$devices" | awk '
+    /^-- iOS / { ios = 1; next }
+    /^-- / { ios = 0 }
+    ios && /\([[:xdigit:]-]+\) \((Booted|Shutdown)\)/ { found = 1 }
+    END { exit !found }
+'; then
+    fail "No available iOS simulator found. Install an iOS runtime and create a simulator in Xcode."
+fi
+
+printf 'Xcode MCP server status:\n'
+if ! xcrun mcp-server status; then
+    printf 'Could not read MCP server status. Check Xcode MCP access manually.\n' >&2
+fi
+
+if ! devicectl_path=$(xcrun --find devicectl); then
+    fail "The selected Xcode installation does not provide devicectl (needed for physical devices)."
+fi
+printf 'devicectl: %s\n\n' "$devicectl_path"
+
+printf 'Physical devices (devicectl inventory):\n'
+if physical=$(xcrun devicectl list devices 2>/dev/null); then
+    printf '%s\n' "$physical" | awk 'NR > 2 && NF'
+    if ! printf '%s\n' "$physical" | grep -q 'paired'; then
+        printf 'No paired physical devices found. Pair over USB and tap Trust to use hardware.\n'
+    fi
+else
+    printf 'Could not query CoreDevice. Physical-device runs need a paired, connected device.\n' >&2
+fi
+
+printf '\nToolchain and simulator inventory checks passed.\n'
+printf 'Before running Artemis, review and grant Xcode MCP access for your agent.\n'
+printf 'This check does not verify that device-interaction permission is granted.\n'
+printf 'Physical devices additionally need a WebDriverAgent runner installed; see docs/ios.md.\n'
+printf 'See docs/ios.md and https://developer.apple.com/documentation/xcode/giving-external-agents-access-to-xcode\n'
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/action_surfaces/operator_shells.json b/tests/fixtures/action_surfaces/operator_shells.json
index 6f3e6c81..19ebb364 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/action_surfaces/operator_shells.json
+++ b/tests/fixtures/action_surfaces/operator_shells.json
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 {
   "click": {
-    "type": "function",
     "function": {
-      "name": "click",
       "description": "[ACTION] Click on the target location on the screen (supports element index or absolute normalized coordinates).",
+      "name": "click",
       "parameters": {
         "properties": {
+          "delay_ms": {
+            "default": 100,
+            "description": "Delay in milliseconds between consecutive clicks. Default is 100.",
+            "type": "integer"
+          },
           "target": {
             "anyOf": [
               {
@@ -36,11 +40,6 @@
             "default": 1,
             "description": "Number of consecutive clicks on this target. Use this for double-clicks or multi-clicks (e.g. 7 to enter developer mode). Default is 1.",
             "type": "integer"
-          },
-          "delay_ms": {
-            "default": 100,
-            "description": "Delay in milliseconds between consecutive clicks. Default is 100.",
-            "type": "integer"
           }
         },
         "required": [
@@ -48,18 +47,19 @@
         ],
         "type": "object"
       }
-    }
+    },
+    "type": "function"
   },
   "input_text": {
-    "type": "function",
     "function": {
-      "name": "input_text",
       "description": "[ACTION] Type text into the target input field (supports replacing whole text or appending to the end, and multi-line strings with '\\n').",
+      "name": "input_text",
       "parameters": {
         "properties": {
-          "text": {
-            "description": "The text content to input. Supports multi-line content with '\\n'.",
-            "type": "string"
+          "clear_exist": {
+            "default": true,
+            "description": "Whether to clear existing text before typing. True (default): clear/replace entire text. False: append at the end of existing content.",
+            "type": "boolean"
           },
           "target": {
             "anyOf": [
@@ -87,10 +87,9 @@
             "default": null,
             "description": "What the target is, in a few words (e.g. 'play button', 'search input', 'video body'). REQUIRED when target is a coordinate pair; ignored for an element index."
           },
-          "clear_exist": {
-            "default": true,
-            "description": "Whether to clear existing text before typing. True (default): clear/replace entire text. False: append at the end of existing content.",
-            "type": "boolean"
+          "text": {
+            "description": "The text content to input. Supports multi-line content with '\\n'.",
+            "type": "string"
           }
         },
         "required": [
@@ -99,13 +98,115 @@
         ],
         "type": "object"
       }
-    }
+    },
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  "long_press": {
+    "function": {
+      "description": "[ACTION] Long press on the target location on the screen (supports element index or absolute normalized coordinates).",
+      "name": "long_press",
+      "parameters": {
+        "properties": {
+          "duration": {
+            "default": 1000,
+            "description": "Long press duration in milliseconds (default 1000).",
+            "type": "integer"
+          },
+          "target": {
+            "anyOf": [
+              {
+                "type": "integer"
+              },
+              {
+                "items": {
+                  "type": "integer"
+                },
+                "type": "array"
+              }
+            ],
+            "description": "Long press target. Can be an element index number (int, e.g. 3) OR normalized coordinates (list of 2 integers, e.g. [500, 600])."
+          },
+          "target_description": {
+            "anyOf": [
+              {
+                "type": "string"
+              },
+              {
+                "type": "null"
+              }
+            ],
+            "default": null,
+            "description": "What the target is, in a few words (e.g. 'play button', 'search input', 'video body'). REQUIRED when target is a coordinate pair; ignored for an element index."
+          }
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "target"
+        ],
+        "type": "object"
+      }
+    },
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  "manage_app": {
+    "function": {
+      "description": "[ACTION] Launch or force stop a specified application.",
+      "name": "manage_app",
+      "parameters": {
+        "properties": {
+          "action": {
+            "description": "The action type.",
+            "enum": [
+              "launch",
+              "stop"
+            ],
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "app_name": {
+            "description": "Display name or package name of the application.",
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "action",
+          "app_name"
+        ],
+        "type": "object"
+      }
+    },
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  "press_key": {
+    "function": {
+      "description": "[ACTION] Press a physical or virtual system button (e.g. ENTER, BACK, HOME, APP_SWITCH, POWER, VOLUME_UP, VOLUME_DOWN).",
+      "name": "press_key",
+      "parameters": {
+        "properties": {
+          "key": {
+            "description": "Standard system button name (ENTER, BACK, HOME, APP_SWITCH, POWER, VOLUME_UP, VOLUME_DOWN).",
+            "enum": [
+              "ENTER",
+              "BACK",
+              "HOME",
+              "APP_SWITCH",
+              "POWER",
+              "VOLUME_UP",
+              "VOLUME_DOWN"
+            ],
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "key"
+        ],
+        "type": "object"
+      }
+    },
+    "type": "function"
   },
   "swipe": {
-    "type": "function",
     "function": {
+      "description": "[ACTION] Perform a swipe, drag, or slider-adjustment gesture on the screen.\n\n\u2022 Directional Scrolling ('direction'): Recommended for general browsing and standard page scrolling in most scenarios. Automatically computes safe swipe vectors and adaptive duration, retains a ~40% visual overlap anchor for zero-omission traversal, and prevents inertial flings. Supports scoping to a sub-container via 'target'. If it fails on certain custom layouts, fall back to specifying exact coordinates ('start' and 'end') directly.\n\u2022 Precise Coordinate Gestures ('start', 'end'): Best for local, fine-grained interactions such as adjusting sliders/SeekBars (e.g., volume, brightness, progress bars), drag-and-drop / list reordering, or as a reliable fallback when directional scrolling fails on specific containers. Always drag slightly PAST the target position to overcome touch slop and reliably trigger the update. When setting a slider to Maximum (100%) or Minimum (0%), swipe fully to the extreme boundary.\n\nArgs:\n    direction: Smart directional scrolling ('up', 'down', 'left', 'right'). Automatically computes safe swipe vectors, retaining 40% visual overlap: 'up' (reveal content below), 'down' (reveal content above), 'left', 'right'.\n    start: Start normalized coordinates [start_x, start_y] in 0-1000 scale.\n    end: End normalized coordinates [end_x, end_y] in 0-1000 scale.\n    target: Optional target element index (e.g. 2) or container bounds [left, top, right, bottom] to scope the directional swipe within.\n    gesture: Backward-compatible parameter: direction string OR custom coordinates list [start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y] in 0-1000 scale.\n    target_description: What is being dragged, in a few words (e.g. 'brightness slider knob'). REQUIRED for coordinate gestures ('start'/'end' or a coordinates list); ignored for directional scrolling.\n    duration: Optional gesture duration in milliseconds (default 800).",
       "name": "swipe",
-      "description": "[ACTION] Perform a swipe, drag, or slider-adjustment gesture on the screen.\n\n• Directional Scrolling ('direction'): Recommended for general browsing and standard page scrolling in most scenarios. Automatically computes safe swipe vectors and adaptive duration, retains a ~40% visual overlap anchor for zero-omission traversal, and prevents inertial flings. Supports scoping to a sub-container via 'target'. If it fails on certain custom layouts, fall back to specifying exact coordinates ('start' and 'end') directly.\n• Precise Coordinate Gestures ('start', 'end'): Best for local, fine-grained interactions such as adjusting sliders/SeekBars (e.g., volume, brightness, progress bars), drag-and-drop / list reordering, or as a reliable fallback when directional scrolling fails on specific containers. Always drag slightly PAST the target position to overcome touch slop and reliably trigger the update. When setting a slider to Maximum (100%) or Minimum (0%), swipe fully to the extreme boundary.\n\nArgs:\n    direction: Smart directional scrolling ('up', 'down', 'left', 'right'). Automatically computes safe swipe vectors, retaining 40% visual overlap: 'up' (reveal content below), 'down' (reveal content above), 'left', 'right'.\n    start: Start normalized coordinates [start_x, start_y] in 0-1000 scale.\n    end: End normalized coordinates [end_x, end_y] in 0-1000 scale.\n    target: Optional target element index (e.g. 2) or container bounds [left, top, right, bottom] to scope the directional swipe within.\n    gesture: Backward-compatible parameter: direction string OR custom coordinates list [start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y] in 0-1000 scale.\n    target_description: What is being dragged, in a few words (e.g. 'brightness slider knob'). REQUIRED for coordinate gestures ('start'/'end' or a coordinates list); ignored for directional scrolling.\n    duration: Optional gesture duration in milliseconds (default 800).",
       "parameters": {
         "properties": {
           "direction": {
@@ -126,20 +227,17 @@
             "default": null,
             "description": "Direction for scrolling and swiping: 'up' (drags bottom-to-top, scrolling down to reveal content below), 'down' (drags top-to-bottom, scrolling up to reveal content above), 'left' (drags right-to-left, scrolling right), 'right' (drags left-to-right, scrolling left)."
           },
-          "start": {
+          "duration": {
             "anyOf": [
               {
-                "items": {
-                  "type": "integer"
-                },
-                "type": "array"
+                "type": "integer"
               },
               {
                 "type": "null"
               }
             ],
             "default": null,
-            "description": "Start normalized coordinates [start_x, start_y] in 0-1000 scale for precise, local interactions (e.g. adjusting sliders, SeekBars, fine range selection, or drag-and-drop)."
+            "description": "Optional swipe/drag duration in milliseconds (default 800; computed automatically for directional swipes)."
           },
           "end": {
             "anyOf": [
@@ -156,10 +254,16 @@
             "default": null,
             "description": "End normalized coordinates [end_x, end_y] in 0-1000 scale for precise, local interactions (e.g. adjusting sliders, SeekBars, fine range selection, or drag-and-drop)."
           },
-          "target": {
+          "gesture": {
             "anyOf": [
               {
-                "type": "integer"
+                "enum": [
+                  "up",
+                  "down",
+                  "left",
+                  "right"
+                ],
+                "type": "string"
               },
               {
                 "items": {
@@ -167,27 +271,15 @@
                 },
                 "type": "array"
               },
-              {
-                "type": "string"
-              },
               {
                 "type": "null"
               }
             ],
             "default": null,
-            "description": "Optional target element index (e.g. 2) or container bounds [left, top, right, bottom] to scope the directional swipe within."
+            "description": "Backward-compatible swipe gesture: smart direction string ('up', 'down', 'left', 'right') OR precise custom coordinates [start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y] in 0-1000 scale."
           },
-          "gesture": {
+          "start": {
             "anyOf": [
-              {
-                "enum": [
-                  "up",
-                  "down",
-                  "left",
-                  "right"
-                ],
-                "type": "string"
-              },
               {
                 "items": {
                   "type": "integer"
@@ -199,10 +291,19 @@
               }
             ],
             "default": null,
-            "description": "Backward-compatible swipe gesture: smart direction string ('up', 'down', 'left', 'right') OR precise custom coordinates [start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y] in 0-1000 scale."
+            "description": "Start normalized coordinates [start_x, start_y] in 0-1000 scale for precise, local interactions (e.g. adjusting sliders, SeekBars, fine range selection, or drag-and-drop)."
           },
-          "target_description": {
+          "target": {
             "anyOf": [
+              {
+                "type": "integer"
+              },
+              {
+                "items": {
+                  "type": "integer"
+                },
+                "type": "array"
+              },
               {
                 "type": "string"
               },
@@ -211,83 +312,30 @@
               }
             ],
             "default": null,
-            "description": "What is being dragged, in a few words (e.g. 'brightness slider knob'). REQUIRED for coordinate gestures ('start'/'end' or a coordinates list); ignored for directional scrolling."
+            "description": "Optional target element index (e.g. 2) or container bounds [left, top, right, bottom] to scope the directional swipe within."
           },
-          "duration": {
+          "target_description": {
             "anyOf": [
               {
-                "type": "integer"
+                "type": "string"
               },
               {
                 "type": "null"
               }
             ],
             "default": null,
-            "description": "Optional swipe/drag duration in milliseconds (default 800; computed automatically for directional swipes)."
-          }
-        },
-        "type": "object"
-      }
-    }
-  },
-  "press_key": {
-    "type": "function",
-    "function": {
-      "name": "press_key",
-      "description": "[ACTION] Press a physical or virtual system button (e.g. ENTER, BACK, HOME, APP_SWITCH).",
-      "parameters": {
-        "properties": {
-          "key": {
-            "description": "Standard Android system button name (ENTER, BACK, HOME, APP_SWITCH).",
-            "enum": [
-              "ENTER",
-              "BACK",
-              "HOME",
-              "APP_SWITCH"
-            ],
-            "type": "string"
-          }
-        },
-        "required": [
-          "key"
-        ],
-        "type": "object"
-      }
-    }
-  },
-  "manage_app": {
-    "type": "function",
-    "function": {
-      "name": "manage_app",
-      "description": "[ACTION] Launch or force stop a specified application.",
-      "parameters": {
-        "properties": {
-          "action": {
-            "description": "The action type.",
-            "enum": [
-              "launch",
-              "stop"
-            ],
-            "type": "string"
-          },
-          "app_name": {
-            "description": "Display name or package name of the application.",
-            "type": "string"
+            "description": "What is being dragged, in a few words (e.g. 'brightness slider knob'). REQUIRED for coordinate gestures ('start'/'end' or a coordinates list); ignored for directional scrolling."
           }
         },
-        "required": [
-          "action",
-          "app_name"
-        ],
         "type": "object"
       }
-    }
+    },
+    "type": "function"
   },
   "wait_for_delay": {
-    "type": "function",
     "function": {
+      "description": "[ACTION] Pause execution and wait for a specified duration in milliseconds.\n\nUse this whenever you need time to elapse\u2014whether for UI loading, animations,\nscreen transitions, or longer scheduled delays and intervals specified in the task.",
       "name": "wait_for_delay",
-      "description": "[ACTION] Pause execution and wait for a specified duration in milliseconds.\n\nUse this whenever you need time to elapse—whether for UI loading, animations,\nscreen transitions, or longer scheduled delays and intervals specified in the task.",
       "parameters": {
         "properties": {
           "time_in_ms": {
@@ -300,52 +348,7 @@
         ],
         "type": "object"
       }
-    }
-  },
-  "long_press": {
-    "type": "function",
-    "function": {
-      "name": "long_press",
-      "description": "[ACTION] Long press on the target location on the screen (supports element index or absolute normalized coordinates).",
-      "parameters": {
-        "properties": {
-          "target": {
-            "anyOf": [
-              {
-                "type": "integer"
-              },
-              {
-                "items": {
-                  "type": "integer"
-                },
-                "type": "array"
-              }
-            ],
-            "description": "Long press target. Can be an element index number (int, e.g. 3) OR normalized coordinates (list of 2 integers, e.g. [500, 600])."
-          },
-          "target_description": {
-            "anyOf": [
-              {
-                "type": "string"
-              },
-              {
-                "type": "null"
-              }
-            ],
-            "default": null,
-            "description": "What the target is, in a few words (e.g. 'play button', 'search input', 'video body'). REQUIRED when target is a coordinate pair; ignored for an element index."
-          },
-          "duration": {
-            "default": 1000,
-            "description": "Long press duration in milliseconds (default 1000).",
-            "type": "integer"
-          }
-        },
-        "required": [
-          "target"
-        ],
-        "type": "object"
-      }
-    }
+    },
+    "type": "function"
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/action_surfaces/tool_declarations.json b/tests/fixtures/action_surfaces/tool_declarations.json
index 33f5ac85..d1527c33 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/action_surfaces/tool_declarations.json
+++ b/tests/fixtures/action_surfaces/tool_declarations.json
@@ -1,131 +1,92 @@
 {
-  "CLICK_TOOL": {
-    "type": "function",
-    "function": {
-      "name": "click",
-      "description": "[ACTION] Click on the target location on the screen (supports element index or absolute normalized coordinates).",
-      "parameters": {
-        "type": "object",
-        "properties": {
-          "target": {
-            "anyOf": [
-              {
-                "type": "integer"
-              },
-              {
-                "type": "array",
-                "items": {
-                  "type": "integer"
-                }
-              }
-            ],
-            "description": "Click target. Can be an element index number (int, e.g. 3) OR normalized coordinates (list of 2 integers, e.g. [500, 600])."
-          },
-          "target_description": {
-            "type": "string",
-            "description": "What the target is, in a few words (e.g. 'play button', 'search input', 'video body'). REQUIRED when target is a coordinate pair; ignored for an element index."
-          },
-          "times": {
-            "type": "integer",
-            "description": "Number of consecutive clicks on this target. Use this for double-clicks or multi-clicks (e.g. 7 to enter developer mode). Default is 1."
-          },
-          "delay_ms": {
-            "type": "integer",
-            "description": "Delay in milliseconds between consecutive clicks. Default is 100."
-          }
-        },
-        "required": [
-          "target"
-        ]
-      }
-    }
-  },
   "CLICK_SEQUENCE_TOOL": {
-    "type": "function",
     "function": {
-      "name": "click_sequence",
       "description": "[ACTION] Executes a sequence of taps one by one in order on the specified targets (e.g. [[500, 280], [885, 362]]). The screen will be returned ONLY after all clicks in the sequence have completed.",
+      "name": "click_sequence",
       "parameters": {
-        "type": "object",
         "properties": {
+          "delay_ms": {
+            "description": "Delay between consecutive taps in milliseconds (default 50ms).",
+            "type": "integer"
+          },
           "sequence": {
-            "type": "array",
+            "description": "List of targets to tap in sequence, e.g. [[500, 280], [885, 362]].",
             "items": {
-              "type": "array",
+              "description": "Normalized coordinates [x, y] in 0-1000 scale (e.g., [500, 280]).",
               "items": {
                 "type": "integer"
               },
-              "description": "Normalized coordinates [x, y] in 0-1000 scale (e.g., [500, 280])."
+              "type": "array"
             },
-            "description": "List of targets to tap in sequence, e.g. [[500, 280], [885, 362]]."
+            "type": "array"
           },
           "target_descriptions": {
-            "type": "array",
+            "description": "What each target is, in a few words, one entry per sequence entry in the same order (e.g. ['video body', 'skip button']). Required: a coordinate names nothing by itself.",
             "items": {
               "type": "string"
             },
-            "description": "What each target is, in a few words, one entry per sequence entry in the same order (e.g. ['video body', 'skip button']). Required: a coordinate names nothing by itself."
-          },
-          "delay_ms": {
-            "type": "integer",
-            "description": "Delay between consecutive taps in milliseconds (default 50ms)."
+            "type": "array"
           }
         },
         "required": [
           "sequence",
           "target_descriptions"
-        ]
+        ],
+        "type": "object"
       }
-    }
+    },
+    "type": "function"
   },
-  "LONG_PRESS_TOOL": {
-    "type": "function",
+  "CLICK_TOOL": {
     "function": {
-      "name": "long_press",
-      "description": "[ACTION] Long press on the target location on the screen (supports element index or absolute normalized coordinates).",
+      "description": "[ACTION] Click on the target location on the screen (supports element index or absolute normalized coordinates).",
+      "name": "click",
       "parameters": {
-        "type": "object",
         "properties": {
+          "delay_ms": {
+            "description": "Delay in milliseconds between consecutive clicks. Default is 100.",
+            "type": "integer"
+          },
           "target": {
             "anyOf": [
               {
                 "type": "integer"
               },
               {
-                "type": "array",
                 "items": {
                   "type": "integer"
-                }
+                },
+                "type": "array"
               }
             ],
-            "description": "Long press target. Can be an element index number (int, e.g. 3) OR normalized coordinates (list of 2 integers, e.g. [500, 600])."
+            "description": "Click target. Can be an element index number (int, e.g. 3) OR normalized coordinates (list of 2 integers, e.g. [500, 600])."
           },
           "target_description": {
-            "type": "string",
-            "description": "What the target is, in a few words (e.g. 'play button', 'search input', 'video body'). REQUIRED when target is a coordinate pair; ignored for an element index."
+            "description": "What the target is, in a few words (e.g. 'play button', 'search input', 'video body'). REQUIRED when target is a coordinate pair; ignored for an element index.",
+            "type": "string"
           },
-          "duration": {
-            "type": "integer",
-            "description": "Long press duration in milliseconds (default 1000)."
+          "times": {
+            "description": "Number of consecutive clicks on this target. Use this for double-clicks or multi-clicks (e.g. 7 to enter developer mode). Default is 1.",
+            "type": "integer"
           }
         },
         "required": [
           "target"
-        ]
+        ],
+        "type": "object"
       }
-    }
+    },
+    "type": "function"
   },
   "INPUT_TEXT_TOOL": {
-    "type": "function",
     "function": {
-      "name": "input_text",
       "description": "[ACTION] Type text into the target input field (supports replacing whole text or appending to the end, and multi-line strings with '\\n').",
+      "name": "input_text",
       "parameters": {
-        "type": "object",
         "properties": {
-          "text": {
-            "type": "string",
-            "description": "The text content to input. Supports multi-line content with '\\n'."
+          "clear_exist": {
+            "description": "Whether to clear existing text before typing. True (default): clear/replace entire text. False: append at the end of existing content.",
+            "type": "boolean"
           },
           "target": {
             "anyOf": [
@@ -133,61 +94,41 @@
                 "type": "integer"
               },
               {
-                "type": "array",
                 "items": {
                   "type": "integer"
-                }
+                },
+                "type": "array"
               }
             ],
             "description": "Input target field. Can be an input box element index number (int, e.g. 3) OR normalized coordinates (list of 2 integers, e.g. [500, 600])."
           },
           "target_description": {
-            "type": "string",
-            "description": "What the target is, in a few words (e.g. 'play button', 'search input', 'video body'). REQUIRED when target is a coordinate pair; ignored for an element index."
+            "description": "What the target is, in a few words (e.g. 'play button', 'search input', 'video body'). REQUIRED when target is a coordinate pair; ignored for an element index.",
+            "type": "string"
           },
-          "clear_exist": {
-            "type": "boolean",
-            "description": "Whether to clear existing text before typing. True (default): clear/replace entire text. False: append at the end of existing content."
+          "text": {
+            "description": "The text content to input. Supports multi-line content with '\\n'.",
+            "type": "string"
           }
         },
         "required": [
           "text",
           "target"
-        ]
+        ],
+        "type": "object"
       }
-    }
+    },
+    "type": "function"
   },
-  "SWIPE_TOOL": {
-    "type": "function",
+  "LONG_PRESS_TOOL": {
     "function": {
-      "name": "swipe",
-      "description": "[ACTION] Perform a swipe, drag, or slider-adjustment gesture on the screen.\n\n• Directional Scrolling ('direction'): Recommended for general browsing and standard page scrolling in most scenarios. Automatically computes safe swipe vectors and adaptive duration, retains a ~40% visual overlap anchor for zero-omission traversal, and prevents inertial flings. Supports scoping to a sub-container via 'target'. If it fails on certain custom layouts, fall back to specifying exact coordinates ('start' and 'end') directly.\n• Precise Coordinate Gestures ('start', 'end'): Best for local, fine-grained interactions such as adjusting sliders/SeekBars (e.g., volume, brightness, progress bars), drag-and-drop / list reordering, or as a reliable fallback when directional scrolling fails on specific containers. Always drag slightly PAST the target position to overcome touch slop and reliably trigger the update. When setting a slider to Maximum (100%) or Minimum (0%), swipe fully to the extreme boundary.\n\nArgs:\n    direction: Smart directional scrolling ('up', 'down', 'left', 'right'). Automatically computes safe swipe vectors, retaining 40% visual overlap: 'up' (reveal content below), 'down' (reveal content above), 'left', 'right'.\n    start: Start normalized coordinates [start_x, start_y] in 0-1000 scale.\n    end: End normalized coordinates [end_x, end_y] in 0-1000 scale.\n    target: Optional target element index (e.g. 2) or container bounds [left, top, right, bottom] to scope the directional swipe within.\n    gesture: Backward-compatible parameter: direction string OR custom coordinates list [start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y] in 0-1000 scale.\n    target_description: What is being dragged, in a few words (e.g. 'brightness slider knob'). REQUIRED for coordinate gestures ('start'/'end' or a coordinates list); ignored for directional scrolling.\n    duration: Optional gesture duration in milliseconds (default 800).",
+      "description": "[ACTION] Long press on the target location on the screen (supports element index or absolute normalized coordinates).",
+      "name": "long_press",
       "parameters": {
-        "type": "object",
         "properties": {
-          "direction": {
-            "type": "string",
-            "enum": [
-              "up",
-              "down",
-              "left",
-              "right"
-            ],
-            "description": "Direction for scrolling and swiping: 'up' (drags bottom-to-top, scrolling down to reveal content below), 'down' (drags top-to-bottom, scrolling up to reveal content above), 'left' (drags right-to-left, scrolling right), 'right' (drags left-to-right, scrolling left)."
-          },
-          "start": {
-            "type": "array",
-            "items": {
-              "type": "integer"
-            },
-            "description": "Start normalized coordinates [start_x, start_y] in 0-1000 scale for precise, local interactions (e.g. adjusting sliders, SeekBars, fine range selection, or drag-and-drop)."
-          },
-          "end": {
-            "type": "array",
-            "items": {
-              "type": "integer"
-            },
-            "description": "End normalized coordinates [end_x, end_y] in 0-1000 scale for precise, local interactions (e.g. adjusting sliders, SeekBars, fine range selection, or drag-and-drop)."
+          "duration": {
+            "description": "Long press duration in milliseconds (default 1000).",
+            "type": "integer"
           },
           "target": {
             "anyOf": [
@@ -195,120 +136,182 @@
                 "type": "integer"
               },
               {
-                "type": "array",
                 "items": {
                   "type": "integer"
-                }
-              },
-              {
-                "type": "string"
+                },
+                "type": "array"
               }
             ],
-            "description": "Optional target element index (e.g. 2) or container bounds [left, top, right, bottom] to scope the directional swipe within."
-          },
-          "gesture": {
-            "anyOf": [
-              {
-                "type": "string",
-                "enum": [
-                  "up",
-                  "down",
-                  "left",
-                  "right"
-                ]
-              },
-              {
-                "type": "array",
-                "items": {
-                  "type": "integer"
-                }
-              }
-            ],
-            "description": "Backward-compatible swipe gesture: smart direction string ('up', 'down', 'left', 'right') OR precise custom coordinates [start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y] in 0-1000 scale."
+            "description": "Long press target. Can be an element index number (int, e.g. 3) OR normalized coordinates (list of 2 integers, e.g. [500, 600])."
           },
           "target_description": {
-            "type": "string",
-            "description": "What is being dragged, in a few words (e.g. 'brightness slider knob'). REQUIRED for coordinate gestures ('start'/'end' or a coordinates list); ignored for directional scrolling."
+            "description": "What the target is, in a few words (e.g. 'play button', 'search input', 'video body'). REQUIRED when target is a coordinate pair; ignored for an element index.",
+            "type": "string"
+          }
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "target"
+        ],
+        "type": "object"
+      }
+    },
+    "type": "function"
+  },
+  "MANAGE_APP_TOOL": {
+    "function": {
+      "description": "[ACTION] Launch or force stop a specified application.",
+      "name": "manage_app",
+      "parameters": {
+        "properties": {
+          "action": {
+            "description": "The action type.",
+            "enum": [
+              "launch",
+              "stop"
+            ],
+            "type": "string"
           },
-          "duration": {
-            "type": "integer",
-            "description": "Optional swipe/drag duration in milliseconds (default 800; computed automatically for directional swipes)."
+          "app_name": {
+            "description": "Display name or package name of the application.",
+            "type": "string"
           }
         },
-        "required": []
+        "required": [
+          "action",
+          "app_name"
+        ],
+        "type": "object"
       }
-    }
+    },
+    "type": "function"
   },
   "PRESS_KEY_TOOL": {
-    "type": "function",
     "function": {
+      "description": "[ACTION] Press a physical or virtual system button (e.g. ENTER, BACK, HOME, APP_SWITCH, POWER, VOLUME_UP, VOLUME_DOWN).",
       "name": "press_key",
-      "description": "[ACTION] Press a physical or virtual system button (e.g. ENTER, BACK, HOME, APP_SWITCH).",
       "parameters": {
-        "type": "object",
         "properties": {
           "key": {
-            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Standard system button name (ENTER, BACK, HOME, APP_SWITCH, POWER, VOLUME_UP, VOLUME_DOWN).",
             "enum": [
               "ENTER",
               "BACK",
               "HOME",
-              "APP_SWITCH"
+              "APP_SWITCH",
+              "POWER",
+              "VOLUME_UP",
+              "VOLUME_DOWN"
             ],
-            "description": "Standard Android system button name (ENTER, BACK, HOME, APP_SWITCH)."
+            "type": "string"
           }
         },
         "required": [
           "key"
-        ]
+        ],
+        "type": "object"
       }
-    }
+    },
+    "type": "function"
   },
-  "MANAGE_APP_TOOL": {
-    "type": "function",
+  "SWIPE_TOOL": {
     "function": {
-      "name": "manage_app",
-      "description": "[ACTION] Launch or force stop a specified application.",
+      "description": "[ACTION] Perform a swipe, drag, or slider-adjustment gesture on the screen.\n\n\u2022 Directional Scrolling ('direction'): Recommended for general browsing and standard page scrolling in most scenarios. Automatically computes safe swipe vectors and adaptive duration, retains a ~40% visual overlap anchor for zero-omission traversal, and prevents inertial flings. Supports scoping to a sub-container via 'target'. If it fails on certain custom layouts, fall back to specifying exact coordinates ('start' and 'end') directly.\n\u2022 Precise Coordinate Gestures ('start', 'end'): Best for local, fine-grained interactions such as adjusting sliders/SeekBars (e.g., volume, brightness, progress bars), drag-and-drop / list reordering, or as a reliable fallback when directional scrolling fails on specific containers. Always drag slightly PAST the target position to overcome touch slop and reliably trigger the update. When setting a slider to Maximum (100%) or Minimum (0%), swipe fully to the extreme boundary.\n\nArgs:\n    direction: Smart directional scrolling ('up', 'down', 'left', 'right'). Automatically computes safe swipe vectors, retaining 40% visual overlap: 'up' (reveal content below), 'down' (reveal content above), 'left', 'right'.\n    start: Start normalized coordinates [start_x, start_y] in 0-1000 scale.\n    end: End normalized coordinates [end_x, end_y] in 0-1000 scale.\n    target: Optional target element index (e.g. 2) or container bounds [left, top, right, bottom] to scope the directional swipe within.\n    gesture: Backward-compatible parameter: direction string OR custom coordinates list [start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y] in 0-1000 scale.\n    target_description: What is being dragged, in a few words (e.g. 'brightness slider knob'). REQUIRED for coordinate gestures ('start'/'end' or a coordinates list); ignored for directional scrolling.\n    duration: Optional gesture duration in milliseconds (default 800).",
+      "name": "swipe",
       "parameters": {
-        "type": "object",
         "properties": {
-          "action": {
-            "type": "string",
+          "direction": {
+            "description": "Direction for scrolling and swiping: 'up' (drags bottom-to-top, scrolling down to reveal content below), 'down' (drags top-to-bottom, scrolling up to reveal content above), 'left' (drags right-to-left, scrolling right), 'right' (drags left-to-right, scrolling left).",
             "enum": [
-              "launch",
-              "stop"
+              "up",
+              "down",
+              "left",
+              "right"
             ],
-            "description": "The action type."
+            "type": "string"
           },
-          "app_name": {
-            "type": "string",
-            "description": "Display name or package name of the application."
+          "duration": {
+            "description": "Optional swipe/drag duration in milliseconds (default 800; computed automatically for directional swipes).",
+            "type": "integer"
+          },
+          "end": {
+            "description": "End normalized coordinates [end_x, end_y] in 0-1000 scale for precise, local interactions (e.g. adjusting sliders, SeekBars, fine range selection, or drag-and-drop).",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "integer"
+            },
+            "type": "array"
+          },
+          "gesture": {
+            "anyOf": [
+              {
+                "enum": [
+                  "up",
+                  "down",
+                  "left",
+                  "right"
+                ],
+                "type": "string"
+              },
+              {
+                "items": {
+                  "type": "integer"
+                },
+                "type": "array"
+              }
+            ],
+            "description": "Backward-compatible swipe gesture: smart direction string ('up', 'down', 'left', 'right') OR precise custom coordinates [start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y] in 0-1000 scale."
+          },
+          "start": {
+            "description": "Start normalized coordinates [start_x, start_y] in 0-1000 scale for precise, local interactions (e.g. adjusting sliders, SeekBars, fine range selection, or drag-and-drop).",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "integer"
+            },
+            "type": "array"
+          },
+          "target": {
+            "anyOf": [
+              {
+                "type": "integer"
+              },
+              {
+                "items": {
+                  "type": "integer"
+                },
+                "type": "array"
+              },
+              {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            ],
+            "description": "Optional target element index (e.g. 2) or container bounds [left, top, right, bottom] to scope the directional swipe within."
+          },
+          "target_description": {
+            "description": "What is being dragged, in a few words (e.g. 'brightness slider knob'). REQUIRED for coordinate gestures ('start'/'end' or a coordinates list); ignored for directional scrolling.",
+            "type": "string"
           }
         },
-        "required": [
-          "action",
-          "app_name"
-        ]
+        "required": [],
+        "type": "object"
       }
-    }
+    },
+    "type": "function"
   },
   "WAIT_FOR_DELAY_TOOL": {
-    "type": "function",
     "function": {
+      "description": "[ACTION] Pause execution and wait for a specified duration in milliseconds.\n\nUse this whenever you need time to elapse\u2014whether for UI loading, animations,\nscreen transitions, or longer scheduled delays and intervals specified in the task.",
       "name": "wait_for_delay",
-      "description": "[ACTION] Pause execution and wait for a specified duration in milliseconds.\n\nUse this whenever you need time to elapse—whether for UI loading, animations,\nscreen transitions, or longer scheduled delays and intervals specified in the task.",
       "parameters": {
-        "type": "object",
         "properties": {
           "time_in_ms": {
-            "type": "integer",
-            "description": "The exact duration to wait in milliseconds. Accurately convert the required time duration into milliseconds based on your objective or plan (e.g., 2000 for 2s, 5000 for 5s, 60000 for 1 minute, 180000 for 3 minutes, 300000 for 5 minutes)."
+            "description": "The exact duration to wait in milliseconds. Accurately convert the required time duration into milliseconds based on your objective or plan (e.g., 2000 for 2s, 5000 for 5s, 60000 for 1 minute, 180000 for 3 minutes, 300000 for 5 minutes).",
+            "type": "integer"
           }
         },
         "required": [
           "time_in_ms"
-        ]
+        ],
+        "type": "object"
       }
-    }
+    },
+    "type": "function"
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/admin_console/test_task_queue_service.py b/tests/unit/admin_console/test_task_queue_service.py
index 24a572cd..9be986c0 100644
--- a/tests/unit/admin_console/test_task_queue_service.py
+++ b/tests/unit/admin_console/test_task_queue_service.py
@@ -1111,3 +1111,83 @@ async def test_enqueue_tasks_debounces_rapid_identical_submissions():
         )
         assert len(state.queue_items) == 1
         assert res2["enqueued_count"] == 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_enqueue_tasks_platforms_do_not_dedupe_against_each_other():
+    """Identical goal+serial text on Android vs iOS are distinct submissions."""
+    state.queue_items = []
+    state.active_session_id = None
+
+    with (
+        patch("apps.admin_console.services.task_queue_service.session_repo"),
+        patch(
+            "apps.admin_console.services.task_queue_service.DeviceExecutionLock.reserve",
+            return_value="ticket-x",
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "artemis.runtime.device_pool.device_pool.try_list_devices_async",
+            new=AsyncMock(return_value=[]),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "artemis.runtime.device_pool.device_pool.validate_explicit_serial_async",
+            new=AsyncMock(return_value=None),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "artemis.runtime.ios_device_pool.ios_device_pool.validate_explicit_serial_async",
+            new=AsyncMock(return_value=None),
+        ),
+        patch.object(TaskQueueService, "ensure_worker_running"),
+    ):
+        res_android = await task_queue_service.enqueue_tasks(
+            ["shared goal"], device_serial="shared-serial", platform="android"
+        )
+        res_ios = await task_queue_service.enqueue_tasks(
+            ["shared goal"], device_serial="shared-serial", platform="ios"
+        )
+        # Same platform + goal + serial still debounces.
+        res_ios_again = await task_queue_service.enqueue_tasks(
+            ["shared goal"], device_serial="shared-serial", platform="ios"
+        )
+
+    assert res_android["enqueued_count"] == 1
+    assert res_ios["enqueued_count"] == 1
+    assert res_ios_again["enqueued_count"] == 0
+    platforms = sorted(i["platform"] for i in state.queue_items)
+    assert platforms == ["android", "ios"]
+    ios_item = next(i for i in state.queue_items if i["platform"] == "ios")
+    assert ios_item["device_serial"] == "shared-serial"
+
+
+def test_task_target_ios_skips_a_malformed_adb_endpoint():
+    """iOS items never parse their stale/malformed Android endpoint snapshot."""
+    from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import IosTarget
+
+    target = TaskQueueService._task_target(
+        {
+            "platform": "ios",
+            "device_serial": "AAAA-1111",
+            "adb_endpoint": {"host": "", "port": "not-a-port"},
+        }
+    )
+    assert isinstance(target, IosTarget)
+    assert target.serial == "AAAA-1111"
+
+
+def test_task_target_android_still_validates_its_endpoint():
+    from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import AdbTarget
+
+    with pytest.raises((ValueError, TypeError)):
+        TaskQueueService._task_target(
+            {
+                "platform": "android",
+                "device_serial": "emulator-5554",
+                "adb_endpoint": {"host": "", "port": "not-a-port"},
+            }
+        )
+    target = TaskQueueService._task_target(
+        {"device_serial": "emulator-5554", "adb_endpoint": AdbEndpoint.local().to_dict()}
+        if hasattr(AdbEndpoint.local(), "to_dict")
+        else {"device_serial": "emulator-5554"}
+    )
+    assert isinstance(target, AdbTarget)
diff --git a/tests/unit/agents/test_explorer_tiers.py b/tests/unit/agents/test_explorer_tiers.py
index e8c400d3..1f84c6ca 100644
--- a/tests/unit/agents/test_explorer_tiers.py
+++ b/tests/unit/agents/test_explorer_tiers.py
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ async def test_universal_dispatch_appends_image_message(tmp_path):
     image_blocks = human.content[1:]
     assert len(image_blocks) == 2  # the missing file is skipped
     assert all(b["type"] == "image_url" for b in image_blocks)
-    assert image_blocks[0]["image_url"]["url"].startswith("data:image/jpeg;base64,")
+    assert image_blocks[0]["image_url"]["url"].startswith("data:image/png;base64,")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
diff --git a/tests/unit/agents/test_operator.py b/tests/unit/agents/test_operator.py
index 5fcfb7c2..cf512642 100644
--- a/tests/unit/agents/test_operator.py
+++ b/tests/unit/agents/test_operator.py
@@ -1499,13 +1499,19 @@ async def test_operator_press_key_translation_is_case_insensitive():
     assert err is None
     assert actions == [{"action": "press_key", "keycode": "KEYCODE_APP_SWITCH"}]
 
-    # Unsupported keys get a self-explanatory error that lists the accepted names.
     actions, err = node._translate_and_validate_tool(
         {"name": "press_key", "args": {"key": "volume_up"}}, mock_state
     )
+    assert err is None
+    assert actions == [{"action": "press_key", "keycode": "KEYCODE_VOLUME_UP"}]
+
+    # Unsupported keys get a self-explanatory error that lists the accepted names.
+    actions, err = node._translate_and_validate_tool(
+        {"name": "press_key", "args": {"key": "delete"}}, mock_state
+    )
     assert actions == []
     assert err == (
-        "Error: Unsupported key 'volume_up'. Supported keys: ENTER, BACK, HOME, APP_SWITCH."
+        "Error: Unsupported key 'delete'. Supported keys: ENTER, BACK, HOME, APP_SWITCH, POWER, VOLUME_UP, VOLUME_DOWN."
     )
 
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/agents/test_outputter.py b/tests/unit/agents/test_outputter.py
index 8def19fa..6cf135a7 100644
--- a/tests/unit/agents/test_outputter.py
+++ b/tests/unit/agents/test_outputter.py
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ def __init__(self, messages, initial_goal, operator_raw_data):
     assert "Step 1: Opened browser" in human_content[0]["text"]
     assert "Plan: Find capital" in human_content[0]["text"]
     assert human_content[1]["type"] == "image_url"
-    assert human_content[1]["image_url"]["url"] == "data:image/jpeg;base64,mock_b64_data"
+    assert human_content[1]["image_url"]["url"] == "data:image/png;base64,mock_b64_data"
 
 
 @patch("artemis.agents.outputter.outputter.get_llm")
diff --git a/tests/unit/core/test_device_smoke.py b/tests/unit/core/test_device_smoke.py
index 8fd6e367..ef42b244 100644
--- a/tests/unit/core/test_device_smoke.py
+++ b/tests/unit/core/test_device_smoke.py
@@ -48,10 +48,13 @@ def _install(get_screen_data=None, factory=None):
             controller.get_screen_data = get_screen_data
         calls: list[str | None] = []
 
-        def _fake_get_controller(device_serial=None):
+        def _fake_get_controller(device_serial=None, target_platform=None):
             calls.append(device_serial)
             if factory is not None:
-                return factory(device_serial)
+                if target_platform is None:
+                    # Preserve the Android call shape: no platform kwarg.
+                    return factory(device_serial)
+                return factory(device_serial, target_platform=target_platform)
             return controller
 
         monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.mcp.adb_server._get_controller", _fake_get_controller)
@@ -358,6 +361,123 @@ def test_fix_for_error_generic_fallback_uses_serial():
     assert "<serial>" in device_smoke.fix_for_error("timeout", None)[1]
 
 
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# iOS path
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+IOS_UDID = "AAAA-1111-0000"
+
+
+def _ios_screen_data():
+    return SimpleNamespace(
+        base64=base64.b64encode(FAKE_JPEG).decode("ascii"),
+        elements='<hierarchy><node class="XCUIElementTypeButton"/></hierarchy>',
+        width=1170,
+        height=2532,
+    )
+
+
+def _ios_controller(device_id=IOS_UDID):
+    controller = MagicMock()
+    controller.ctx = SimpleNamespace(
+        device=SimpleNamespace(device_id=device_id, mobile_platform="ios")
+    )
+    controller._driver = SimpleNamespace()  # not a PhysicalIosDriver -> xcode
+    return controller
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_smoke_runs_observation_helper_and_reports_xcode(patch_controller, monkeypatch):
+    """iOS observes through the lease-owning helper on the caller's loop."""
+    observe = AsyncMock(return_value=_ios_screen_data())
+    monkeypatch.setattr(device_smoke, "observe_ios_controller", observe)
+    captured: dict = {}
+
+    def factory(device_serial, target_platform=None):
+        captured["device_serial"] = device_serial
+        captured["target_platform"] = target_platform
+        return _ios_controller()
+
+    patch_controller(factory=factory)
+
+    result = await smoke_test_device(device_serial=IOS_UDID, platform="ios")
+
+    assert result["ok"] is True
+    assert result["error"] is None
+    assert result["fix"] == []
+    assert result["serial"] == IOS_UDID
+    assert result["hierarchy_backend"] == "xcode"
+    assert captured == {"device_serial": IOS_UDID, "target_platform": "ios"}
+    observe.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_smoke_ignores_adb_serial_env(patch_controller, monkeypatch):
+    """ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL must never seed an iOS target."""
+    monkeypatch.setenv("ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL", "emulator-5554")
+    observe = AsyncMock(return_value=_ios_screen_data())
+    monkeypatch.setattr(device_smoke, "observe_ios_controller", observe)
+
+    def factory(device_serial, target_platform=None):
+        return _ios_controller(device_id=device_serial or "booted")
+
+    patch_controller(factory=factory)
+
+    result = await smoke_test_device(platform="ios")
+
+    assert result["ok"] is True
+    # Serial comes from ctx after canonical resolution — never the ADB serial.
+    assert result["serial"] == "booted"
+    assert "emulator-5554" not in str(result)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_smoke_skips_unscoped_android_busy_guard(patch_controller, monkeypatch):
+    """The helper performs scope-correct admission; an Android owner on the
+    same serial text must not veto the iOS smoke."""
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        DeviceExecutionLock,
+        "get_active_owners",
+        classmethod(lambda cls: {IOS_UDID: _owner(IOS_UDID, "android task")}),
+    )
+    observe = AsyncMock(return_value=_ios_screen_data())
+    monkeypatch.setattr(device_smoke, "observe_ios_controller", observe)
+    patch_controller(factory=lambda device_serial, target_platform=None: _ios_controller())
+
+    result = await smoke_test_device(device_serial=IOS_UDID, platform="ios")
+
+    assert result["ok"] is True
+    observe.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_smoke_failure_maps_to_ios_fixes(patch_controller, monkeypatch):
+    observe = AsyncMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("WebDriverAgent did not answer within 45s"))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(device_smoke, "observe_ios_controller", observe)
+    patch_controller(factory=lambda device_serial, target_platform=None: _ios_controller())
+
+    result = await smoke_test_device(device_serial=IOS_UDID, platform="ios")
+
+    assert result["ok"] is False
+    assert "WebDriverAgent" in result["error"]
+    assert any("WebDriverAgent" in step for step in result["fix"])
+    assert not any("adb " in step for step in result["fix"])
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_smoke_init_failure_reports_ios_target(patch_controller):
+    def _boom(device_serial, target_platform=None):
+        raise Exception("iOS support requires macOS and Xcode 27 or later")
+
+    patch_controller(factory=_boom)
+
+    result = await smoke_test_device(device_serial=IOS_UDID, platform="ios")
+
+    assert result["ok"] is False
+    assert "Failed to initialize iOS device controller" in result["error"]
+    assert any("Xcode" in step for step in result["fix"])
+
+
 def test_smoke_test_is_exported_from_diagnostics_package():
     import artemis.core.diagnostics as diagnostics
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/core/test_readiness.py b/tests/unit/core/test_readiness.py
index 0cfb0c77..37c93037 100644
--- a/tests/unit/core/test_readiness.py
+++ b/tests/unit/core/test_readiness.py
@@ -131,6 +131,7 @@ def test_sort_by_fix_order_follows_check_order_and_appends_unknown_ids():
         "integration_host",
         "gemini_api_key",
         "android_adb",
+        "ios_simulators",
         "toolchain",
         "vision_ocr_key",
     ]
diff --git a/tests/unit/drivers/test_ios_bridge.py b/tests/unit/drivers/test_ios_bridge.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ceb7d06e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/drivers/test_ios_bridge.py
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""MCP bridge ownership and failure behavior without launching Xcode."""
+
+import asyncio
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+from mcp.types import CallToolResult, TextContent
+import pytest
+
+from artemis.drivers.ios import bridge
+from artemis.drivers.ios.bridge import (
+    XcodeApprovalRequiredError,
+    XcodeBridge,
+    xcode_approval_guidance,
+)
+
+
+def response(data=None, *, text=None, error=False):
+    return CallToolResult(
+        content=[TextContent(type="text", text=text)] if text is not None else [],
+        structuredContent=data,
+        isError=error,
+    )
+
+
+class NativeSession:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.events = []
+        self.tools_calls = []
+        self.tool_calls = []
+        self.initialize_hook = None
+        self.call_hook = None
+        self.pages = {
+            None: (["DeviceInteractionStartSession"], "second"),
+            "second": (["DeviceInteractionSynthesize", "DeviceInteractionEndSession"], None),
+        }
+
+    async def __aenter__(self):
+        self.events.append(("session-enter", asyncio.current_task()))
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, *args):
+        self.events.append(("session-exit", asyncio.current_task()))
+
+    async def initialize(self):
+        self.events.append(("initialize", asyncio.current_task()))
+        if self.initialize_hook:
+            await self.initialize_hook()
+
+    async def list_tools(self, cursor=None):
+        self.tools_calls.append(cursor)
+        names, next_cursor = self.pages[cursor]
+        return SimpleNamespace(
+            tools=[SimpleNamespace(name=name) for name in names], nextCursor=next_cursor
+        )
+
+    async def call_tool(self, name, arguments):
+        self.tool_calls.append((name, arguments))
+        if self.call_hook:
+            return await self.call_hook(name, arguments)
+        return response({"userMessage": "OK"})
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def native_transport(monkeypatch):
+    session = NativeSession()
+    events = []
+    parameters = []
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def stdio(params):
+        parameters.append(params)
+        events.append(("stdio-enter", asyncio.current_task()))
+        try:
+            yield object(), object()
+        finally:
+            events.append(("stdio-exit", asyncio.current_task()))
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(bridge, "stdio_client", stdio)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(bridge, "ClientSession", lambda reader, writer: session)
+    return SimpleNamespace(session=session, events=events, parameters=parameters)
+
+
+def assert_resources_closed_in_owner(native):
+    assert [event for event, task in native.events] == ["stdio-enter", "stdio-exit"]
+    assert [event for event, task in native.session.events if event.startswith("session-")] == [
+        "session-enter",
+        "session-exit",
+    ]
+    owners = {task for event, task in native.events + native.session.events}
+    assert len(owners) == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_initializes_discovers_paginated_tools_and_preserves_xcode_selection(
+    native_transport, monkeypatch
+):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("DEVELOPER_DIR", "/Applications/Selected Xcode.app/Contents/Developer")
+    monkeypatch.setenv("MCP_XCODE_PID", "1234")
+    client = XcodeBridge()
+    await client.start()
+    assert client.connected
+    assert client.tools == {
+        "DeviceInteractionStartSession",
+        "DeviceInteractionSynthesize",
+        "DeviceInteractionEndSession",
+    }
+    assert native_transport.session.tools_calls == [None, "second"]
+    params = native_transport.parameters[0]
+    assert params.command == "xcrun" and params.args == ["mcpbridge"]
+    assert params.env["DEVELOPER_DIR"] == "/Applications/Selected Xcode.app/Contents/Developer"
+    assert params.env["MCP_XCODE_PID"] == "1234"
+    assert await client.call("DeviceInteractionEndSession", {"interactionSessionKey": "key"}) == {
+        "userMessage": "OK"
+    }
+    await client.close()
+    assert not client.connected
+    assert_resources_closed_in_owner(native_transport)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "native_response",
+    [
+        response({"screenshotPath": "/tmp/native.png"}),
+        response(text=json.dumps({"screenshotPath": "/tmp/native.png"})),
+    ],
+)
+async def test_reads_structured_and_legacy_json_results(native_transport, native_response):
+    async def call(name, arguments):
+        return native_response
+
+    native_transport.session.call_hook = call
+    client = XcodeBridge()
+    await client.start()
+    assert await client.call("DeviceInteractionSynthesize", {}) == {
+        "screenshotPath": "/tmp/native.png"
+    }
+    await client.close()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_native_tool_errors_propagate_without_retrying_or_destroying_connection(
+    native_transport,
+):
+    results = iter(
+        [response(text="Agent is not approved", error=True), response({"userMessage": "Closed"})]
+    )
+
+    async def call(name, arguments):
+        return next(results)
+
+    native_transport.session.call_hook = call
+    client = XcodeBridge()
+    await client.start()
+    with pytest.raises(
+        XcodeApprovalRequiredError,
+        match="DeviceInteractionStartSession failed: Agent is not approved",
+    ):
+        await client.call("DeviceInteractionStartSession", {})
+    assert await client.call("DeviceInteractionEndSession", {}) == {"userMessage": "Closed"}
+    assert [name for name, arguments in native_transport.session.tool_calls] == [
+        "DeviceInteractionStartSession",
+        "DeviceInteractionEndSession",
+    ]
+    await client.close()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "native_message",
+    [
+        "This agent isn't approved to use Xcode's tools yet. Call XcodeOpenWorkspace first.",
+        "Agent is not approved",
+        "Xcode is waiting for the user to approve this request; it has been recorded.",
+    ],
+)
+async def test_native_approval_refusals_become_typed_errors(native_transport, native_message):
+    async def call(name, arguments):
+        return response(text=native_message, error=True)
+
+    native_transport.session.call_hook = call
+    client = XcodeBridge()
+    await client.start()
+    with pytest.raises(XcodeApprovalRequiredError) as caught:
+        await client.call("DeviceInteractionStartSession", {})
+    error = caught.value
+    assert error.tool_name == "DeviceInteractionStartSession"
+    assert error.native_message == native_message
+    assert str(error) == f"Xcode tool DeviceInteractionStartSession failed: {native_message}"
+    await client.close()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_unrelated_tool_errors_stay_generic_and_keep_bridge_alive(native_transport):
+    results = iter(
+        [response(text="Simulator is busy", error=True), response({"userMessage": "OK"})]
+    )
+
+    async def call(name, arguments):
+        return next(results)
+
+    native_transport.session.call_hook = call
+    client = XcodeBridge()
+    await client.start()
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Simulator is busy") as caught:
+        await client.call("DeviceInteractionSynthesize", {})
+    assert not isinstance(caught.value, XcodeApprovalRequiredError)
+    assert await client.call("DeviceInteractionEndSession", {}) == {"userMessage": "OK"}
+    await client.close()
+
+
+def test_approval_guidance_names_interpreter_and_workspace_without_subprocess(
+    tmp_path, monkeypatch
+):
+    def forbidden(*args, **kwargs):
+        raise AssertionError("guidance must never launch a subprocess")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(subprocess, "run", forbidden)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(subprocess, "Popen", forbidden)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(bridge.asyncio, "create_subprocess_exec", forbidden)
+    guidance = xcode_approval_guidance(workspace_path=tmp_path)
+    assert str(Path(sys.executable).resolve()) in guidance
+    assert str(tmp_path) in guidance
+    assert "Always Allow" in guidance
+    assert "--always" in guidance
+    assert "not supplied" not in guidance
+    bare = xcode_approval_guidance()
+    assert "Workspace: not supplied" in bare
+    assert isinstance(XcodeApprovalRequiredError("tool", "msg").guidance, str)
+    scoped = XcodeApprovalRequiredError("tool", "msg", workspace_path=tmp_path)
+    assert scoped.workspace_path == tmp_path
+    assert str(tmp_path) in scoped.guidance
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_unstructured_success_is_rejected(native_transport):
+    async def call(name, arguments):
+        return response(text="not JSON")
+
+    native_transport.session.call_hook = call
+    client = XcodeBridge()
+    await client.start()
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="no structured result"):
+        await client.call("DeviceInteractionSynthesize", {})
+    await client.close()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_simulator_calls_are_serialized(native_transport):
+    first_started, release_first = asyncio.Event(), asyncio.Event()
+
+    async def call(name, arguments):
+        if name == "first":
+            first_started.set()
+            await release_first.wait()
+        return response({"name": name})
+
+    native_transport.session.call_hook = call
+    client = XcodeBridge()
+    await client.start()
+    first = asyncio.create_task(client.call("first", {}))
+    await first_started.wait()
+    second = asyncio.create_task(client.call("second", {}))
+    await asyncio.sleep(0)
+    assert [name for name, arguments in native_transport.session.tool_calls] == ["first"]
+    release_first.set()
+    assert await asyncio.gather(first, second) == [{"name": "first"}, {"name": "second"}]
+    await client.close()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_initialization_timeout_releases_all_resources(native_transport):
+    async def initialize():
+        await asyncio.Event().wait()
+
+    native_transport.session.initialize_hook = initialize
+    client = XcodeBridge(timeout_seconds=0.01)
+    with pytest.raises(TimeoutError):
+        await client.start()
+    assert_resources_closed_in_owner(native_transport)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="not connected"):
+        await client.call("DeviceInteractionSynthesize", {})
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_initialization_cancellation_releases_all_resources(native_transport):
+    started = asyncio.Event()
+
+    async def initialize():
+        started.set()
+        await asyncio.Event().wait()
+
+    native_transport.session.initialize_hook = initialize
+    client = XcodeBridge()
+    task = asyncio.create_task(client.start())
+    await started.wait()
+    task.cancel()
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await task
+    assert_resources_closed_in_owner(native_transport)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_initialization_failure_releases_all_resources(native_transport):
+    async def initialize():
+        raise OSError("Cannot open native service")
+
+    native_transport.session.initialize_hook = initialize
+    client = XcodeBridge()
+    with pytest.raises(
+        RuntimeError, match="Cannot connect to Xcode MCP: Cannot open native service"
+    ):
+        await client.start()
+    assert not client.connected
+    assert_resources_closed_in_owner(native_transport)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_input_timeout_retires_bridge_without_repeating_possibly_executed_action(
+    native_transport,
+):
+    async def call(name, arguments):
+        await asyncio.Event().wait()
+
+    native_transport.session.call_hook = call
+    client = XcodeBridge(timeout_seconds=0.01)
+    await client.start()
+    with pytest.raises(TimeoutError):
+        await client.call("DeviceInteractionSynthesize", {"interactionCommand": "t 10 20"})
+    assert len(native_transport.session.tool_calls) == 1
+    assert_resources_closed_in_owner(native_transport)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="not connected"):
+        await client.call("DeviceInteractionSynthesize", {})
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_cancelled_input_retires_bridge_and_fails_queued_action(native_transport):
+    started = asyncio.Event()
+
+    async def call(name, arguments):
+        started.set()
+        await asyncio.Event().wait()
+
+    native_transport.session.call_hook = call
+    client = XcodeBridge()
+    await client.start()
+    first = asyncio.create_task(client.call("first", {}))
+    await started.wait()
+    second = asyncio.create_task(client.call("second", {}))
+    await asyncio.sleep(0)
+    first.cancel()
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await first
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="bridge has closed"):
+        await second
+    assert [name for name, arguments in native_transport.session.tool_calls] == ["first"]
+    assert_resources_closed_in_owner(native_transport)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_transport_failure_retires_bridge_and_fails_queued_action(native_transport):
+    started, fail = asyncio.Event(), asyncio.Event()
+
+    async def call(name, arguments):
+        started.set()
+        await fail.wait()
+        raise OSError("pipe disconnected")
+
+    native_transport.session.call_hook = call
+    client = XcodeBridge()
+    await client.start()
+    first = asyncio.create_task(client.call("first", {}))
+    await started.wait()
+    second = asyncio.create_task(client.call("second", {}))
+    await asyncio.sleep(0)
+    fail.set()
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="connection failed: pipe disconnected"):
+        await first
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="bridge has closed"):
+        await second
+    await client.close()
+    assert_resources_closed_in_owner(native_transport)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_bridge_can_reconnect_after_timeout_for_session_cleanup(native_transport):
+    async def call(name, arguments):
+        await asyncio.Event().wait()
+
+    native_transport.session.call_hook = call
+    client = XcodeBridge(timeout_seconds=0.01)
+    await client.start()
+    with pytest.raises(TimeoutError):
+        await client.call("DeviceInteractionSynthesize", {"interactionCommand": "t 10 20"})
+    assert not client.connected
+    native_transport.session.call_hook = None
+    await client.start()
+    assert client.connected
+    assert await client.call(
+        "DeviceInteractionEndSession", {"interactionSessionKey": "known-key"}
+    ) == {"userMessage": "OK"}
+    assert [name for name, arguments in native_transport.session.tool_calls] == [
+        "DeviceInteractionSynthesize",
+        "DeviceInteractionEndSession",
+    ]
+    await client.close()
+    assert [event for event, task in native_transport.events] == [
+        "stdio-enter",
+        "stdio-exit",
+        "stdio-enter",
+        "stdio-exit",
+    ]
diff --git a/tests/unit/drivers/test_ios_driver.py b/tests/unit/drivers/test_ios_driver.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e20ba36e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/drivers/test_ios_driver.py
@@ -0,0 +1,957 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Native iOS behavior tested without Xcode, CoreSimulator, or a device."""
+
+import asyncio
+import base64
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import plistlib
+import re
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
+
+from PIL import Image
+import pytest
+
+from artemis.drivers.base import KeyCode
+from artemis.drivers.ios import xcode_driver
+from artemis.drivers.ios.bridge import XcodeApprovalRequiredError
+from artemis.drivers.ios.hierarchy import application_bundle, parse_hierarchy
+from artemis.drivers.ios.xcode_driver import XcodeSimulatorDriver, run_xcrun
+from third_party.mobile_use.controllers.types import ElementQuery
+
+
+IOS_A = "DE345DD3-5792-4DAD-B863-144682629565"
+IOS_B = "F81B6533-B1EC-40CE-8A21-9CD4F2994E55"
+WATCH = "362C24CC-751F-457F-B8BF-9FFAC1F855A0"
+NATIVE_TOOLS = {
+    "DeviceInteractionStartSession",
+    "DeviceInteractionSynthesize",
+    "DeviceInteractionEndSession",
+}
+# Apple's packaged device-interaction skill uses these frame/hitPoint formats.
+APPLE_HIERARCHY = """Device orientation: Portrait
+------------------------
+Application bundle identifier: com.example.app
+Application UI orientation: Portrait
+Application, pid: 123, label: 'Example'
+ Window, {{0.0, 0.0}, {200.0, 400.0}}, hitPoint: {100.0, 200.0}
+  Other, {{0.0, 0.0}, {200.0, 400.0}}, hitPoint: {100.0, 200.0}
+   Button, {{10.0, 20.0}, {60.0, 30.0}}, identifier: 'login', label: 'Login', hitPoint: {15.0, 25.0}, activationBundleId: com.example.app
+   StaticText, {{20.0, 70.0}, {100.0, 20.0}}, label: 'Welcome'
+"""
+
+
+def device(udid=IOS_A, state="Booted", available=True):
+    return {"udid": udid, "name": "iPhone", "state": state, "isAvailable": available}
+
+
+class NativeBridge:
+    def __init__(self, observation):
+        self.tools = NATIVE_TOOLS.copy()
+        self.connected = False
+        self.start = AsyncMock(side_effect=self.open)
+        self.close = AsyncMock(side_effect=self.finish)
+        self.call = AsyncMock(side_effect=self.respond)
+        self.observation = observation
+        self.hooks = {}
+        self.start_result = {
+            "interactionSessionKey": "test-session",
+            "deviceUUID": IOS_A,
+            "deviceIsSimulator": True,
+        }
+
+    async def open(self):
+        self.connected = True
+
+    async def finish(self):
+        self.connected = False
+
+    async def respond(self, name, arguments):
+        if name in self.hooks:
+            return await self.hooks[name](arguments)
+        if name == "DeviceInteractionStartSession":
+            return self.start_result
+        if name == "DeviceInteractionSynthesize":
+            return self.observation
+        if name == "DeviceInteractionEndSession":
+            return {"userMessage": "Closed"}
+        if name == "XcodeOpenWorkspace":
+            return {"workspaceIdentifier": "workspace-1"}
+        raise AssertionError(f"Unexpected native tool {name}")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def simulator(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+    screenshot = tmp_path / "native.png"
+    Image.new("RGB", (200, 400)).save(screenshot)
+    hierarchy = tmp_path / "native-hierarchy.txt"
+    hierarchy.write_text(APPLE_HIERARCHY, encoding="utf-8")
+    observation = {
+        "screenshotPath": str(screenshot),
+        "hierarchyPath": str(hierarchy),
+        "thumbnailScreenshotPath": str(screenshot),
+        "logsPath": str(tmp_path / "logs.txt"),
+        "applicationState": "NotRun",
+    }
+    native = NativeBridge(observation)
+    inventory = {"devices": {"com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.iOS-27-0": [device()]}}
+
+    async def command(*arguments, timeout=30):
+        if arguments == ("xcodebuild", "-version"):
+            return b"Xcode 27.0\nBuild version 27A266a\n"
+        if arguments == ("simctl", "list", "devices", "--json"):
+            return json.dumps(inventory).encode()
+        if arguments[:2] == ("simctl", "listapps"):
+            # Real simctl emits an OpenStep/ASCII plist that plistlib cannot
+            # parse — the driver must route it through plutil.
+            return (
+                b'{ "com.example.app" = { CFBundleDisplayName = Example; '
+                b'CFBundleIdentifier = "com.example.app"; }; }'
+            )
+        return b""
+
+    async def fake_plutil(payload: bytes, timeout: float = 30.0) -> bytes:
+        return json.dumps({"com.example.app": {"CFBundleDisplayName": "Example"}}).encode()
+
+    commands = AsyncMock(side_effect=command)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(xcode_driver.sys, "platform", "darwin")
+    monkeypatch.setattr(xcode_driver, "run_xcrun", commands)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(xcode_driver, "plist_to_json", fake_plutil)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(xcode_driver, "XcodeBridge", lambda: native)
+    return SimpleNamespace(
+        driver=XcodeSimulatorDriver(),
+        native=native,
+        commands=commands,
+        inventory=inventory,
+        screenshot=screenshot,
+        hierarchy=hierarchy,
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_booted_selection_pins_every_app_operation_to_one_ios_udid(simulator, tmp_path):
+    simulator.inventory["devices"]["com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.iOS-27-0"].append(
+        device(IOS_B, state="Shutdown")
+    )
+    simulator.inventory["devices"]["com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.watchOS-27-0"] = [
+        device(WATCH)
+    ]
+    driver = simulator.driver
+    await driver.connect()
+    assert driver.device_id == IOS_A
+    await driver.launch_app("com.example.app")
+    await driver.stop_app("com.example.app")
+    await driver.open_url("example://item?q=$literal")
+    assert await driver.list_apps() == {"com.example.app": "Example"}
+    app = tmp_path / "Example.app"
+    app.mkdir()
+    (app / "Info.plist").write_bytes(plistlib.dumps({"CFBundleIdentifier": "com.example.app"}))
+    assert await driver.install_app(app) == "com.example.app"
+
+    native_start = simulator.native.call.await_args_list[0]
+    assert native_start.args[0] == "DeviceInteractionStartSession"
+    assert native_start.args[1]["deviceIdentifier"] == IOS_A
+    assert all(
+        call.args[2] == IOS_A
+        for call in simulator.commands.await_args_list
+        if len(call.args) >= 3
+        and call.args[:2]
+        in {
+            ("simctl", "launch"),
+            ("simctl", "terminate"),
+            ("simctl", "openurl"),
+            ("simctl", "listapps"),
+            ("simctl", "install"),
+        }
+    )
+    assert not any(
+        call.args[:2] == ("simctl", "boot") for call in simulator.commands.await_args_list
+    )
+    await driver.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("booted_count", [0, 2])
+async def test_booted_selector_rejects_ambiguous_or_missing_devices(simulator, booted_count):
+    simulator.inventory["devices"]["com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.iOS-27-0"] = [
+        device(udid) for udid in (IOS_A, IOS_B)[:booted_count]
+    ]
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="exactly one booted iOS simulator"):
+        await simulator.driver.connect()
+    simulator.native.start.assert_not_awaited()
+    simulator.native.call.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_booted_selector_tolerates_mixed_case_and_whitespace(simulator):
+    """The reserved 'booted' token normalizes before comparison."""
+    simulator.driver._device_id = "  BoOtEd  "
+    await simulator.driver.connect()
+    assert simulator.driver.device_id == IOS_A
+    await simulator.driver.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("requested, available", [(WATCH, True), (IOS_A, False)])
+async def test_explicit_selection_rejects_non_ios_and_unavailable_devices(
+    simulator, requested, available
+):
+    simulator.driver._device_id = requested
+    simulator.inventory["devices"]["com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.iOS-27-0"][0][
+        "isAvailable"
+    ] = available
+    simulator.inventory["devices"]["com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.watchOS-27-0"] = [
+        device(WATCH)
+    ]
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unavailable iOS simulator"):
+        await simulator.driver.connect()
+    simulator.native.start.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_explicit_shutdown_device_is_booted_and_selected_case_insensitively(simulator):
+    simulator.driver._device_id = IOS_A.lower()
+    simulator.inventory["devices"]["com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.iOS-27-0"][0]["state"] = (
+        "Shutdown"
+    )
+    await simulator.driver.connect()
+    simulator.commands.assert_any_await("simctl", "boot", IOS_A)
+    simulator.commands.assert_any_await("simctl", "bootstatus", IOS_A, "-b", timeout=180.0)
+    assert simulator.driver.device_id == IOS_A
+    await simulator.driver.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_repeated_connect_reuses_session(simulator):
+    await simulator.driver.connect()
+    await simulator.driver.connect()
+    simulator.native.start.assert_awaited_once()
+    starts = [
+        c for c in simulator.native.call.await_args_list if c.args[0].endswith("StartSession")
+    ]
+    assert len(starts) == 1
+    await simulator.driver.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "result",
+    [
+        {"interactionSessionKey": "wrong-target", "deviceUUID": IOS_B, "deviceIsSimulator": True},
+        {
+            "interactionSessionKey": "physical-target",
+            "deviceUUID": IOS_A,
+            "deviceIsSimulator": False,
+        },
+    ],
+)
+async def test_native_wrong_target_is_closed_before_any_interaction(simulator, result):
+    simulator.native.start_result = result
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="different device"):
+        await simulator.driver.connect()
+    simulator.native.call.assert_any_await(
+        "DeviceInteractionEndSession", {"interactionSessionKey": result["interactionSessionKey"]}
+    )
+    assert not any(
+        c.args[0] == "DeviceInteractionSynthesize" for c in simulator.native.call.await_args_list
+    )
+    simulator.native.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_missing_native_tools_fail_before_session_start(simulator):
+    simulator.native.tools.remove("DeviceInteractionSynthesize")
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="tools are unavailable"):
+        await simulator.driver.connect()
+    simulator.native.call.assert_not_awaited()
+    simulator.native.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_non_macos_host_is_rejected_before_launching_native_tools(simulator, monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(xcode_driver.sys, "platform", "linux")
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="requires macOS"):
+        await simulator.driver.connect()
+    simulator.commands.assert_not_awaited()
+    simulator.native.start.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_old_xcode_is_rejected_before_device_boot(simulator):
+    simulator.commands.side_effect = None
+    simulator.commands.return_value = b"Xcode 26.3\nBuild version 17C529\n"
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="requires Xcode 27"):
+        await simulator.driver.connect()
+    simulator.commands.assert_awaited_once_with("xcodebuild", "-version")
+    simulator.native.start.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_start_session_error_closes_bridge_without_fake_session_cleanup(simulator):
+    simulator.native.call.side_effect = RuntimeError("Agent approval required")
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Agent approval required"):
+        await simulator.driver.connect()
+    assert [c.args[0] for c in simulator.native.call.await_args_list] == [
+        "DeviceInteractionStartSession"
+    ]
+    simulator.native.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_missing_session_key_is_rejected_and_bridge_closed(simulator):
+    simulator.native.start_result.pop("interactionSessionKey")
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="session key"):
+        await simulator.driver.connect()
+    simulator.native.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_connect_preserves_device_rejection_when_cleanup_also_fails(simulator):
+    simulator.native.start_result["deviceUUID"] = IOS_B
+
+    async def respond(name, arguments):
+        if name == "DeviceInteractionEndSession":
+            raise RuntimeError("Cleanup unavailable")
+        return await simulator.native.respond(name, arguments)
+
+    simulator.native.call.side_effect = respond
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="different device"):
+        await simulator.driver.connect()
+    simulator.native.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_failed_initial_observation_releases_native_session(simulator):
+    async def fail_capture(name, arguments):
+        if name == "DeviceInteractionSynthesize":
+            raise RuntimeError("Accessibility service failed")
+        return await simulator.native.respond(name, arguments)
+
+    simulator.native.call.side_effect = fail_capture
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Accessibility service failed"):
+        await simulator.driver.connect()
+    simulator.native.call.assert_any_await(
+        "DeviceInteractionEndSession", {"interactionSessionKey": "test-session"}
+    )
+    simulator.native.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_disconnect_closes_bridge_even_when_session_end_fails(simulator):
+    await simulator.driver.connect()
+    simulator.native.call.side_effect = RuntimeError("Native session expired")
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="expired"):
+        await simulator.driver.disconnect()
+    simulator.native.close.assert_awaited_once()
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Connect"):
+        await simulator.driver.get_screen_data()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_cancelled_initial_capture_releases_session_and_preserves_cancellation(simulator):
+    started = asyncio.Event()
+
+    async def respond(name, arguments):
+        if name == "DeviceInteractionSynthesize":
+            started.set()
+            await asyncio.Event().wait()
+        return await simulator.native.respond(name, arguments)
+
+    simulator.native.call.side_effect = respond
+    task = asyncio.create_task(simulator.driver.connect())
+    await started.wait()
+    task.cancel()
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await task
+    simulator.native.call.assert_any_await(
+        "DeviceInteractionEndSession", {"interactionSessionKey": "test-session"}
+    )
+    simulator.native.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_disconnect_reopens_retired_transport_only_to_close_known_session(simulator):
+    await simulator.driver.connect()
+    simulator.native.connected = False
+    simulator.native.call.reset_mock()
+    await simulator.driver.disconnect()
+    assert simulator.native.start.await_count == 2
+    simulator.native.call.assert_awaited_once_with(
+        "DeviceInteractionEndSession", {"interactionSessionKey": "test-session"}
+    )
+    simulator.native.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("scale", [1, 3])
+async def test_observation_and_coordinate_actions_share_screenshot_geometry(simulator, scale):
+    Image.new("RGB", (200 * scale, 400 * scale)).save(simulator.screenshot)
+    await simulator.driver.connect()
+    data = await simulator.driver.get_screen_data()
+    assert data.platform == "ios"
+    assert (data.width, data.height) == (200 * scale, 400 * scale)
+    assert base64.b64decode(data.screenshot_base64) == data.screenshot_bytes
+    button = next(element for element in data.ui_elements if element["resource_id"] == "login")
+    assert button["hit_point"] == [15 * scale, 25 * scale]
+    assert button["parsed_bounds"] == {
+        "left": 10 * scale,
+        "top": 20 * scale,
+        "right": 70 * scale,
+        "bottom": 50 * scale,
+    }
+
+    await simulator.driver.tap(15 * scale, 25 * scale, duration_ms=600)
+    arguments = simulator.native.call.await_args.args[1]
+    assert arguments["interactSessionKey"] == "test-session"
+    command = arguments["interactionCommand"].split()
+    assert command[0] == "t"
+    assert list(map(float, command[1:])) == [15, 25, 0.6]
+
+    await simulator.driver.swipe(150 * scale, 300 * scale, 50 * scale, 100 * scale, 250)
+    command = simulator.native.call.await_args.args[1]["interactionCommand"].split()
+    assert command[0] == "t" and command[3] == "f"
+    assert list(map(float, command[1:3] + command[4:])) == [150, 300, 50, 100, 0.25]
+    await simulator.driver.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_element_action_uses_native_hit_point_and_app_activation(simulator):
+    await simulator.driver.connect()
+    assert await simulator.driver.tap_element(ElementQuery(resource_id="login"))
+    arguments = simulator.native.call.await_args.args[1]
+    assert arguments["activationBundleId"] == "com.example.app"
+    assert list(map(float, arguments["interactionCommand"].split()[1:])) == [15, 25, 0.1]
+    assert not await simulator.driver.tap_element(ElementQuery(text="Missing"))
+    await simulator.driver.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_text_preserves_unicode_whitespace_and_literal_native_escape_sequences(simulator):
+    await simulator.driver.connect()
+    text = "한글🙂  'quoted'\n\t" + r"\u{000A} b h $(literal)"
+    assert await simulator.driver.input_text(text, clear_existing=False)
+    command = simulator.native.call.await_args.args[1]["interactionCommand"]
+    assert command.startswith("sender keyboard kbd ")
+    encoded = command.removeprefix("sender keyboard kbd ")
+    # The native grammar decodes escapes once. Literal user escape syntax must
+    # survive that decode, while actual controls and supplementary Unicode work.
+    decoded = re.sub(r"\\u\{([0-9A-Fa-f]+)\}", lambda m: chr(int(m[1], 16)), encoded)
+    assert decoded == text
+    await simulator.driver.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_unverified_text_replacement_is_explicitly_rejected(simulator):
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match="replace-text"):
+        await simulator.driver.input_text("replacement", clear_existing=True)
+    simulator.native.call.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "key, command",
+    [
+        (KeyCode.HOME, "b h"),
+        (KeyCode.APP_SWITCH, "b h b h"),
+        (KeyCode.ENTER, r"sender keyboard kbd \u{000A}"),
+    ],
+)
+async def test_supported_native_hardware_and_enter_keys(simulator, key, command):
+    await simulator.driver.connect()
+    assert await simulator.driver.press_key(key)
+    assert simulator.native.call.await_args.args[1]["interactionCommand"] == command
+    await simulator.driver.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_android_back_and_shell_are_not_reported_as_success(simulator):
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match="not supported"):
+        await simulator.driver.press_key(KeyCode.BACK)
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match="unavailable"):
+        await simulator.driver.execute_shell("input keyevent BACK")
+    simulator.native.call.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_missing_hierarchy_prevents_coordinate_input(simulator):
+    await simulator.driver.connect()
+    simulator.native.observation.pop("hierarchyPath")
+    before = len(simulator.native.call.await_args_list)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="no accessibility hierarchy"):
+        await simulator.driver.tap(15, 25)
+    new_calls = simulator.native.call.await_args_list[before:]
+    assert len(new_calls) == 1
+    assert new_calls[0].args[1]["interactionCommand"] == ""
+    await simulator.driver.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "operation, arguments",
+    [
+        ("launch_app", ("com.example.app",)),
+        ("stop_app", ("com.example.app",)),
+        ("open_url", ("example://",)),
+        ("list_apps", ()),
+        ("install_app", (Path("Untrusted.app"),)),
+    ],
+)
+async def test_app_operations_require_connected_pinned_device(simulator, operation, arguments):
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="[Cc]onnect"):
+        await getattr(simulator.driver, operation)(*arguments)
+    simulator.commands.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_directional_swipe_uses_current_screen_after_rotation(simulator):
+    await simulator.driver.connect()
+    Image.new("RGB", (400, 200)).save(simulator.screenshot)
+    simulator.hierarchy.write_text(
+        APPLE_HIERARCHY.replace("{200.0, 400.0}", "{400.0, 200.0}"), encoding="utf-8"
+    )
+    assert await simulator.driver.swipe_direction("up")
+    command = simulator.native.call.await_args.args[1]["interactionCommand"].split()
+    assert list(map(float, command[1:3] + command[4:6])) == [200, 150, 200, 50]
+    await simulator.driver.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("action, arguments", [("tap", (15, 25)), ("swipe", (15, 25, 100, 150))])
+async def test_stale_absolute_coordinates_are_rejected_after_rotation(simulator, action, arguments):
+    await simulator.driver.connect()
+    Image.new("RGB", (400, 200)).save(simulator.screenshot)
+    simulator.hierarchy.write_text(
+        APPLE_HIERARCHY.replace("{200.0, 400.0}", "{400.0, 200.0}"), encoding="utf-8"
+    )
+    simulator.native.call.reset_mock()
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="changed orientation or size"):
+        await getattr(simulator.driver, action)(*arguments)
+    simulator.native.call.assert_awaited_once_with(
+        "DeviceInteractionSynthesize",
+        {"interactSessionKey": "test-session", "interactionCommand": ""},
+    )
+    await simulator.driver.disconnect()
+
+
+def test_apple_frame_formats_and_hitpoints_are_parsed_without_retina_assumptions():
+    hierarchy = """Application bundle identifier: com.example.app
+UIWindow {{0, 0}, {200, 400}}, hitPoint: {100, 200}
+ UIButton "Login" {{10, 20}, {60, 30}}, hitPoint: {15, 25}
+ UIView {{-10, 50}, {20, 20}}, hitPoint: {5, 60}
+ UIButton "Offscreen" {{300, 500}, {60, 30}}
+ UIView {{10, 10}, {0, 5}}
+"""
+    elements, scale = parse_hierarchy(hierarchy, 200, 400)
+    assert scale == (1, 1)
+    login = next(element for element in elements if element["text"] == "Login")
+    assert login["class"] == "UIButton"
+    assert login["bounds"] == "[10,20][70,50]"
+    assert login["hit_point"] == [15, 25]
+    assert not any(element["text"] == "Offscreen" for element in elements)
+    assert len(elements) == 3
+
+
+def test_known_rotated_window_geometry_is_not_guessed():
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="matching the screenshot"):
+        parse_hierarchy("Window {{0, 0}, {400, 200}}", 200, 400)
+
+
+def test_inaccessible_canvas_can_use_native_logical_screenshot_space():
+    elements, scale = parse_hierarchy("AX hierarchy is unavailable", 200, 400)
+    assert elements == []
+    assert scale == (1, 1)
+
+
+EMPTY_FIELD = (
+    "TextField, {{32.0, 199.0}, {338.0, 22.0}}, "
+    "placeholderValue: 'Habit to avoid', Keyboard Focused, hitPoint: {201.0, 210.0}"
+)
+FILLED_FIELD = (
+    "TextField, {{32.0, 199.0}, {338.0, 22.0}}, "
+    "placeholderValue: 'Habit to avoid', value: caf\u00e9 \U0001f642, "
+    "Keyboard Focused, hitPoint: {201.0, 210.0}"
+)
+TRUNCATED_FIELD = (
+    "TextField, {{32.0, 199.0}, {338.0, 22.0}}, "
+    "placeholderValue: 'Habit to avoid', value: Artemis iOS direct..., "
+    "Keyboard Focused, hitPoint: {201.0, 210.0}"
+)
+COMMA_FIELD = (
+    "TextField, {{32.0, 199.0}, {338.0, 22.0}}, "
+    "value: hello, world, Keyboard Focused, hitPoint: {201.0, 210.0}"
+)
+QUOTED_FIELD = (
+    "TextField, {{32.0, 199.0}, {338.0, 22.0}}, "
+    "value: 'quoted text', Keyboard Focused, hitPoint: {201.0, 210.0}"
+)
+LABELED_FIELD = (
+    "TextField, {{32.0, 199.0}, {338.0, 22.0}}, label: 'Title', "
+    "value: 'typed', placeholderValue: 'Habit to avoid', hitPoint: {201.0, 210.0}"
+)
+
+
+def test_empty_textfield_exposes_placeholder_as_text_and_metadata():
+    elements, _ = parse_hierarchy(EMPTY_FIELD, 402, 874)
+    assert len(elements) == 1
+    field = elements[0]
+    assert field["class"] == "TextField"
+    assert field["placeholder"] == "Habit to avoid"
+    assert field["text"] == "Habit to avoid"
+    assert "value" not in field
+    assert field["hit_point"] == [201, 210]
+
+
+def test_populated_unlabeled_textfield_exposes_value_as_text_and_metadata():
+    elements, _ = parse_hierarchy(FILLED_FIELD, 402, 874)
+    field = elements[0]
+    assert field["value"] == "caf\u00e9 \U0001f642"
+    assert field["text"] == "caf\u00e9 \U0001f642"
+    assert field["placeholder"] == "Habit to avoid"
+    assert field["hit_point"] == [201, 210]
+
+
+def test_elided_unquoted_value_is_preserved_verbatim():
+    elements, _ = parse_hierarchy(TRUNCATED_FIELD, 402, 874)
+    field = elements[0]
+    assert field["value"] == "Artemis iOS direct..."
+    assert field["text"] == "Artemis iOS direct..."
+
+
+def test_unquoted_value_keeps_ordinary_commas_before_metadata():
+    elements, _ = parse_hierarchy(COMMA_FIELD, 402, 874)
+    field = elements[0]
+    assert field["value"] == "hello, world"
+    assert field["text"] == "hello, world"
+
+
+def test_quoted_value_format_still_parsed():
+    elements, _ = parse_hierarchy(QUOTED_FIELD, 402, 874)
+    field = elements[0]
+    assert field["value"] == "quoted text"
+    assert field["text"] == "quoted text"
+
+
+def test_labeled_textfield_keeps_label_text_and_retains_field_metadata():
+    elements, _ = parse_hierarchy(LABELED_FIELD, 402, 874)
+    field = elements[0]
+    assert field["text"] == "Title"
+    assert field["value"] == "typed"
+    assert field["placeholder"] == "Habit to avoid"
+    assert field["hit_point"] == [201, 210]
+
+
+def test_unquoted_native_value_metadata_keeps_label_text():
+    line = (
+        "Other, {{369.0, 132.0}, {30.0, 414.0}}, "
+        "label: 'Vertical scroll bar, 1 page', value: 0%, hitPoint: {384.0, 339.0}"
+    )
+    elements, _ = parse_hierarchy(line, 402, 874)
+    field = elements[0]
+    assert field["text"] == "Vertical scroll bar, 1 page"
+    assert field["value"] == "0%"
+
+
+def test_foreground_package_is_unknown_when_multiple_apps_overlap():
+    assert application_bundle(APPLE_HIERARCHY) == "com.example.app"
+    assert (
+        application_bundle(APPLE_HIERARCHY + "Application bundle identifier: com.other.app") is None
+    )
+    assert application_bundle("unavailable hierarchy") is None
+
+
+class BlockingProcess:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.returncode = None
+        self.started = asyncio.Event()
+        self.communications = 0
+        self.kills = 0
+
+    async def communicate(self):
+        self.communications += 1
+        if self.communications == 1:
+            self.started.set()
+            await asyncio.Event().wait()
+        return b"", b""
+
+    def kill(self):
+        self.kills += 1
+        self.returncode = -9
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_simctl_timeout_kills_and_reaps_child(monkeypatch):
+    child = BlockingProcess()
+    spawn = AsyncMock(return_value=child)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(xcode_driver.asyncio, "create_subprocess_exec", spawn)
+    with pytest.raises(TimeoutError):
+        await run_xcrun("simctl", "bootstatus", IOS_A, "-b", timeout=0.01)
+    assert child.kills == 1
+    assert child.communications == 2
+    assert spawn.await_args.args == ("xcrun", "simctl", "bootstatus", IOS_A, "-b")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_simctl_cancellation_kills_and_reaps_child(monkeypatch):
+    child = BlockingProcess()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        xcode_driver.asyncio, "create_subprocess_exec", AsyncMock(return_value=child)
+    )
+    task = asyncio.create_task(run_xcrun("simctl", "launch", IOS_A, "com.example.app"))
+    await child.started.wait()
+    task.cancel()
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await task
+    assert child.kills == 1
+    assert child.communications == 2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_simctl_failures_report_stderr_and_preserve_literal_argv(monkeypatch):
+    child = SimpleNamespace(returncode=1, communicate=AsyncMock(return_value=(b"", b"No app\xff")))
+    spawn = AsyncMock(return_value=child)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(xcode_driver.asyncio, "create_subprocess_exec", spawn)
+    url = "example://item?command=$(literal)&x='quote'"
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="No app"):
+        await run_xcrun("simctl", "openurl", IOS_A, url)
+    assert spawn.await_args.args == ("xcrun", "simctl", "openurl", IOS_A, url)
+
+
+DENIAL = "This agent isn't approved to use Xcode's tools yet. Call XcodeOpenWorkspace first."
+PENDING = "Xcode is waiting for the user to approve this request; it has been recorded."
+
+
+def _tool_names(native):
+    return [call.args[0] for call in native.call.call_args_list]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_initial_approval_refusal_opens_workspace_once_and_retries_start(simulator, tmp_path):
+    project = tmp_path / "Example App [2].xcodeproj"
+    project.mkdir()
+    native = simulator.native
+    native.tools.add("XcodeOpenWorkspace")
+    starts = []
+
+    async def start_hook(arguments):
+        starts.append(dict(arguments))
+        if len(starts) == 1:
+            raise XcodeApprovalRequiredError("DeviceInteractionStartSession", DENIAL)
+        return native.start_result
+
+    native.hooks["DeviceInteractionStartSession"] = start_hook
+    driver = XcodeSimulatorDriver(workspace_path=project)
+    await driver.connect()
+    assert _tool_names(native) == [
+        "DeviceInteractionStartSession",
+        "XcodeOpenWorkspace",
+        "DeviceInteractionStartSession",
+        "DeviceInteractionSynthesize",
+    ]
+    assert native.call.call_args_list[1].args == (
+        "XcodeOpenWorkspace",
+        {"path": str(project)},
+    )
+    assert starts[0] == starts[1]
+    assert starts[0]["deviceIdentifier"] == IOS_A
+    invoked = [call.args for call in simulator.commands.call_args_list]
+    assert ("simctl", "boot") not in [args[:2] for args in invoked]
+    assert not any("mcp-server" in args for args in invoked)
+    await driver.disconnect()
+    assert "DeviceInteractionEndSession" in _tool_names(native)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_pending_workspace_approval_propagates_without_retry(simulator, tmp_path):
+    project = tmp_path / "App.xcodeproj"
+    project.mkdir()
+    native = simulator.native
+    native.tools.add("XcodeOpenWorkspace")
+
+    async def fail_start(arguments):
+        raise XcodeApprovalRequiredError("DeviceInteractionStartSession", DENIAL)
+
+    async def pending_open(arguments):
+        raise XcodeApprovalRequiredError("XcodeOpenWorkspace", PENDING)
+
+    native.hooks["DeviceInteractionStartSession"] = fail_start
+    native.hooks["XcodeOpenWorkspace"] = pending_open
+    driver = XcodeSimulatorDriver(workspace_path=project)
+    with pytest.raises(XcodeApprovalRequiredError, match="waiting for the user") as caught:
+        await driver.connect()
+    assert caught.value.workspace_path == project
+    assert str(project) in caught.value.guidance
+    assert "not supplied" not in caught.value.guidance
+    assert _tool_names(native) == ["DeviceInteractionStartSession", "XcodeOpenWorkspace"]
+    native.start.assert_awaited_once()
+    native.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("identifier", [None, "", 123])
+async def test_malformed_workspace_acceptance_fails_closed(simulator, tmp_path, identifier):
+    project = tmp_path / "App.xcodeproj"
+    project.mkdir()
+    native = simulator.native
+    native.tools.add("XcodeOpenWorkspace")
+
+    async def fail_start(arguments):
+        raise XcodeApprovalRequiredError("DeviceInteractionStartSession", DENIAL)
+
+    async def open_workspace(arguments):
+        return {"workspaceIdentifier": identifier}
+
+    native.hooks["DeviceInteractionStartSession"] = fail_start
+    native.hooks["XcodeOpenWorkspace"] = open_workspace
+    driver = XcodeSimulatorDriver(workspace_path=project)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="no usable workspace identifier"):
+        await driver.connect()
+    assert _tool_names(native) == ["DeviceInteractionStartSession", "XcodeOpenWorkspace"]
+    native.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_still_pending_after_workspace_open_stops_after_one_retry(simulator, tmp_path):
+    project = tmp_path / "App.xcodeproj"
+    project.mkdir()
+    native = simulator.native
+    native.tools.add("XcodeOpenWorkspace")
+
+    async def fail_start(arguments):
+        raise XcodeApprovalRequiredError("DeviceInteractionStartSession", PENDING)
+
+    native.hooks["DeviceInteractionStartSession"] = fail_start
+    driver = XcodeSimulatorDriver(workspace_path=project)
+    with pytest.raises(XcodeApprovalRequiredError, match="waiting for the user") as caught:
+        await driver.connect()
+    assert caught.value.workspace_path == project
+    assert _tool_names(native) == [
+        "DeviceInteractionStartSession",
+        "XcodeOpenWorkspace",
+        "DeviceInteractionStartSession",
+    ]
+    native.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_approval_refusal_without_workspace_propagates_guidance(simulator):
+    native = simulator.native
+    native.tools.add("XcodeOpenWorkspace")
+
+    async def fail_start(arguments):
+        raise XcodeApprovalRequiredError("DeviceInteractionStartSession", DENIAL)
+
+    native.hooks["DeviceInteractionStartSession"] = fail_start
+    with pytest.raises(XcodeApprovalRequiredError) as caught:
+        await simulator.driver.connect()
+    assert _tool_names(native) == ["DeviceInteractionStartSession"]
+    assert caught.value.workspace_path is None
+    assert "Workspace: not supplied" in caught.value.guidance
+    assert "--ios-workspace" in caught.value.guidance
+    native.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_approved_sessions_never_open_workspace(simulator, tmp_path):
+    project = tmp_path / "App.xcodeproj"
+    project.mkdir()
+    simulator.native.tools.add("XcodeOpenWorkspace")
+    driver = XcodeSimulatorDriver(workspace_path=project)
+    await driver.connect()
+    await driver.connect()
+    names = _tool_names(simulator.native)
+    assert "XcodeOpenWorkspace" not in names
+    assert names.count("DeviceInteractionStartSession") == 1
+    await driver.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("failure", [RuntimeError("native boom"), TimeoutError("slow tool")])
+async def test_non_approval_failures_skip_workspace_and_retry(simulator, tmp_path, failure):
+    project = tmp_path / "App.xcodeproj"
+    project.mkdir()
+    native = simulator.native
+    native.tools.add("XcodeOpenWorkspace")
+
+    async def fail(arguments):
+        raise failure
+
+    native.hooks["DeviceInteractionStartSession"] = fail
+    driver = XcodeSimulatorDriver(workspace_path=project)
+    with pytest.raises(type(failure)):
+        await driver.connect()
+    assert _tool_names(native) == ["DeviceInteractionStartSession"]
+    native.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_missing_workspace_tool_reports_actionable_approval_error(simulator, tmp_path):
+    project = tmp_path / "App.xcodeproj"
+    project.mkdir()
+    native = simulator.native
+
+    async def fail_start(arguments):
+        raise XcodeApprovalRequiredError("DeviceInteractionStartSession", DENIAL)
+
+    native.hooks["DeviceInteractionStartSession"] = fail_start
+    driver = XcodeSimulatorDriver(workspace_path=project)
+    with pytest.raises(XcodeApprovalRequiredError, match="XcodeOpenWorkspace") as caught:
+        await driver.connect()
+    assert caught.value.workspace_path == project
+    assert str(project) in caught.value.guidance
+    assert _tool_names(native) == ["DeviceInteractionStartSession"]
+    native.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_workspace_must_be_existing_project_directory(simulator, tmp_path):
+    (tmp_path / "plain-folder").mkdir()
+    (tmp_path / "file.xcodeproj").write_text("x")
+    bad_paths = [
+        tmp_path / "missing.xcodeproj",
+        tmp_path / "plain-folder",
+        tmp_path / "file.xcodeproj",
+    ]
+    for path in bad_paths:
+        driver = XcodeSimulatorDriver(workspace_path=path)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="xcodeproj or .xcworkspace"):
+            await driver.connect()
+    simulator.commands.assert_not_called()
+    simulator.native.start.assert_not_called()
+
+    workspace = tmp_path / "Nested Dir [x].xcworkspace"
+    workspace.mkdir()
+    driver = XcodeSimulatorDriver(workspace_path=workspace)
+    await driver.connect()
+    await driver.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_duplicate_simulator_names_reject_instead_of_first_matching(simulator):
+    """Two same-named sims must not silently bind — pin the UDID instead."""
+    simulator.driver._device_id = "Office iPhone"
+    simulator.inventory["devices"]["com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.iOS-27-0"] = [
+        device(IOS_A) | {"name": "Office iPhone"},
+        device(IOS_B, state="Shutdown") | {"name": "Office iPhone"},
+    ]
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="UDID"):
+        await simulator.driver.connect()
+    simulator.native.start.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_exact_simulator_name_resolves_to_its_udid(simulator):
+    simulator.driver._device_id = "iPhone"
+    await simulator.driver.connect()
+    assert simulator.driver.device_id == IOS_A
+    await simulator.driver.disconnect()
diff --git a/tests/unit/drivers/test_ios_physical.py b/tests/unit/drivers/test_ios_physical.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0546c80e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/drivers/test_ios_physical.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1657 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Physical iOS device behavior tested without attached hardware."""
+
+import asyncio
+import io
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import plistlib
+import threading
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+import pytest
+
+from artemis.drivers.ios import discovery, physical_driver, physical_recording, wda
+from artemis.drivers.ios.physical_driver import PhysicalIosDriver
+from artemis.drivers.ios.physical_recording import PhysicalIosRecorder
+from artemis.drivers.ios.wda import WdaClient
+
+
+IPHONE_UDID = "00008130-0000ABCD1234AAAA"
+IPAD_UDID = "00008103-0000ABCD1234BBBB"
+SIM_UDID = "DE345DD3-5792-4DAD-B863-144682629565"
+WATCH_UDID = "00008301-0000ABCD1234CCCC"
+
+
+def _devicectl_device(
+    udid,
+    name="Device",
+    os_version="27.0",
+    platform="iOS",
+    reality="physical",
+    tunnel="connected",
+    pairing="paired",
+    visibility="default",
+):
+    """One device entry in devicectl's deprecated split-properties shape."""
+    return {
+        "deviceProperties": {"name": name, "osVersionNumber": os_version},
+        "hardwareProperties": {"udid": udid, "platform": platform, "reality": reality},
+        "connectionProperties": {"tunnelState": tunnel, "pairingState": pairing},
+        "visibilityClass": visibility,
+    }
+
+
+def _devicectl_payload(*devices):
+    return {"info": {}, "result": {"devices": list(devices)}}
+
+
+def _parsed(*devices):
+    """Flattened entries as `parse_devicectl_devices` emits them."""
+    return discovery.parse_devicectl_devices(_devicectl_payload(*devices))
+
+
+PHYSICAL_IPHONE = _devicectl_device(IPHONE_UDID, name="Jane's iPhone")
+OFFLINE_IPHONE = _devicectl_device(IPHONE_UDID, name="iPhone", tunnel="disconnected")
+UNPAIRED_IPHONE = _devicectl_device(IPHONE_UDID, name="iPhone", pairing="unpaired")
+SIMULATOR = _devicectl_device(
+    SIM_UDID, name="iPhone 18 Pro", reality="simulated", visibility="simulators"
+)
+WATCH = _devicectl_device(WATCH_UDID, name="Watch", platform="watchOS")
+
+
+def test_devicectl_devices_flatten_physical_and_simulator_entries():
+    devices = discovery.parse_devicectl_devices(
+        _devicectl_payload(PHYSICAL_IPHONE, SIMULATOR, WATCH)
+    )
+    by_udid = {device["udid"]: device for device in devices}
+    assert by_udid[IPHONE_UDID]["reality"] == "physical"
+    assert by_udid[IPHONE_UDID]["platform"] == "iOS"
+    assert by_udid[SIM_UDID]["reality"] == "simulated"
+    assert by_udid[WATCH_UDID]["platform"] == "watchOS"
+
+
+def test_devicectl_devices_read_the_nested_properties_shape():
+    """devicectl is migrating split property dicts into one `properties` map."""
+    nested = {
+        "properties": {
+            "deviceProperties": {"name": "iPhone", "osVersionNumber": "27.0"},
+            "hardwareProperties": {"udid": IPHONE_UDID, "platform": "iOS", "reality": "physical"},
+            "connectionProperties": {"tunnelState": "connected", "pairingState": "paired"},
+        }
+    }
+    devices = discovery.parse_devicectl_devices(_devicectl_payload(nested))
+    assert devices == [
+        {
+            "udid": IPHONE_UDID,
+            "name": "iPhone",
+            "os_version": "27.0",
+            "platform": "iOS",
+            "reality": "physical",
+            "product_type": None,
+            "connection_state": "connected",
+            "pairing_state": "paired",
+            "visibility": None,
+        }
+    ]
+
+
+def test_devicectl_devices_skip_entries_without_udid():
+    devices = discovery.parse_devicectl_devices(
+        _devicectl_payload({"hardwareProperties": {"platform": "iOS"}}, PHYSICAL_IPHONE)
+    )
+    assert [device["udid"] for device in devices] == [IPHONE_UDID]
+
+
+def test_physical_classification_requires_ios_and_hardware():
+    assert discovery.is_physical_ios({"platform": "iOS", "reality": "physical"})
+    assert not discovery.is_physical_ios({"platform": "iOS", "reality": "simulated"})
+    assert not discovery.is_physical_ios({"platform": "watchOS", "reality": "physical"})
+    assert not discovery.is_physical_ios({"platform": "iOS"})
+
+
+def test_find_physical_device_matches_udid_case_insensitively(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        discovery,
+        "list_core_devices_sync",
+        lambda force_refresh=False: _parsed(PHYSICAL_IPHONE, SIMULATOR),
+    )
+    found = discovery.find_physical_ios_device_sync(IPHONE_UDID.lower())
+    assert found is not None and found["udid"] == IPHONE_UDID
+    assert discovery.find_physical_ios_device_sync("Jane's iPhone") is not None
+    assert discovery.find_physical_ios_device_sync(SIM_UDID) is None
+    assert discovery.find_physical_ios_device_sync("missing") is None
+
+
+def test_find_physical_device_survives_enumeration_failure(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(discovery, "list_core_devices_sync", lambda force_refresh=False: None)
+    assert discovery.find_physical_ios_device_sync(IPHONE_UDID) is None
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def driver(monkeypatch):
+    instance = PhysicalIosDriver(device_id=IPHONE_UDID)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(instance, "_require_ios_host", _async_return(None))
+    return instance
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def _clean_wda_env(monkeypatch):
+    for key in (
+        "ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_URL",
+        "ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_HOST",
+        "ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_XCTESTRUN",
+        "ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_BUNDLE_ID",
+    ):
+        monkeypatch.delenv(key, raising=False)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("serial", ["booted", " Booted ", "BOOTED", ""])
+async def test_physical_resolve_rejects_booted_and_empty_serials(driver, serial):
+    driver._device_id = serial
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="device-serial"):
+        await driver._resolve_device()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_physical_resolve_pins_the_udid(driver, monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        physical_driver, "list_core_devices", _async_devices(_parsed(PHYSICAL_IPHONE, SIMULATOR))
+    )
+    candidate = await driver._resolve_device()
+    assert candidate["udid"] == IPHONE_UDID
+    assert driver.device_id == IPHONE_UDID
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_physical_resolve_rejects_simulator_udids(driver, monkeypatch):
+    driver._device_id = SIM_UDID
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "list_core_devices", _async_devices(_parsed(SIMULATOR)))
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Simulator"):
+        await driver._resolve_device()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_physical_resolve_rejects_non_ios_hardware(driver, monkeypatch):
+    driver._device_id = WATCH_UDID
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "list_core_devices", _async_devices(_parsed(WATCH)))
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="paired physical iOS"):
+        await driver._resolve_device()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_physical_resolve_reports_enumeration_failure(driver, monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "list_core_devices", _async_devices(None))
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="devicectl"):
+        await driver._resolve_device()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_offline_device_fails_with_actionable_error(driver):
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="not connected|Developer Mode"):
+        await driver._prepare_device(_parsed(OFFLINE_IPHONE)[0])
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_unpaired_device_fails_with_trust_guidance(driver):
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="not paired|Trust"):
+        await driver._prepare_device(_parsed(UNPAIRED_IPHONE)[0])
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_connected_device_needs_no_boot(driver):
+    await driver._prepare_device(_parsed(PHYSICAL_IPHONE)[0])
+
+
+def _async_devices(result):
+    async def _list(force_refresh=False):
+        return result
+
+    return _list
+
+
+def _xcrun_payload_writer(payloads):
+    """Fake run_xcrun that honors ``--json-output <file>`` vs ``-``.
+
+    ``payloads`` maps a devicectl subcommand ("apps", "processes", "details",
+    "launch", ...) to the dict written into the output file. Anything else
+    lands on stdout so ``--json-output -`` callers get JSON bytes.
+    """
+
+    async def fake(*arguments, timeout=30.0):
+        args = list(arguments)
+        if "--json-output" in args:
+            target = args[args.index("--json-output") + 1]
+            keys = [a for a in args if a in payloads]
+            payload = payloads.get(keys[0], {}) if keys else {}
+            if target == "-":
+                return json.dumps(payload).encode()
+            Path(target).write_text(json.dumps(payload), encoding="utf-8")
+            return b""
+        return b""
+
+    return fake
+
+
+class _FakeWda:
+    """In-memory WebDriverAgent stand-in for driver interaction tests."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        window=(100.0, 200.0),
+        tree=None,
+        device_name="Jane's iPhone",
+        is_simulator=False,
+    ):
+        self.session_id = None
+        self.base_url = "http://fake-wda:8100"
+        self.window = window
+        self.tree = tree if tree is not None else {"type": "Application", "children": []}
+        self.device_name = device_name
+        self.is_simulator = is_simulator
+        self.opened_sessions = 0
+        self.tapped: list[tuple[float, float, int]] = []
+        self.swiped: list[tuple[float, float, float, float, int]] = []
+        self.typed: list[str] = []
+        self.buttons: list[str] = []
+        self.homescreen_calls = 0
+        self._png = self._make_png()
+        self._closed = 0
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _make_png(width: int = 300, height: int = 600) -> bytes:
+        from PIL import Image
+
+        buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        Image.new("RGB", (width, height), color="red").save(buffer, format="PNG")
+        return buffer.getvalue()
+
+    async def device_info(self, timeout=10.0):
+        return {"name": self.device_name, "isSimulator": self.is_simulator}
+
+    async def open_session(self, adopt_existing=False):
+        self.adopt_requested = adopt_existing
+        self.opened_sessions += 1
+        self.session_id = "wda-session"
+        return self.session_id
+
+    async def close_session(self):
+        self._closed += 1
+        self.session_id = None
+
+    async def screenshot_png(self):
+        return self._png
+
+    async def window_size(self):
+        return self.window
+
+    async def source_json(self):
+        return self.tree
+
+    async def active_app(self):
+        return "com.example.foreground"
+
+    async def tap(self, x, y, hold_ms=0):
+        self.tapped.append((x, y, hold_ms))
+
+    async def swipe(self, sx, sy, ex, ey, duration_ms):
+        self.swiped.append((sx, sy, ex, ey, duration_ms))
+
+    async def type_text(self, text):
+        self.typed.append(text)
+
+    async def press_button(self, name):
+        self.buttons.append(name)
+        return True
+
+    async def homescreen(self):
+        self.homescreen_calls += 1
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def connected_driver():
+    """A driver with a stub WDA session and a known 300x600 observation."""
+    driver = PhysicalIosDriver(device_id=IPHONE_UDID)
+    driver._session_key = "wda-session"
+    driver._wda = _FakeWda()
+    # Pretend one capture already ran: the orientation guard compares sizes.
+    driver._width, driver._height = 300, 600
+    return driver
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_launch_records_the_pid_from_devicectl_json(connected_driver, monkeypatch):
+    calls = []
+
+    async def fake_xcrun(*arguments, timeout=30.0):
+        calls.append(arguments)
+        return json.dumps(
+            {
+                "result": {
+                    "process": {
+                        "processIdentifier": 4242,
+                        "executable": "file:///Apps/Example.app/Example",
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        ).encode()
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "run_xcrun", fake_xcrun)
+    assert await connected_driver.launch_app("com.example.app")
+    assert calls[0][:5] == ("devicectl", "device", "process", "launch", "--device")
+    assert IPHONE_UDID in calls[0]
+    assert calls[0][-1] == "com.example.app"
+    assert connected_driver._launched_pids == {"com.example.app": 4242}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_stop_app_terminates_the_tracked_pid(connected_driver, monkeypatch):
+    """A cached launch pid wins only after it is re-verified against the app's URL."""
+    connected_driver._launched_pids["com.example.app"] = 4242
+    calls = []
+    payloads = {
+        "apps": {
+            "result": {
+                "apps": [
+                    {
+                        "bundleIdentifier": "com.example.app",
+                        "url": "file:///var/containers/X/Example.app/",
+                    }
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+        "processes": {
+            "result": {
+                "runningProcesses": [
+                    {"processIdentifier": 7, "executable": "file:///usr/libexec/other"},
+                    {
+                        "processIdentifier": 4242,
+                        "executable": "file:///private/var/containers/X/Example.app/Example",
+                    },
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+    }
+
+    async def fake_xcrun(*arguments, timeout=30.0):
+        calls.append(list(arguments))
+        args = list(arguments)
+        if "--json-output" in args and args[args.index("--json-output") + 1] != "-":
+            keys = [a for a in args if a in payloads]
+            Path(args[args.index("--json-output") + 1]).write_text(
+                json.dumps(payloads.get(keys[0], {}) if keys else {})
+            )
+        return b""
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "run_xcrun", fake_xcrun)
+    assert await connected_driver.stop_app("com.example.app")
+    terminate = next(c for c in calls if "terminate" in c)
+    assert terminate[:5] == ["devicectl", "device", "process", "terminate", "--device"]
+    assert terminate[terminate.index("--pid") + 1] == "4242"
+    assert connected_driver._launched_pids == {}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_stop_app_ignores_a_stale_cached_pid(connected_driver, monkeypatch):
+    """A recycled cached pid now owned by a different app must not be killed."""
+    connected_driver._launched_pids["com.example.app"] = 4242
+    calls = []
+    payloads = {
+        "apps": {
+            "result": {
+                "apps": [
+                    {
+                        "bundleIdentifier": "com.example.app",
+                        "url": "file:///var/containers/X/Example.app/",
+                    }
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+        "processes": {
+            "result": {
+                "runningProcesses": [
+                    # pid 4242 was recycled into an unrelated binary.
+                    {
+                        "processIdentifier": 4242,
+                        "executable": "file:///usr/sbin/otherd",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "processIdentifier": 42,
+                        "executable": "file:///var/containers/X/Example.app/Example",
+                    },
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+    }
+
+    async def fake_xcrun(*arguments, timeout=30.0):
+        calls.append(list(arguments))
+        args = list(arguments)
+        if "--json-output" in args and args[args.index("--json-output") + 1] != "-":
+            keys = [a for a in args if a in payloads]
+            Path(args[args.index("--json-output") + 1]).write_text(
+                json.dumps(payloads.get(keys[0], {}) if keys else {})
+            )
+        return b""
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "run_xcrun", fake_xcrun)
+    assert await connected_driver.stop_app("com.example.app")
+    terminated = [c[c.index("--pid") + 1] for c in calls if "terminate" in c]
+    assert terminated == ["42"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_stop_app_never_matches_sibling_app_prefixes(connected_driver, monkeypatch):
+    """'Example.appOther' must not match the 'Example.app' URL prefix."""
+    calls = []
+    payloads = {
+        "apps": {
+            "result": {
+                "apps": [
+                    {
+                        "bundleIdentifier": "com.example.app",
+                        "url": "file:///var/containers/X/Example.app/",
+                    }
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+        "processes": {
+            "result": {
+                "runningProcesses": [
+                    {
+                        "processIdentifier": 99,
+                        "executable": "file:///var/containers/X/Example.appOther/Other",
+                    },
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+    }
+
+    async def fake_xcrun(*arguments, timeout=30.0):
+        calls.append(list(arguments))
+        args = list(arguments)
+        if "--json-output" in args and args[args.index("--json-output") + 1] != "-":
+            keys = [a for a in args if a in payloads]
+            Path(args[args.index("--json-output") + 1]).write_text(
+                json.dumps(payloads.get(keys[0], {}) if keys else {})
+            )
+        return b""
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "run_xcrun", fake_xcrun)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="No running process"):
+        await connected_driver.stop_app("com.example.app")
+    assert not any("terminate" in c for c in calls)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_stop_app_rejects_a_missing_app_url(connected_driver, monkeypatch):
+    """An installed-app entry without a usable URL cannot verify a victim."""
+    calls = []
+    payloads = {
+        "apps": {"result": {"apps": [{"bundleIdentifier": "com.example.app", "url": None}]}},
+        "processes": {
+            "result": {
+                "runningProcesses": [
+                    {
+                        "processIdentifier": 42,
+                        "executable": "file:///var/containers/X/Example.app/Example",
+                    },
+                ]
+            }
+        },
+    }
+
+    async def fake_xcrun(*arguments, timeout=30.0):
+        calls.append(list(arguments))
+        args = list(arguments)
+        if "--json-output" in args and args[args.index("--json-output") + 1] != "-":
+            keys = [a for a in args if a in payloads]
+            Path(args[args.index("--json-output") + 1]).write_text(
+                json.dumps(payloads.get(keys[0], {}) if keys else {})
+            )
+        return b""
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "run_xcrun", fake_xcrun)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not installed|could not be determined"):
+        await connected_driver.stop_app("com.example.app")
+    assert not any("terminate" in c for c in calls)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_stop_app_without_pid_scans_running_processes(connected_driver, monkeypatch):
+    calls = []
+
+    async def fake_xcrun(*arguments, timeout=30.0):
+        args = list(arguments)
+        calls.append(args)
+        if "--json-output" in args and args[args.index("--json-output") + 1] != "-":
+            if "apps" in args:
+                payload = {
+                    "result": {
+                        "apps": [
+                            {
+                                "bundleIdentifier": "com.example.app",
+                                "url": "file:///var/containers/X/Example.app/",
+                            }
+                        ]
+                    }
+                }
+            else:
+                payload = {
+                    "result": {
+                        "runningProcesses": [
+                            {
+                                "processIdentifier": 7,
+                                "executable": "file:///usr/libexec/other",
+                            },
+                            {
+                                "processIdentifier": 42,
+                                "executable": "file:///var/containers/X/Example.app/Example",
+                            },
+                        ]
+                    }
+                }
+            Path(args[args.index("--json-output") + 1]).write_text(json.dumps(payload))
+        return b""
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "run_xcrun", fake_xcrun)
+    assert await connected_driver.stop_app("com.example.app")
+    assert calls[0][2:4] == ["info", "apps"]
+    assert calls[1][2:4] == ["info", "processes"]
+    terminate = calls[2]
+    assert terminate[:5] == ["devicectl", "device", "process", "terminate", "--device"]
+    assert terminate[terminate.index("--pid") + 1] == "42"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_stop_app_without_process_fails_clearly(connected_driver, monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        physical_driver,
+        "run_xcrun",
+        _xcrun_payload_writer(
+            {
+                "apps": {
+                    "result": {
+                        "apps": [
+                            {
+                                "bundleIdentifier": "com.example.app",
+                                "url": "file:///var/containers/X/Example.app/",
+                            }
+                        ]
+                    }
+                },
+                "processes": {"result": {"runningProcesses": []}},
+            }
+        ),
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="No running process"):
+        await connected_driver.stop_app("com.example.app")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_install_accepts_signed_app_directories(connected_driver, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    app = tmp_path / "Writer.app"
+    app.mkdir()
+    (app / "Info.plist").write_bytes(plistlib.dumps({"CFBundleIdentifier": "com.example.writer"}))
+    calls = []
+
+    async def fake_xcrun(*arguments, timeout=30.0):
+        calls.append(arguments)
+        return b"{}"
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "run_xcrun", fake_xcrun)
+    assert await connected_driver.install_app(app) == "com.example.writer"
+    assert calls[0][:4] == ("devicectl", "device", "install", "app")
+    assert str(app) in calls[0]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_install_accepts_ipa_files(connected_driver, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    ipa = tmp_path / "Writer.ipa"
+    ipa.write_bytes(b"PK")
+    calls = []
+
+    async def fake_xcrun(*arguments, timeout=30.0):
+        calls.append(arguments)
+        return b"{}"
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "run_xcrun", fake_xcrun)
+    assert await connected_driver.install_app(ipa) == "Writer"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_install_rejects_simulator_built_artifacts(connected_driver, tmp_path):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="signed .app"):
+        await connected_driver.install_app(tmp_path / "Writer.zip")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_open_url_uses_devicectl(connected_driver, monkeypatch):
+    calls = []
+
+    async def fake_xcrun(*arguments, timeout=30.0):
+        calls.append(arguments)
+        return b"{}"
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "run_xcrun", fake_xcrun)
+    assert await connected_driver.open_url("example://open")
+    assert calls[0][:5] == ("devicectl", "device", "process", "openURL", "--device")
+    assert calls[0][-1] == "example://open"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_list_apps_parses_devicectl_json(connected_driver, monkeypatch):
+    payload = {
+        "apps": [
+            {"bundleIdentifier": "com.example.writer", "name": "Writer"},
+            {"bundleIdentifier": "com.example.other"},
+        ]
+    }
+
+    async def fake_xcrun(*arguments, timeout=30.0):
+        args = list(arguments)
+        if "--json-output" in args:
+            Path(args[args.index("--json-output") + 1]).write_text(json.dumps({"result": payload}))
+        return b""
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "run_xcrun", fake_xcrun)
+    apps = await connected_driver.list_apps()
+    assert apps == {"com.example.writer": "Writer", "com.example.other": "com.example.other"}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_shell_commands_stay_rejected(connected_driver):
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+        await connected_driver.execute_shell("ls")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_recording_requires_connection():
+    driver = PhysicalIosDriver(device_id=IPHONE_UDID)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Connect"):
+        await driver.start_video_recording()
+
+
+# --- Physical recorder ------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def _png(path: Path, width: int = 100, height: int = 200) -> None:
+    from PIL import Image
+
+    Image.new("RGB", (width, height), color="red").save(path)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_recorder_polls_frames_and_assembles_mp4(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+    """Frames become one timestamped segment through the ffconcat demuxer."""
+    ffmpeg_calls = []
+
+    async def fake_screenshot(device_id, destination, timeout=30.0):
+        # Pace like real devicectl round-trips; an instant fake lets the poll
+        # loop flood tmp_path with frames and stalls cleanup for minutes.
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.02)
+        _png(destination)
+
+    async def fake_ffmpeg(arguments):
+        ffmpeg_calls.append(arguments)
+        output = Path(arguments[-1])
+        output.write_bytes(b"mp4")
+        return 0, b""
+
+    async def fake_probe(path, timeout_seconds=None):
+        return {"duration": 1.0, "width": 100, "height": 200}
+
+    async def fake_manifest(output_dir, paths, offsets, probe_timeout_seconds=None):
+        manifest = Path(output_dir) / "manifest.json"
+        manifest.write_text("{}")
+        return manifest
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_recording, "devicectl_screenshot", fake_screenshot)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_recording, "_run_ffmpeg", fake_ffmpeg)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_recording, "probe_video_segment", fake_probe)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_recording, "write_recording_manifest", fake_manifest)
+    recorder = PhysicalIosRecorder(IPHONE_UDID)
+    session = await recorder.start(tmp_path)
+    path = await recorder.stop()
+    assert path is not None and path.suffix == ".mp4"
+    assert any("frames.txt" in str(arg) for call in ffmpeg_calls for arg in call)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_recorder_partitions_frames_at_the_seam(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+    async def fake_screenshot(device_id, destination, timeout=30.0):
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.02)
+        _png(destination)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_recording, "devicectl_screenshot", fake_screenshot)
+    recorder = PhysicalIosRecorder(IPHONE_UDID)
+    session = await recorder.start(tmp_path)
+    anchor = session.anchor_monotonic
+    seam = anchor + 5.0
+    session.frames = [
+        {"path": tmp_path / "frames_0000" / "f1.png", "at": seam - 2},
+        {"path": tmp_path / "frames_0000" / "f2.png", "at": seam - 1},
+        {"path": tmp_path / "frames_0000" / "f3.png", "at": seam + 1},
+    ]
+    record = recorder._seal_current_segment(session, seam)
+    session.poll_task.cancel()
+    assert len(record["frames"]) == 2
+    assert len(session.frames) == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_recorder_fails_closed_when_devicectl_never_delivers(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+    async def fake_screenshot(device_id, destination, timeout=30.0):
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
+        raise RuntimeError("device disconnected")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_recording, "devicectl_screenshot", fake_screenshot)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_recording, "MAX_CONSECUTIVE_FAILURES", 2)
+    recorder = PhysicalIosRecorder(IPHONE_UDID)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+        await recorder.start(tmp_path)
+    session = recorder.session
+    assert session is not None and not session.is_active
+    assert session.errors
+
+
+# --- WebDriverAgent client and wiring --------------------------------------
+
+
+def test_normalize_wda_url_accepts_hosts_ips_and_urls():
+    assert wda.normalize_wda_url("192.168.0.5") == "http://192.168.0.5:8100"
+    assert wda.normalize_wda_url("fd20::1") == "http://[fd20::1]:8100"
+    assert wda.normalize_wda_url("http://10.0.0.2:9000/") == "http://10.0.0.2:9000"
+    assert wda.normalize_wda_url("localhost:8100") == "http://localhost:8100"
+
+
+def test_wda_url_candidates_order_env_host_tunnel_localhost(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.delenv(wda.WDA_URL_ENV, raising=False)
+    monkeypatch.delenv(wda.WDA_HOST_ENV, raising=False)
+    candidates = wda.wda_url_candidates(tunnel_ip="fd20:85a4::1")
+    assert candidates == ["http://[fd20:85a4::1]:8100", "http://127.0.0.1:8100"]
+    monkeypatch.setenv(wda.WDA_URL_ENV, "http://10.1.1.1:8100")
+    monkeypatch.setenv(wda.WDA_HOST_ENV, "phone.lan")
+    assert wda.wda_url_candidates(tunnel_ip="fd20:85a4::1") == [
+        "http://10.1.1.1:8100",
+        "http://phone.lan:8100",
+        "http://[fd20:85a4::1]:8100",
+        "http://127.0.0.1:8100",
+    ]
+
+
+def test_parse_wda_elements_maps_tree_to_ui_elements():
+    tree = {
+        "type": "XCUIElementTypeApplication",
+        "rect": {"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 100, "height": 200},
+        "children": [
+            {
+                "type": "XCUIElementTypeButton",
+                "name": "saveButton",
+                "label": "Save",
+                "rect": {"x": 10, "y": 20, "width": 30, "height": 10},
+                "isVisible": True,
+                "children": [],
+            },
+            {
+                "type": "XCUIElementTypeStaticText",
+                "label": "Title",
+                "value": "hello",
+                "rect": {"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 50, "height": 10},
+                "children": [],
+            },
+            {"type": "XCUIElementTypeOther", "rect": {"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 0, "height": 0}},
+        ],
+    }
+    elements = wda.parse_wda_elements(tree, (3.0, 3.0), 300, 600)
+    assert len(elements) == 3  # root window + two children with geometry
+    button = next(e for e in elements if e["resource_id"] == "saveButton")
+    assert button["text"] == "Save"
+    assert button["class"] == "Button"
+    assert button["parsed_bounds"] == {"left": 30, "top": 60, "right": 120, "bottom": 90}
+    assert button["hit_point"] == [75, 75]
+    label = next(e for e in elements if e["text"] == "Title")
+    assert label["value"] == "hello"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_wda_client_unwraps_values_and_raises_errors(monkeypatch):
+    client = WdaClient("http://wda.test:8100")
+
+    class _Response:
+        def __init__(self, payload):
+            self._raw = json.dumps(payload).encode()
+
+        def read(self):
+            return self._raw
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __exit__(self, *args):
+            return False
+
+    def fake_urlopen(request, timeout):
+        if request.full_url.endswith("/status"):
+            return _Response({"value": {"ready": True}})
+        if request.full_url.endswith("/session"):
+            return _Response({"value": {"sessionId": "abc-123"}})
+        return _Response({"value": {"error": "no such", "message": "nope"}})
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(wda.urllib.request, "urlopen", fake_urlopen)
+    assert await client.status() == {"ready": True}
+    assert await client.open_session() == "abc-123"
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="nope"):
+        await client.window_size()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ensure_wda_returns_probed_client(driver, monkeypatch):
+    client = _FakeWda()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "wda_url_candidates", lambda **kw: ["http://a:8100"])
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "probe_wda", _async_return(client))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(driver, "_tunnel_ip", _async_return("fd20::1"))
+    assert await driver._ensure_wda() is client
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ensure_wda_launches_runner_then_probes(driver, monkeypatch):
+    client = _FakeWda()
+    probes = []
+
+    async def probe(candidates, timeout=5.0):
+        probes.append(candidates)
+        return client if len(probes) > 1 else None
+
+    async def apps_payload(*arguments):
+        return {"apps": [{"bundleIdentifier": "com.artemis.WebDriverAgentRunner.xctrunner"}]}
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "wda_url_candidates", lambda **kw: ["http://a:8100"])
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "probe_wda", probe)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(driver, "_tunnel_ip", _async_return(None))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(driver, "_devicectl_json", apps_payload)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(driver, "_launch_bundle", _async_return(777))
+    assert await driver._ensure_wda() is client
+    assert driver._wda_runner_pid == 777
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ensure_wda_without_runner_or_server_fails(driver, monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "wda_url_candidates", lambda **kw: ["http://a:8100"])
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "probe_wda", _async_return(None))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(driver, "_tunnel_ip", _async_return(None))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(driver, "_devicectl_json", _async_return({"apps": []}))
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="WebDriverAgent"):
+        await driver._ensure_wda()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_capture_maps_wda_tree_and_screenshot(connected_driver):
+    connected_driver._wda = _FakeWda(
+        window=(100.0, 200.0),
+        tree={
+            "type": "XCUIElementTypeApplication",
+            "rect": {"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 100, "height": 200},
+            "children": [
+                {
+                    "type": "XCUIElementTypeButton",
+                    "label": "OK",
+                    "rect": {"x": 10, "y": 10, "width": 20, "height": 20},
+                }
+            ],
+        },
+    )
+    data = await connected_driver.get_screen_data()
+    assert data.platform == "ios"
+    assert (data.width, data.height) == (300, 600)
+    assert connected_driver._scale == (3.0, 3.0)
+    button = next(e for e in data.ui_elements if e["text"] == "OK")
+    assert button["hit_point"] == [60, 60]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_tap_converts_pixels_to_wda_points(connected_driver):
+    await connected_driver.tap(150, 300)
+    assert connected_driver._wda.tapped == [(50.0, 100.0, 100)]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_swipe_converts_endpoints(connected_driver):
+    await connected_driver.swipe(30, 300, 150, 60, duration_ms=500)
+    assert connected_driver._wda.swiped == [(10.0, 100.0, 50.0, 20.0, 500)]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_input_text_and_keys_route_to_wda(connected_driver):
+    await connected_driver.input_text("hi", clear_existing=False)
+    assert connected_driver._wda.typed == ["hi"]
+    await connected_driver.press_key("volume_up")
+    assert connected_driver._wda.buttons == ["volumeUp"]
+    await connected_driver.press_key("home")
+    assert connected_driver._wda.buttons == ["volumeUp", "home"]
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match="typing appends"):
+        await connected_driver.input_text("x", clear_existing=True)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_current_package_uses_wda_active_app(connected_driver):
+    assert await connected_driver.get_current_package() == "com.example.foreground"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_disconnect_closes_wda_and_terminates_runner(connected_driver, monkeypatch):
+    connected_driver._wda_runner_pid = 777
+    calls = []
+
+    async def fake_xcrun(*arguments, timeout=30.0):
+        calls.append(arguments)
+        return b""
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "run_xcrun", fake_xcrun)
+    await connected_driver.disconnect()
+    assert connected_driver._wda is None
+    assert connected_driver._session_key is None
+    assert connected_driver._wda_runner_pid is None
+    assert any("terminate" in args and str(777) in args for args in calls)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_connect_establishes_wda_session(driver, monkeypatch):
+    client = _FakeWda()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        physical_driver, "list_core_devices", _async_devices(_parsed(PHYSICAL_IPHONE))
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(driver, "_ensure_wda", _async_return(client))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(driver, "_require_ios_host", _async_return(None))
+    await driver.connect()
+    assert driver._wda is client
+    assert driver._session_key == "wda-session"
+
+
+def _async_return(value):
+    async def _inner(*args, **kwargs):
+        return value
+
+    return _inner
+
+
+# --- Factory routing --------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def test_factory_routes_physical_udids_to_the_physical_driver(monkeypatch):
+    import artemis.drivers.factory as factory
+
+    ctx = SimpleNamespace(
+        device=SimpleNamespace(
+            mobile_platform="ios",
+            device_id=IPHONE_UDID,
+            device_width=1179,
+            device_height=2556,
+        ),
+        agent_config=None,
+    )
+    monkeypatch.delenv("ARTEMIS_CLOUD_MODE", raising=False)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        discovery, "list_ios_simulators_sync", lambda force_refresh=False: _parsed(SIMULATOR)
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        discovery, "find_physical_ios_device_sync", lambda identifier: _parsed(PHYSICAL_IPHONE)[0]
+    )
+    driver = factory.create_driver(ctx)
+    assert isinstance(driver, PhysicalIosDriver)
+    assert driver.device_id == IPHONE_UDID
+
+
+def test_factory_keeps_simulator_udids_on_the_simulator_driver(monkeypatch):
+    import artemis.drivers.factory as factory
+    from artemis.drivers.ios.xcode_driver import XcodeSimulatorDriver
+
+    ctx = SimpleNamespace(
+        device=SimpleNamespace(
+            mobile_platform="ios",
+            device_id=SIM_UDID,
+            device_width=1179,
+            device_height=2556,
+        ),
+        agent_config=None,
+    )
+    monkeypatch.delenv("ARTEMIS_CLOUD_MODE", raising=False)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        discovery, "list_ios_simulators_sync", lambda force_refresh=False: _parsed(SIMULATOR)
+    )
+    driver = factory.create_driver(ctx)
+    assert isinstance(driver, XcodeSimulatorDriver)
+    assert not isinstance(driver, PhysicalIosDriver)
+
+
+def test_factory_defaults_unknown_serials_to_simulator_validation(monkeypatch):
+    """Unrecognized serials keep the simulator driver so its error path applies."""
+    import artemis.drivers.factory as factory
+    from artemis.drivers.ios.xcode_driver import XcodeSimulatorDriver
+
+    ctx = SimpleNamespace(
+        device=SimpleNamespace(
+            mobile_platform="ios",
+            device_id="unknown-serial",
+            device_width=1179,
+            device_height=2556,
+        ),
+        agent_config=None,
+    )
+    monkeypatch.delenv("ARTEMIS_CLOUD_MODE", raising=False)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(discovery, "list_ios_simulators_sync", lambda force_refresh=False: [])
+    monkeypatch.setattr(discovery, "find_physical_ios_device_sync", lambda identifier: None)
+    driver = factory.create_driver(ctx)
+    assert type(driver) is XcodeSimulatorDriver
+
+
+def test_factory_cloud_mode_still_rejects_ios(monkeypatch):
+    import artemis.drivers.factory as factory
+
+    ctx = SimpleNamespace(
+        device=SimpleNamespace(mobile_platform="ios", device_id=IPHONE_UDID),
+        agent_config=None,
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setenv("ARTEMIS_CLOUD_MODE", "1")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="local only"):
+        factory.create_driver(ctx)
+
+
+def test_android_selection_is_unchanged(monkeypatch):
+    import artemis.drivers.factory as factory
+    from artemis.drivers.android.adb_driver import AndroidAdbDriver
+
+    ctx = SimpleNamespace(
+        device=SimpleNamespace(
+            mobile_platform="android",
+            device_id="emulator-5554",
+            device_width=1080,
+            device_height=2400,
+        ),
+        agent_config=None,
+        adb_client=None,
+        ui_adb_client=None,
+    )
+    monkeypatch.delenv("ARTEMIS_CLOUD_MODE", raising=False)
+    monkeypatch.delenv("ARTEMIS_MOCK_DRIVER", raising=False)
+    driver = factory.create_driver(ctx)
+    assert isinstance(driver, AndroidAdbDriver)
+
+
+# --- Xcode 27 devicectl schema and ambiguity --------------------------------
+
+
+def _modern_devicectl_device(
+    udid,
+    name="Device",
+    os_version="27.0",
+    platform="iOS",
+    reality="physical",
+    state="connected",
+    pairing="paired",
+    visibility="default",
+):
+    """One entry in Xcode 27's modern ``properties``-only devicectl shape."""
+    return {
+        "identifier": udid,
+        "properties": {
+            "hardware": {
+                "udid": udid,
+                "platform": platform,
+                "reality": reality,
+                "productType": "iPhone17,2",
+            },
+            "state": {"name": name, "visibilityClass": visibility},
+            "software": {
+                "osVersionNumber": {
+                    "components": [27, 0, 0],
+                    "stringValue": os_version,
+                }
+            },
+            "connection": {"pairingState": pairing, "state": state},
+        },
+    }
+
+
+def test_devicectl_devices_read_the_modern_properties_shape():
+    modern = _modern_devicectl_device(IPHONE_UDID, name="Test Phone")
+    devices = discovery.parse_devicectl_devices(_devicectl_payload(modern))
+    assert devices == [
+        {
+            "udid": IPHONE_UDID,
+            "name": "Test Phone",
+            "os_version": "27.0",
+            "platform": "iOS",
+            "reality": "physical",
+            "product_type": "iPhone17,2",
+            "connection_state": "connected",
+            "pairing_state": "paired",
+            "visibility": "default",
+        }
+    ]
+
+
+def test_devicectl_devices_tolerate_null_modern_sections():
+    modern = _modern_devicectl_device(IPHONE_UDID)
+    modern["properties"]["software"] = None
+    modern["properties"]["state"] = None
+    devices = discovery.parse_devicectl_devices(_devicectl_payload(modern))
+    assert devices[0]["udid"] == IPHONE_UDID
+    assert devices[0]["os_version"] is None
+    assert devices[0]["name"] is None
+
+
+def test_devicectl_devices_prefer_legacy_values_when_both_present():
+    device = _devicectl_device(IPHONE_UDID, name="Legacy Name", os_version="26.0")
+    device["properties"] = _modern_devicectl_device(
+        IPHONE_UDID, name="Modern Name", os_version="27.0"
+    )["properties"]
+    parsed = _parsed(device)[0]
+    assert parsed["name"] == "Legacy Name"
+    assert parsed["os_version"] == "26.0"
+
+
+def test_find_physical_rejects_ambiguous_names(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        discovery,
+        "list_core_devices_sync",
+        lambda force_refresh=False: _parsed(
+            _devicectl_device(IPHONE_UDID, name="Office iPhone"),
+            _devicectl_device(IPAD_UDID, name="Office iPhone", platform="iPadOS"),
+        ),
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="UDID"):
+        discovery.find_physical_ios_device_sync("Office iPhone")
+    # The exact UDID still resolves uniquely.
+    found = discovery.find_physical_ios_device_sync(IPAD_UDID)
+    assert found is not None and found["udid"] == IPAD_UDID
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_physical_resolve_rejects_duplicate_names(driver, monkeypatch):
+    driver._device_id = "Office iPhone"
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        physical_driver,
+        "list_core_devices",
+        _async_devices(
+            _parsed(
+                _devicectl_device(IPHONE_UDID, name="Office iPhone"),
+                _devicectl_device(IPAD_UDID, name="Office iPhone", platform="iPadOS"),
+            )
+        ),
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="UDID"):
+        await driver._resolve_device()
+
+
+# --- WebDriverAgent session safety ----------------------------------------- #
+
+
+class _WdaResponder:
+    """Scripted urllib stub that records requests and can block on demand."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.requests: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+        self.responses: dict[str, object] = {}
+        self.blockers: dict[str, threading.Event] = {}
+        self.entered: dict[str, threading.Event] = {}
+
+    class _Response:
+        def __init__(self, raw):
+            self._raw = raw
+
+        def read(self):
+            return self._raw
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __exit__(self, *args):
+            return False
+
+    def set(self, suffix, payload):
+        self.responses[suffix] = payload
+
+    def block_on(self, suffix):
+        self.blockers[suffix] = threading.Event()
+        self.entered[suffix] = threading.Event()
+
+    def release(self, suffix):
+        self.blockers[suffix].set()
+
+    def urlopen(self, request, timeout):
+        method = request.get_method()
+        url = request.full_url
+        for suffix, event in self.entered.items():
+            if url.endswith(suffix):
+                event.set()
+                self.blockers[suffix].wait(timeout=10)
+        self.requests.append((method, url))
+        for suffix, payload in self.responses.items():
+            if url.endswith(suffix):
+                raw = payload if isinstance(payload, bytes) else json.dumps(payload).encode()
+                return self._Response(raw)
+        return self._Response(json.dumps({"value": {}}).encode())
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def responder(monkeypatch):
+    stub = _WdaResponder()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(wda.urllib.request, "urlopen", stub.urlopen)
+    return stub
+
+
+def test_normalize_wda_url_keeps_the_port_in_the_authority():
+    assert wda.normalize_wda_url("http://localhost/proxy/wda") == "http://localhost:8100/proxy/wda"
+    assert (
+        wda.normalize_wda_url("http://localhost:9000/proxy/wda")
+        == "http://localhost:9000/proxy/wda"
+    )
+    assert wda.normalize_wda_url("http://[fd20::1]/wda") == "http://[fd20::1]:8100/wda"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_wda_status_surfaces_the_outer_session_id(responder):
+    responder.set(
+        "/status",
+        {"value": {"ready": True, "build": {}}, "sessionId": "foreign-777"},
+    )
+    status = await WdaClient("http://wda.test:8100").status()
+    assert status == {"ready": True, "build": {}, "sessionId": "foreign-777"}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_wda_status_rejects_non_json_responses(responder):
+    """HTML/bytes from a foreign service on the port must not pass as WDA."""
+    responder.set("/status", b"<html><body>proxy error</body></html>")
+    client = WdaClient("http://wda.test:8100")
+    assert await client.status() is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_open_session_refuses_a_foreign_active_session(responder):
+    responder.set("/status", {"value": {"ready": True}, "sessionId": "someone-elses"})
+    client = WdaClient("http://wda.test:8100")
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Refusing to replace"):
+        await client.open_session()
+    methods = {m for m, _url in responder.requests}
+    assert methods == {"GET"}  # status only — no POST, no DELETE
+    assert client.session_id is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_open_session_adopts_active_session_when_allowed(responder):
+    """A driver-launched runner's auto-session is adopted, not replaced."""
+    responder.set("/status", {"value": {"ready": True}, "sessionId": "auto-77"})
+    client = WdaClient("http://wda.test:8100")
+    assert await client.open_session(adopt_existing=True) == "auto-77"
+    assert client.session_id == "auto-77"
+    methods = {m for m, _url in responder.requests}
+    assert methods == {"GET"}  # adopted via /status — no POST /session
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_open_session_reuses_its_own_session(responder):
+    responder.set("/status", {"value": {"ready": True}, "sessionId": None})
+    responder.set("/session", {"value": {"sessionId": "owned-1"}})
+    client = WdaClient("http://wda.test:8100")
+    first = await client.open_session()
+    again = await client.open_session()
+    assert first == again == "owned-1"
+    posts = [u for m, u in responder.requests if m == "POST"]
+    assert len(posts) == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_open_session_creates_after_a_null_session_status(responder):
+    responder.set("/status", {"value": {"ready": True}, "sessionId": None})
+    responder.set("/session", {"value": {"sessionId": "fresh-1"}})
+    client = WdaClient("http://wda.test:8100")
+    assert await client.open_session() == "fresh-1"
+    assert client.session_id == "fresh-1"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_request_cancellation_drains_the_blocking_call(responder):
+    """A cancelled input must not leave the urllib call racing the release."""
+    client = WdaClient("http://wda.test:8100")
+    responder.block_on("/session/s1/actions")
+    responder.set("/session/s1/actions", {"value": {}})
+
+    task = asyncio.create_task(client._request("POST", "/session/s1/actions", {}))
+    try:
+        # Event.wait blocks a worker thread, never the loop — the request
+        # coroutine must already be inside urlopen before we cancel it.
+        entered = responder.entered["/session/s1/actions"]
+        assert await asyncio.to_thread(entered.wait, 5)
+        task.cancel()
+        await asyncio.sleep(0)  # let the cancellation land on the task
+        assert not task.done()  # still draining the blocked HTTP call
+    finally:
+        responder.release("/session/s1/actions")
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await task
+    # The drained request finished before cancellation propagated.
+    assert ("POST", "http://wda.test:8100/session/s1/actions") in responder.requests
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_open_session_cancellation_deletes_the_orphaned_session(responder):
+    client = WdaClient("http://wda.test:8100")
+    responder.set("/status", {"value": {"ready": True}, "sessionId": None})
+    responder.block_on("/session")
+    responder.set("/session", {"value": {"sessionId": "orphan-9"}})
+
+    task = asyncio.create_task(client.open_session())
+    try:
+        entered = responder.entered["/session"]
+        assert await asyncio.to_thread(entered.wait, 5)
+        task.cancel()
+        await asyncio.sleep(0)
+        assert not task.done()
+    finally:
+        responder.release("/session")
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await task
+    deletes = [u for m, u in responder.requests if m == "DELETE"]
+    assert deletes == ["http://wda.test:8100/session/orphan-9"]
+    assert client.session_id is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_device_info_rejects_non_dict_responses(responder):
+    responder.set("/wda/device/info", b"not-json")
+    client = WdaClient("http://wda.test:8100")
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="non-JSON"):
+        await client.device_info()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_device_info_returns_the_dict(responder):
+    responder.set(
+        "/wda/device/info",
+        {"value": {"name": "Test Phone", "isSimulator": False, "uuid": "iv"}},
+    )
+    info = await WdaClient("http://wda.test:8100").device_info()
+    assert info["name"] == "Test Phone"
+    assert info["isSimulator"] is False
+
+
+# --- Connect identity verification ----------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def _connect_stubs(driver, monkeypatch, client):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        physical_driver, "list_core_devices", _async_devices(_parsed(PHYSICAL_IPHONE))
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(driver, "_ensure_wda", _async_return(client))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(driver, "_require_ios_host", _async_return(None))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_connect_verifies_the_wda_endpoint_identity(driver, monkeypatch):
+    client = _FakeWda(device_name="Jane's iPhone")
+    _connect_stubs(driver, monkeypatch, client)
+    await driver.connect()
+    assert driver._session_key == "wda-session"
+    assert client.opened_sessions == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_connect_rejects_a_wda_on_the_wrong_device(driver, monkeypatch):
+    client = _FakeWda(device_name="Someone Else's iPhone")
+    _connect_stubs(driver, monkeypatch, client)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_URL"):
+        await driver.connect()
+    assert client.opened_sessions == 0
+    assert driver._session_key is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_connect_rejects_a_simulator_wda(driver, monkeypatch):
+    client = _FakeWda(device_name="Jane's iPhone", is_simulator=True)
+    _connect_stubs(driver, monkeypatch, client)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="ARTEMIS_IOS_WDA_URL"):
+        await driver.connect()
+    assert client.opened_sessions == 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_connect_accepts_generic_wda_family_name(driver, monkeypatch):
+    # WDA reports the product family ("iPhone"), not the personalized
+    # devicectl name ("Jane's iPhone") — that is the same device.
+    client = _FakeWda(device_name="iPhone")
+    _connect_stubs(driver, monkeypatch, client)
+    await driver.connect()
+    assert client.opened_sessions == 1
+    await driver.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_connect_adopts_session_when_we_launched_the_runner(driver, monkeypatch):
+    client = _FakeWda()
+    _connect_stubs(driver, monkeypatch, client)
+    driver._wda_runner_pid = 4242  # _ensure_wda launched this runner
+    await driver.connect()
+    assert client.adopt_requested is True
+    await driver.disconnect()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_connect_refuses_adoption_for_discovered_endpoints(driver, monkeypatch):
+    client = _FakeWda()
+    _connect_stubs(driver, monkeypatch, client)
+    await driver.connect()
+    assert client.adopt_requested is False
+    await driver.disconnect()
+
+
+# --- Disconnect cleanup ----------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+class _HungProcess:
+    """A subprocess stand-in that ignores terminate() and must be reaped."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.returncode = None
+        self.terminated = False
+        self.killed = False
+        self.communicated = False
+
+    def terminate(self):
+        self.terminated = True
+
+    def kill(self):
+        self.killed = True
+        self.returncode = -9
+
+    async def wait(self):
+        await asyncio.Event().wait()  # never exits on its own
+
+    async def communicate(self):
+        self.communicated = True
+        return b"", b""
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_disconnect_reaps_a_test_process_that_ignores_terminate(
+    connected_driver, monkeypatch
+):
+    process = _HungProcess()
+    connected_driver._wda_test_process = process
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver.asyncio, "wait_for", _hangs_then_times_out)
+    await connected_driver.disconnect()
+    assert process.terminated
+    assert process.killed and process.communicated
+    assert connected_driver._wda_test_process is None
+
+
+async def _hangs_then_times_out(awaitable, timeout):
+    awaitable.close()
+    raise TimeoutError
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_disconnect_reaps_children_even_when_close_session_fails(
+    connected_driver, monkeypatch
+):
+    async def _boom():
+        raise RuntimeError("wda already gone")
+
+    connected_driver._wda.close_session = _boom
+    process = _HungProcess()
+    connected_driver._wda_test_process = process
+    connected_driver._wda_runner_pid = 777
+    calls = []
+
+    async def fake_xcrun(*arguments, timeout=30.0):
+        calls.append(arguments)
+        return b""
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver, "run_xcrun", fake_xcrun)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_driver.asyncio, "wait_for", _hangs_then_times_out)
+    await connected_driver.disconnect()
+    assert process.killed and process.communicated
+    assert any("terminate" in args and str(777) in args for args in calls)
+    assert connected_driver._wda is None
+
+
+# --- Physical recorder cancellation and ffconcat ---------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_ffconcat_file_line_escapes_apostrophes():
+    path = Path("/tmp/Jane's Frames/frame 1.png")
+    line = PhysicalIosRecorder._ffconcat_file_line(path)
+    assert line == "file '/tmp/Jane'\\''s Frames/frame 1.png'"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_run_ffmpeg_cancellation_reaps_and_drops_part_file(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+    entered = asyncio.Event()
+    release = asyncio.Event()
+    reaped: list[object] = []
+
+    class _FakeProc:
+        returncode = None
+
+        async def communicate(self):
+            entered.set()
+            await release.wait()
+            return b"", b""
+
+    async def fake_exec(*args, **kwargs):
+        return _FakeProc()
+
+    async def fake_reap(process):
+        reaped.append(process)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_recording.asyncio, "create_subprocess_exec", fake_exec)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_recording, "reap_process", fake_reap)
+    part = tmp_path / "segment_0000.part.mp4"
+    part.write_bytes(b"partial")
+    task = asyncio.create_task(physical_recording._run_ffmpeg(["-i", "in", str(part)]))
+    await asyncio.wait_for(entered.wait(), timeout=5)
+    task.cancel()
+    release.set()
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await task
+    assert len(reaped) == 1
+    assert not part.exists()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_run_ffmpeg_timeout_reaps_and_reports_failure(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+    reaped: list[object] = []
+
+    class _FakeProc:
+        returncode = None
+
+        async def communicate(self):
+            await asyncio.Event().wait()
+
+    async def fake_exec(*args, **kwargs):
+        return _FakeProc()
+
+    async def fake_reap(process):
+        process.returncode = -9
+        reaped.append(process)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_recording.asyncio, "create_subprocess_exec", fake_exec)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_recording, "reap_process", fake_reap)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(physical_recording, "FFMPEG_TIMEOUT_SECONDS", 0.05)
+    code, stderr = await physical_recording._run_ffmpeg(["-i", "in", str(tmp_path / "o.mp4")])
+    assert code == -1
+    assert b"timed out" in stderr
+    assert len(reaped) == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_input_fails_clearly_when_wda_is_detached():
+    """A stale session key without a WDA client fails before input/observe."""
+    driver = PhysicalIosDriver(device_id=IPHONE_UDID)
+    driver._session_key = "stale-session"
+    driver._wda = None
+    for call in (
+        driver.tap(10, 10),
+        driver.press_key("home"),
+        driver.input_text("hi", clear_existing=False),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Connect the physical iOS driver"):
+            await call
+
+
+class _FalseHomeWda(_FakeWda):
+    """A WDA backend that always reports Home button failure."""
+
+    async def press_button(self, name):
+        self.buttons.append(name)
+        return False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_home_key_falls_back_to_homescreen_when_button_fails(connected_driver):
+    connected_driver._wda = _FalseHomeWda()
+    assert await connected_driver.press_key("home") is True
+    assert connected_driver._wda.buttons == ["home"]
+    assert connected_driver._wda.homescreen_calls == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_app_switch_raises_when_home_button_is_unavailable(connected_driver):
+    connected_driver._wda = _FalseHomeWda()
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match="App switching is unavailable"):
+        await connected_driver.press_key("app_switch")
+    # No homescreen fallback may masquerade as a successful app switch.
+    assert connected_driver._wda.homescreen_calls == 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_app_switch_double_presses_home_on_capable_backend(connected_driver):
+    assert await connected_driver.press_key("app_switch") is True
+    assert connected_driver._wda.buttons == ["home", "home"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bad_rect", ["missing", None, "bogus", 42])
+def test_parse_wda_elements_skips_bad_parent_rect_but_keeps_children(bad_rect):
+    child = {
+        "type": "XCUIElementTypeButton",
+        "label": "OK",
+        "rect": {"x": 1, "y": 1, "width": 10, "height": 10},
+    }
+    tree = {"type": "XCUIElementTypeApplication", "children": [child]}
+    if bad_rect != "missing":
+        tree["rect"] = bad_rect
+    elements = wda.parse_wda_elements(tree, (1.0, 1.0), 300, 600)
+    assert [e["text"] for e in elements] == ["OK"]
diff --git a/tests/unit/drivers/test_ios_recording.py b/tests/unit/drivers/test_ios_recording.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0865601c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/drivers/test_ios_recording.py
@@ -0,0 +1,800 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Hermetic tests for the native iOS simctl recorder."""
+
+import asyncio
+from collections import deque
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import signal
+import subprocess
+import threading
+import time
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
+from uuid import uuid4
+
+import cv2
+import pytest
+
+from artemis.drivers.ios import recording as rec
+from artemis.drivers.ios.recording import (
+    IosRecordingSession,
+    IosScreenRecorder,
+    finalize_mov_to_mp4,
+)
+from artemis.drivers.ios.xcode_driver import XcodeSimulatorDriver
+from third_party.mobile_use.utils.video import (
+    get_active_session,
+    remove_active_session,
+    set_active_session,
+)
+
+UDID = "E1D9F1D1-04E5-4E95-801F-830B854FD3E2"
+
+
+class FakeStderr:
+    """Queued stderr lines; hangs like a live pipe until ``feed_eof``."""
+
+    def __init__(self, lines=None, delay: float = 0.0, eof: bool = False):
+        self._lines = deque(lines if lines is not None else [b"Recording started\n"])
+        self._delay = delay
+        self._eof = asyncio.Event()
+        if eof:
+            self._eof.set()
+
+    def feed(self, line: bytes) -> None:
+        self._lines.append(line)
+
+    def feed_eof(self) -> None:
+        self._eof.set()
+
+    async def readline(self):
+        while True:
+            if self._lines:
+                if self._delay:
+                    await asyncio.sleep(self._delay)
+                return self._lines.popleft()
+            if self._eof.is_set():
+                return b""
+            await asyncio.sleep(0.005)
+
+
+class FakeRecorderProcess:
+    """Minimal asyncio.subprocess.Process stand-in for simctl recordVideo."""
+
+    def __init__(self, stderr=None, *, ignore_signals=()):
+        self.stderr = stderr if stderr is not None else FakeStderr()
+        self.returncode = None
+        self.signals: list[int] = []
+        self.terminated = False
+        self.killed = False
+        self._exit = asyncio.Event()
+        self._ignore = set(ignore_signals)
+
+    def send_signal(self, sig):
+        self.signals.append(sig)
+        if sig not in self._ignore and self.returncode is None:
+            self.returncode = 0
+            self._exit.set()
+
+    def terminate(self):
+        self.terminated = True
+        if self.returncode is None:
+            self.returncode = -int(signal.SIGTERM)
+            self._exit.set()
+
+    def kill(self):
+        self.killed = True
+        if self.returncode is None:
+            self.returncode = -int(signal.SIGKILL)
+            self._exit.set()
+
+    async def wait(self):
+        await self._exit.wait()
+        return self.returncode
+
+
+def spawn_factory(procs):
+    """Return (spawn, created) where spawn serves FakeRecorderProcess items."""
+    created: list[tuple] = []
+
+    async def spawn(*argv, **kwargs):
+        created.append(argv)
+        index = min(len(created) - 1, len(procs) - 1)
+        return procs[index]
+
+    return spawn, created
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def recorder_env(monkeypatch):
+    """Patch the recorder's child-process and probe seams."""
+    env = SimpleNamespace(finalized=[], spawns=None)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "probe_display_dimensions", AsyncMock(return_value=(1206, 2622)))
+
+    async def fake_finalize(source_path, output_path, width, height, span):
+        env.finalized.append((Path(source_path), Path(output_path), width, height, span))
+        output_path.write_bytes(b"fake mp4")
+        return True
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "finalize_mov_to_mp4", fake_finalize)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.utils.video.probe_video_segment",
+        AsyncMock(return_value={"duration": 1.0, "width": 100, "height": 200}),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "WATCHDOG_INTERVAL_SECONDS", 0.01)
+    return env
+
+
+def patch_spawn(monkeypatch, procs):
+    spawn, created = spawn_factory(procs)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(asyncio, "create_subprocess_exec", spawn)
+    return created
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_recordvideo_argv_pins_udid_without_force_or_android_tools(
+    recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path
+):
+    procs = [FakeRecorderProcess()]
+    created = patch_spawn(monkeypatch, procs)
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+
+    session = await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+
+    argv = created[0]
+    assert argv[:4] == ("xcrun", "simctl", "io", UDID)
+    assert "recordVideo" in argv and "--codec=h264" in argv
+    assert str(tmp_path / "recording.mov") in argv
+    assert "--force" not in argv
+    assert not any("adb" in part or "scrcpy" in part for part in argv)
+    assert session.is_active and session.capture_width == 1206
+    await recorder.stop()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_marker_anchors_timeline_not_process_spawn(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    procs = [FakeRecorderProcess(FakeStderr(delay=0.05))]
+    created = patch_spawn(monkeypatch, procs)
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+
+    before = time.time()
+    session = await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+
+    assert session.start_time >= before + 0.03  # anchored at marker, not spawn
+    assert session.anchor_monotonic is not None
+    assert session.segment_started_monotonic == session.anchor_monotonic
+    await recorder.stop()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_missing_marker_times_out_and_reaps(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "STARTUP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS", 0.05)
+    proc = FakeRecorderProcess(FakeStderr(lines=[]))  # hangs, never marks
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [proc])
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TimeoutError):
+        await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+
+    assert signal.SIGINT in proc.signals
+    assert proc.returncode == 0
+    assert recorder.session is not None and not recorder.session.is_active
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_stderr_eof_before_marker_fails(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    proc = FakeRecorderProcess(FakeStderr(lines=[], eof=True))
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [proc])
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Recording started"):
+        await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+    assert proc.returncode == 0  # reaped via SIGINT
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_startup_cancellation_reaps_child(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    proc = FakeRecorderProcess(FakeStderr(lines=[]))  # marker never arrives
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [proc])
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+
+    task = asyncio.create_task(recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path))
+    await asyncio.sleep(0.02)
+    task.cancel()
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await task
+
+    assert proc.returncode is not None
+    assert signal.SIGINT in proc.signals
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_cancelled_probe_after_marker_reaps_child(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    """Cancelling during the dimension probe must not leak the recorder child."""
+    proc = FakeRecorderProcess()  # marker arrives instantly
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [proc])
+    probe_entered = threading.Event()
+    probe_gate = threading.Event()
+
+    async def gated_probe(device_id):
+        probe_entered.set()
+        while not probe_gate.is_set():
+            await asyncio.sleep(0.005)
+        return (1206, 2622)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "probe_display_dimensions", gated_probe)
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+
+    task = asyncio.create_task(recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path))
+    try:
+        assert await asyncio.to_thread(probe_entered.wait, 5)
+        task.cancel()
+        await asyncio.sleep(0)
+        assert not task.done()  # still gated inside the probe await
+    finally:
+        probe_gate.set()
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await task
+
+    session = recorder.session
+    assert session is not None and not session.is_active
+    assert proc.returncode is not None
+    assert signal.SIGINT in proc.signals
+    assert session.stderr_task is None or session.stderr_task.done()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_probe_failure_after_marker_reaps_child(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    """A dimension-probe error after the marker must reap the owned child."""
+    proc = FakeRecorderProcess()
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [proc])
+
+    async def boom(device_id):
+        raise RuntimeError("display probe exploded")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "probe_display_dimensions", boom)
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="display probe exploded"):
+        await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+
+    session = recorder.session
+    assert session is not None and not session.is_active
+    assert proc.returncode is not None
+    assert signal.SIGINT in proc.signals
+    assert session.stderr_task is None or session.stderr_task.done()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sigint_terminate_kill_escalation(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "SIGINT_FLUSH_TIMEOUT_SECONDS", 0.05)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "TERMINATE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS", 0.05)
+    term_proc = FakeRecorderProcess(ignore_signals={signal.SIGINT})
+    kill_proc = FakeRecorderProcess(ignore_signals={signal.SIGINT})
+    kill_proc.terminate = lambda: setattr(kill_proc, "terminated", True)
+
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [term_proc])
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+    await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+    await recorder.stop()
+    assert term_proc.signals == [signal.SIGINT]
+    assert term_proc.terminated
+    assert not term_proc.killed
+
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [kill_proc])
+    recorder2 = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+    await recorder2.start(output_dir=tmp_path / "b")
+    await recorder2.stop()
+    assert kill_proc.terminated and kill_proc.killed
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_stderr_buffer_is_bounded(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    stderr = FakeStderr()
+    proc = FakeRecorderProcess(stderr)
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [proc])
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+    session = await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+
+    for index in range(rec.STDERR_BUFFER_LINES * 2):
+        stderr.feed(f"line {index}\n".encode())
+    await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
+
+    assert len(session.stderr_lines) <= rec.STDERR_BUFFER_LINES
+    assert session.stderr_lines[-1].startswith("line")
+    await recorder.stop()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_double_start_rejected_and_stop_without_recording(
+    recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path
+):
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [FakeRecorderProcess()])
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+
+    assert await recorder.stop() is None  # no session yet
+
+    await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="already active"):
+        await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+    await recorder.stop()
+    assert await recorder.stop() is not None  # stopped session metadata retained
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_output_collision_never_overwrites(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    original = tmp_path / "recording.mov"
+    original.write_bytes(b"pre-existing capture")
+    created = patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [FakeRecorderProcess()])
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+
+    session = await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+
+    assert "recording_001.mov" in str(created[0][-1])
+    assert session.local_video_path.name == "recording_001.mov"
+    assert original.read_bytes() == b"pre-existing capture"
+    await recorder.stop()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_rotation_rolls_segment_with_raw_dimensions(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    procs = [FakeRecorderProcess(), FakeRecorderProcess()]
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, procs)
+    dims_state = {"value": (1206, 2622)}
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        rec,
+        "probe_display_dimensions",
+        AsyncMock(side_effect=lambda *_: dims_state["value"]),
+    )
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+
+    session = await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+    dims_state["value"] = (2622, 1206)  # rotate the display
+    for _ in range(200):
+        if session.segments and session.capture_width == 2622:
+            break
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
+
+    assert session.segments, "watchdog did not roll on rotation"
+    first = session.segments[0]
+    assert (first["width"], first["height"]) == (1206, 2622)
+    assert session.capture_width == 2622 and session.capture_height == 1206
+    assert session.generation >= 1
+    assert signal.SIGINT in procs[0].signals
+    await recorder.stop()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_duration_limit_rolls_segment(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    procs = [FakeRecorderProcess(), FakeRecorderProcess()]
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, procs)
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+
+    session = await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path, max_duration_seconds=1)
+    deadline = time.monotonic() + 5.0
+    while time.monotonic() < deadline and not session.segments:
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.02)
+
+    assert session.segments, "watchdog did not roll on duration limit"
+    await recorder.stop()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_crash_recovery_is_bounded(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    healthy = FakeRecorderProcess()
+    dead = [FakeRecorderProcess(FakeStderr(lines=[], eof=True)) for _ in range(5)]
+    created = patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [healthy] + dead)
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+
+    session = await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+    healthy.returncode = 1  # simulate recorder crash
+    deadline = time.monotonic() + 5.0
+    while time.monotonic() < deadline and session.is_active:
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.02)
+
+    assert not session.is_active
+    assert len(created) <= rec.MAX_CONSECUTIVE_FAILURES + 1
+    assert any("recovery limit" in error for error in session.errors)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_seal_finalizes_segment_and_continues(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    procs = [FakeRecorderProcess(), FakeRecorderProcess()]
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, procs)
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+    session = await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+
+    await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
+    await recorder.seal(through_time=0.02)
+
+    # The sealed boundary covers through_time; content runs to the SIGINT point.
+    assert 0.02 <= session.segments[0]["end"] <= 0.5
+    assert session.sealed_until >= 0.02
+    assert session.generation == 1
+    assert session.is_active and session.process is procs[1]
+    await recorder.seal(through_time=0.01)  # already sealed through this value
+    assert len(session.segments) == 1
+    await recorder.stop()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_stop_finalizes_manifest_and_returns_mp4(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    proc = FakeRecorderProcess()
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [proc])
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+    session = await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+
+    result = await recorder.stop()
+
+    assert result == tmp_path / "recording.mp4"
+    assert signal.SIGINT in proc.signals
+    manifest = json.loads((tmp_path / "recording.json").read_text())
+    assert manifest["version"] == 2
+    assert manifest["segments"] and manifest["segments"][0]["file"] == "recording.mp4"
+    assert not session.is_active
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_stop_cancelled_caller_still_reaps_and_finalizes(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    gate = asyncio.Event()
+
+    async def slow_finalize(source_path, output_path, width, height, span):
+        await gate.wait()
+        output_path.write_bytes(b"fake mp4")
+        return True
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "finalize_mov_to_mp4", slow_finalize)
+    proc = FakeRecorderProcess()
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [proc])
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+    await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+
+    task = asyncio.create_task(recorder.stop())
+    await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
+    task.cancel()
+    gate.set()
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await task
+
+    assert proc.returncode == 0
+    assert (tmp_path / "recording.mp4").exists()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_conversion_failure_reports_partial_and_keeps_raw(
+    recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path
+):
+    async def failing(*args, **kwargs):
+        return False
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "finalize_mov_to_mp4", failing)
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [FakeRecorderProcess()])
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+    session = await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+
+    assert await recorder.stop() is None
+    assert any("finalization" in error for error in session.errors)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_disconnect_finalizes_recorder_and_clears_registry(
+    recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path
+):
+    proc = FakeRecorderProcess()
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [proc])
+    driver = XcodeSimulatorDriver(device_id=UDID)
+    driver._session_key = "session-key"
+    bridge = SimpleNamespace(
+        connected=True,
+        call=AsyncMock(),
+        close=AsyncMock(),
+        start=AsyncMock(),
+    )
+    driver._bridge = bridge
+
+    await driver.start_video_recording(output_dir=tmp_path)
+    session = driver.recording_session
+    set_active_session(UDID, session)
+
+    await driver.disconnect()
+
+    assert proc.returncode == 0
+    assert get_active_session(UDID) is None
+    bridge.call.assert_awaited_once()
+    assert bridge.call.await_args.args[0] == "DeviceInteractionEndSession"
+    bridge.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_disconnect_closes_bridge_even_when_finalize_fails(
+    recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path
+):
+    proc = FakeRecorderProcess()
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [proc])
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "finalize_mov_to_mp4", AsyncMock(return_value=False))
+    driver = XcodeSimulatorDriver(device_id=UDID)
+    driver._session_key = "session-key"
+    bridge = SimpleNamespace(connected=True, call=AsyncMock(), close=AsyncMock(), start=AsyncMock())
+    driver._bridge = bridge
+
+    await driver.start_video_recording(output_dir=tmp_path)
+    set_active_session(UDID, driver.recording_session)
+    await driver.disconnect()
+
+    assert proc.returncode == 0
+    assert get_active_session(UDID) is None
+    bridge.close.assert_awaited_once()
+    assert driver.recording_session.errors
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_disconnect_leaves_other_sessions_registry(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    proc = FakeRecorderProcess()
+    patch_spawn(monkeypatch, [proc])
+    other = IosRecordingSession(video_id=uuid4(), device_id=UDID, start_time=0.0)
+    set_active_session(UDID, other)
+    driver = XcodeSimulatorDriver(device_id=UDID)
+    driver._session_key = "session-key"
+    driver._bridge = SimpleNamespace(
+        connected=True, call=AsyncMock(), close=AsyncMock(), start=AsyncMock()
+    )
+
+    await driver.start_video_recording(output_dir=tmp_path)
+    await driver.disconnect()
+
+    assert get_active_session(UDID) is other
+    remove_active_session(UDID)
+
+
+# --- Real FFmpeg regression coverage (bundled binary, no Xcode/simulator) ---
+
+
+def _make_vfr_mov(path: Path, width: int = 320, height: int = 240) -> Path:
+    """Two VFR frames: red at t=0, blue at t=0.5 (from 30fps concat)."""
+    ffmpeg = rec.get_ffmpeg_path()
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            ffmpeg,
+            "-y",
+            "-f",
+            "lavfi",
+            "-i",
+            f"color=c=red:s={width}x{height}:r=30:d=0.5",
+            "-f",
+            "lavfi",
+            "-i",
+            f"color=c=blue:s={width}x{height}:r=30:d=0.5",
+            "-filter_complex",
+            "[0:v][1:v]concat=n=2:v=1,select='eq(n,0)+eq(n,15)'[v]",
+            "-map",
+            "[v]",
+            "-fps_mode",
+            "vfr",
+            "-c:v",
+            "libx264",
+            "-pix_fmt",
+            "yuv420p",
+            str(path),
+        ],
+        check=True,
+        capture_output=True,
+    )
+    return path
+
+
+def _frame_at(video: Path, seconds: float):
+    capture = cv2.VideoCapture(str(video))
+    try:
+        capture.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_POS_MSEC, seconds * 1000)
+        ok, frame = capture.read()
+        assert ok and frame is not None
+        return frame
+    finally:
+        capture.release()
+
+
+def _mean_bgr(frame):
+    return frame.mean(axis=(0, 1))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_finalize_preserves_vfr_event_times_without_stretching(tmp_path):
+    source = _make_vfr_mov(tmp_path / "segment.mov")
+    output = tmp_path / "recording.mp4"
+
+    assert await finalize_mov_to_mp4(source, output, 320, 240, 2.0)
+
+    capture = cv2.VideoCapture(str(output))
+    fps = capture.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS)
+    frame_count = capture.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT)
+    capture.release()
+    assert fps == pytest.approx(30, abs=0.5)
+    assert frame_count / fps == pytest.approx(2.0, abs=0.05)
+
+    red = _mean_bgr(_frame_at(output, 0.1))
+    blue_early = _mean_bgr(_frame_at(output, 0.6))
+    blue_tail = _mean_bgr(_frame_at(output, 1.6))
+    assert red[2] > 150 and red[0] < 60  # red frame, not stretched into tail
+    assert blue_early[0] > 150 and blue_early[2] < 60
+    assert blue_tail[0] > 150 and blue_tail[2] < 60  # cloned tail stays blue
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_finalize_normalizes_mixed_resolution_sources(tmp_path):
+    portrait = _make_vfr_mov(tmp_path / "portrait.mov", width=240, height=320)
+    landscape = _make_vfr_mov(tmp_path / "landscape.mov", width=320, height=240)
+
+    out_p = tmp_path / "portrait.mp4"
+    out_l = tmp_path / "landscape.mp4"
+    assert await finalize_mov_to_mp4(portrait, out_p, 240, 320, 1.0)
+    assert await finalize_mov_to_mp4(landscape, out_l, 240, 320, 1.0)
+
+    for produced in (out_p, out_l):
+        capture = cv2.VideoCapture(str(produced))
+        width = capture.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH)
+        height = capture.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT)
+        ok, _frame = capture.read()
+        capture.release()
+        assert ok and (width, height) == (240, 320)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_probe_falls_back_to_cv2_only_when_ffprobe_missing(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    from artemis.utils import video as video_utils
+
+    mp4 = tmp_path / "segment.mp4"
+    assert await finalize_mov_to_mp4(_make_vfr_mov(tmp_path / "src.mov"), mp4, 320, 240, 1.0)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(video_utils, "get_ffprobe_path", lambda: str(tmp_path / "missing-ffprobe"))
+
+    metadata = await video_utils.probe_video_segment(mp4)
+    assert metadata["width"] == 320 and metadata["height"] == 240
+    assert metadata["duration"] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=0.05)
+
+    corrupted = tmp_path / "corrupt.mp4"
+    corrupted.write_bytes(b"not a movie")
+    assert await video_utils.probe_video_segment(corrupted) == {}
+
+
+# Mirrors real ``simctl io <udid> enumerate`` output on an iPhone simulator:
+# the LCD is the only display with an IOSurface port; external scene displays
+# (CarPlay wireless, resizable) report Default dims only and must be ignored.
+ENUMERATE_SAMPLE = """\
+Port:
+    UUID: 0E2F25F7-2FF1-44B7-93A2-36AE37042D2D
+    Class: Unknown
+    Port Identifier: com.apple.display.captureservice
+    Power state: On
+
+Port:
+    UUID: 99261FD3-48E9-4CB4-B58D-5D2AF9CB5538
+    Class: Display
+    Port Identifier: com.apple.framebuffer.display
+    Power state: On
+    Display class: 1
+    Default width: 720
+    Default height: 480
+    Default pixel format: 'BGRA'
+
+Port:
+    UUID: 9A996636-389D-48C9-86D4-D2A252086D44
+    Class: Display
+    Port Identifier: com.apple.framebuffer.display
+    Power state: On
+    Display class: 0
+    Default width: 1206
+    Default height: 2622
+    Default pixel format: 'BGRA'
+    IOSurface port:
+        width              = 1206
+        height             = 2622
+        bytes per row      = 4864
+        size               = 12763136
+
+Port:
+    UUID: E7A14973-04D1-456A-858D-BD0EEF2FF5D5
+    Class: Display
+    Port Identifier: com.apple.framebuffer.display
+    Power state: On
+    Display class: 1
+    Default width: 7680
+    Default height: 4320
+    Default pixel format: 'BGRA'
+"""
+
+
+def test_parse_display_dimensions_uses_iosurface_not_default_dims():
+    assert rec._parse_display_dimensions(ENUMERATE_SAMPLE) == (1206, 2622)
+    rotated = ENUMERATE_SAMPLE.replace(
+        "width              = 1206", "width              = 2622"
+    ).replace("height             = 2622", "height             = 1206")
+    assert rec._parse_display_dimensions(rotated) == (2622, 1206)
+    assert rec._parse_display_dimensions("Port:\n    Class: Unknown\n") is None
+    assert rec._parse_display_dimensions("") is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_young_crash_loop_caps_respawns_and_stops(recorder_env, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    """Spawns that succeed then die young must bound the crash loop.
+
+    Every fake proc delivers the 'Recording started' marker (spawn succeeds)
+    and then exits immediately — the watchdog's young-crash counter must stop
+    the respawn loop at MAX_CONSECUTIVE_FAILURES instead of spawning forever.
+    """
+    created: list[FakeRecorderProcess] = []
+
+    async def spawn(*argv, **kwargs):
+        proc = FakeRecorderProcess()
+        created.append(proc)
+
+        def die_young():
+            if proc.returncode is None:
+                proc.returncode = 1
+                proc._exit.set()
+
+        asyncio.get_running_loop().call_later(0.01, die_young)
+        return proc
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(asyncio, "create_subprocess_exec", spawn)
+    recorder = IosScreenRecorder(UDID)
+
+    session = await recorder.start(output_dir=tmp_path)
+    deadline = time.monotonic() + 5.0
+    while time.monotonic() < deadline and session.is_active:
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.02)
+
+    assert not session.is_active
+    assert len(created) <= rec.MAX_CONSECUTIVE_FAILURES + 1
+    assert any("recovery limit" in error for error in session.errors)
+    # No orphan process survives the cap.
+    assert all(proc.returncode is not None for proc in created)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_finalize_cancellation_reaps_child_and_drops_part(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+    """Cancelling finalize must reap the ffmpeg child and remove its .part."""
+    source = tmp_path / "segment_0000.mov"
+    source.write_bytes(b"mov")
+    entered = asyncio.Event()
+    release = asyncio.Event()
+    reaped: list[object] = []
+
+    class _Proc:
+        returncode = None
+
+        async def communicate(self):
+            entered.set()
+            await release.wait()
+            return b"", b""
+
+    async def fake_exec(*args, **kwargs):
+        return _Proc()
+
+    async def fake_reap(process):
+        reaped.append(process)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec.asyncio, "create_subprocess_exec", fake_exec)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "reap_process", fake_reap)
+    output = tmp_path / "segment_0000.mp4"
+    task = asyncio.create_task(finalize_mov_to_mp4(source, output, 100, 200, 1.0))
+    await asyncio.wait_for(entered.wait(), timeout=5)
+    task.cancel()
+    release.set()
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await task
+    assert len(reaped) == 1
+    assert not output.exists()
+    assert not (tmp_path / "segment_0000.part.mp4").exists()
diff --git a/tests/unit/mcp/test_diagnose_tool.py b/tests/unit/mcp/test_diagnose_tool.py
index cd4627f5..75d76798 100644
--- a/tests/unit/mcp/test_diagnose_tool.py
+++ b/tests/unit/mcp/test_diagnose_tool.py
@@ -1285,3 +1285,148 @@ def test_newer_helper_than_bundle_is_not_a_finding(temp_trace_env):
     result = _run(_healthy_probes(), helper_status=status)
     assert result["verdict"] == "ready"
     assert not any("Accessibility helper" in s for s in result["next_steps"])
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# iOS device selection
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+_IOS_SIM_BOOTED = {"udid": "SIM-AAAA", "name": "Sim Booted", "state": "Booted"}
+_IOS_SIM_SHUT = {"udid": "SIM-BBBB", "name": "Sim Off", "state": "Shutdown"}
+_IOS_PHYS = {"udid": "PHYS-0001", "name": "Office Phone", "state": "device"}
+
+
+def _ios_probe(simulators=None, physical=None, status=ProbeStatus.PASS):
+    return _probe(
+        "ios_simulators",
+        status,
+        category=ProbeCategory.DEVICE,
+        metadata={
+            "xcode_27_or_newer": True,
+            "simulators": ([_IOS_SIM_BOOTED, _IOS_SIM_SHUT] if simulators is None else simulators),
+            "connected_physical_devices": ([_IOS_PHYS] if physical is None else physical),
+        },
+    )
+
+
+def test_ios_requested_device_matches_udid_case_insensitively():
+    selected = diagnose._ios_requested_device(_ios_probe(), "sim-aaaa")
+    assert selected == {
+        "serial": "SIM-AAAA",
+        "name": "Sim Booted",
+        "state": "device",
+        "is_emulator": True,
+    }
+
+
+def test_ios_requested_device_matches_exact_sim_and_physical_names():
+    sim = diagnose._ios_requested_device(_ios_probe(), "Sim Off")
+    assert sim["serial"] == "SIM-BBBB" and sim["is_emulator"] is True
+    phys = diagnose._ios_requested_device(_ios_probe(), "Office Phone")
+    assert phys["serial"] == "PHYS-0001" and phys["is_emulator"] is False
+    # Name matching is exact — case differences do not bind.
+    assert diagnose._ios_requested_device(_ios_probe(), "sim off") is None
+
+
+def test_ios_requested_device_explicit_booted_needs_exactly_one():
+    assert diagnose._ios_requested_device(_ios_probe(), "booted")["serial"] == "SIM-AAAA"
+    two_booted = [_IOS_SIM_BOOTED, {**_IOS_SIM_SHUT, "state": "Booted"}]
+    assert diagnose._ios_requested_device(_ios_probe(simulators=two_booted), "booted") is None
+    none_booted = [dict(_IOS_SIM_SHUT)]
+    assert diagnose._ios_requested_device(_ios_probe(simulators=none_booted), "booted") is None
+
+
+def test_ios_requested_device_ambiguous_names_return_none():
+    twins = [
+        {**_IOS_SIM_BOOTED, "name": "Twin"},
+        {**_IOS_SIM_SHUT, "name": "Twin"},
+    ]
+    assert diagnose._ios_requested_device(_ios_probe(simulators=twins), "Twin") is None
+
+
+def test_ios_requested_device_never_autopicks_hardware():
+    # No request: exactly one booted sim wins; a sole shutdown sim is next.
+    assert diagnose._ios_requested_device(_ios_probe(), None)["serial"] == "SIM-AAAA"
+    only_off = diagnose._ios_requested_device(_ios_probe(simulators=[_IOS_SIM_SHUT]), None)
+    assert only_off["serial"] == "SIM-BBBB"
+    # Physical-only inventory is never auto-selected.
+    assert diagnose._ios_requested_device(_ios_probe(simulators=[]), None) is None
+
+
+def test_ios_probe_serial_routes_canonical_udid(monkeypatch):
+    """_run_device_probe must smoke the canonical UDID, not the raw request."""
+    smoke = AsyncMock(return_value=_smoke_ok("SIM-AAAA"))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(diagnose, "_device_smoke_test", smoke)
+    result = asyncio.run(diagnose._run_device_probe(None, "sim-aaaa", _ios_probe(), platform="ios"))
+    smoke.assert_awaited_once_with("SIM-AAAA", platform="ios")
+    assert result["ok"] is True
+
+
+def test_ios_probe_without_canonical_target_fails_with_udid_guidance(monkeypatch):
+    smoke = AsyncMock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(diagnose, "_device_smoke_test", smoke)
+    result = asyncio.run(diagnose._run_device_probe(None, "ghost", _ios_probe(), platform="ios"))
+    assert result["ok"] is False
+    assert "UDID" in result["error"]
+    smoke.assert_not_awaited()
+    # No request and ambiguous inventory -> same guidance shape.
+    twins = [_IOS_SIM_BOOTED, {**_IOS_SIM_SHUT, "state": "Booted"}]
+    result = asyncio.run(
+        diagnose._run_device_probe(None, None, _ios_probe(simulators=twins), platform="ios")
+    )
+    assert result["ok"] is False
+    assert "device_serial" in result["error"]
+    smoke.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+def test_requested_device_ready_ios_uses_the_same_selection():
+    results = [_ios_probe()]
+    assert diagnose._requested_device_ready(results, "SIM-AAAA", platform="ios")
+    assert diagnose._requested_device_ready(results, "Office Phone", platform="ios")
+    assert not diagnose._requested_device_ready(results, "ghost", platform="ios")
+    assert diagnose._requested_device_ready(results, None, platform="ios")
+
+
+def test_ios_diagnose_reports_the_selected_ios_device(temp_trace_env):
+    """The iOS `device` payload describes the selected iOS target, not ADB's."""
+    probes = _healthy_probes() + [_ios_probe()]
+    result = _run(probes, platform="ios")
+    device = result["device"]
+    assert device == {
+        "serial": "SIM-AAAA",
+        "model": "Sim Booted",
+        "platform": "ios",
+        "is_emulator": True,
+    }
+
+
+def test_ios_diagnose_smoke_uses_selected_udid(temp_trace_env):
+    probes = _healthy_probes() + [_ios_probe()]
+    smoke = AsyncMock(return_value=_smoke_ok("SIM-AAAA"))
+    result = _run(probes, platform="ios", probe_device=True, smoke=smoke)
+    smoke.assert_awaited_once_with("SIM-AAAA", platform="ios")
+    assert result["device_probe"]["ok"] is True
+
+
+def test_android_diagnose_device_shape_unchanged(temp_trace_env):
+    """Regression: Android responses keep the compact active-device payload."""
+    device = DeviceInfo(
+        serial="pixel-1",
+        model="Pixel 8",
+        android_version="15",
+        is_locked=False,
+        installed_packages=["a"],
+        screen_resolution="1080x2400",
+    )
+    result = _run(_healthy_probes(), report=_report(_healthy_probes(), active_device=device))
+    device_out = result["device"]
+    # The accessibility_helper attachment is part of the compact payload.
+    assert isinstance(device_out.pop("accessibility_helper"), dict)
+    assert device_out == {
+        "serial": "pixel-1",
+        "state": "device",
+        "model": "Pixel 8",
+        "android_version": "15",
+        "is_locked": False,
+        "is_emulator": False,
+    }
diff --git a/tests/unit/mcp/test_mcp_stdio_lifecycle.py b/tests/unit/mcp/test_mcp_stdio_lifecycle.py
index 05dea880..920cdd29 100644
--- a/tests/unit/mcp/test_mcp_stdio_lifecycle.py
+++ b/tests/unit/mcp/test_mcp_stdio_lifecycle.py
@@ -117,11 +117,13 @@ def test_mcp_stdio_handshake_immediate_input():
         p.stdin.write(json.dumps(init_req).encode("utf-8") + b"\n")
         p.stdin.flush()
 
-        # Read initialize response with a strict timeout
-        init_resp_line = _readline_with_timeout(p.stdout, 6.0)
+        # Read initialize response with a strict timeout. The deadline only needs
+        # to catch a wedged subprocess; cold-start imports on a loaded machine can
+        # take well over 6s, so allow generous-but-finite headroom.
+        init_resp_line = _readline_with_timeout(p.stdout, 30.0)
 
         assert init_resp_line is not None, (
-            "MCP server failed to respond to initialize request within 6 seconds (deadlock detected)!"
+            "MCP server failed to respond to initialize request within 30 seconds (deadlock detected)!"
         )
         init_data = json.loads(init_resp_line)
         assert init_data.get("id") == 1
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ def test_mcp_stdio_handshake_immediate_input():
         p.stdin.write(json.dumps(tools_req).encode("utf-8") + b"\n")
         p.stdin.flush()
 
-        tools_resp_line = _readline_with_timeout(p.stdout, 4.0)
+        tools_resp_line = _readline_with_timeout(p.stdout, 15.0)
 
         assert tools_resp_line is not None, "MCP server failed to respond to tools/list request!"
         tools_data = json.loads(tools_resp_line)
diff --git a/tests/unit/mcp/test_mcp_tools.py b/tests/unit/mcp/test_mcp_tools.py
index 0064ed9a..f1eed944 100644
--- a/tests/unit/mcp/test_mcp_tools.py
+++ b/tests/unit/mcp/test_mcp_tools.py
@@ -402,6 +402,64 @@ async def test_mobile_get_device_state_passes_device_serial():
     get_ctrl_mock.assert_called_once_with(device_serial="device-serial-abc")
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_mobile_get_device_state_rejects_invalid_platform_before_factory():
+    """An invalid platform token must never reach the controller factory."""
+    with (
+        patch("mcp_server.tools.device_state._get_controller") as get_ctrl_mock,
+        patch(
+            "mcp_server.tools.device_state.observe_ios_controller", new_callable=AsyncMock
+        ) as observe_mock,
+    ):
+        result = await mobile_get_device_state(view_type="hierarchy", platform="windows-phone")
+
+    assert result.startswith("Error:")
+    assert "platform" in result.lower()
+    get_ctrl_mock.assert_not_called()
+    observe_mock.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_mobile_get_device_state_ios_routes_through_observation_helper():
+    """A case/whitespace-tolerant iOS token builds an iOS controller and
+    observes it through the lease-owning helper, not a raw connect."""
+    controller = MagicMock()
+    controller.ctx.device.mobile_platform = "ios"
+    controller.ctx.device.device_width = 1206
+    controller.ctx.device.device_height = 2622
+    screen = SimpleNamespace(
+        base64="aVBORw==",
+        elements=[
+            {
+                "class": "XCUIElementTypeButton",
+                "text": "Continue",
+                "bounds": "[100,500][400,600]",
+            }
+        ],
+        width=1206,
+        height=2622,
+    )
+
+    with (
+        patch(
+            "mcp_server.tools.device_state._get_controller", return_value=controller
+        ) as get_ctrl_mock,
+        patch(
+            "mcp_server.tools.device_state.observe_ios_controller",
+            new_callable=AsyncMock,
+            return_value=screen,
+        ) as observe_mock,
+        patch("mcp_server.tools.device_state.is_ocr_configured", return_value=False),
+    ):
+        result = await mobile_get_device_state(view_type="hierarchy", platform=" iOS ")
+
+    assert "Continue" in result
+    assert not result.startswith("Error:")
+    get_ctrl_mock.assert_called_once_with(device_serial=None, target_platform="ios")
+    observe_mock.assert_awaited_once_with(controller)
+    controller.get_screen_data.assert_not_called()
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_mobile_inspect_trace_includes_device_serial(temp_trace_env):
     import sqlite3
diff --git a/tests/unit/runtime/test_device_lock.py b/tests/unit/runtime/test_device_lock.py
index 008f4256..33d491b8 100644
--- a/tests/unit/runtime/test_device_lock.py
+++ b/tests/unit/runtime/test_device_lock.py
@@ -326,6 +326,26 @@ def test_active_owner_is_discoverable_and_can_be_annotated(monkeypatch):
         owner_lock.release()
 
 
+def test_annotation_preserves_lock_scope(monkeypatch):
+    """Annotating a scoped (e.g. iOS) owner must not strip its lock_scope."""
+    monkeypatch.setenv("ARTEMIS_TASK_INGRESS", "daemon")
+    owner_lock = DeviceExecutionLock("00008100-000000000000001E", "iOS task", lock_scope="ios")
+    owner_lock.acquire()
+    try:
+        assert DeviceExecutionLock.annotate_active_owner(
+            session_id="ios-session",
+            device_id="00008100-000000000000001E",
+        )
+        annotated = DeviceExecutionLock.get_active_owner(
+            "00008100-000000000000001E", lock_scope="ios"
+        )
+        assert annotated is not None
+        assert annotated.lock_scope == "ios"
+        assert annotated.session_id == "ios-session"
+    finally:
+        owner_lock.release()
+
+
 def test_multi_device_locks_can_run_concurrently():
     lock_a = DeviceExecutionLock("emulator-5554", "task on device A")
     lock_b = DeviceExecutionLock("pixel-9-test", "task on device B")
diff --git a/tests/unit/runtime/test_ios_observation_lifecycle.py b/tests/unit/runtime/test_ios_observation_lifecycle.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4edffc8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/runtime/test_ios_observation_lifecycle.py
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Lifecycle tests for the shared one-shot iOS observation helper.
+
+``observe_ios_controller`` must acquire the real iOS-scoped lease before any
+native setup, and must always disconnect + release — including on failure and
+cancellation. All native calls are stubbed; only the lock registry is real
+(isolated per test via ``get_temp_dir``).
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import base64
+import threading
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
+
+import pytest
+
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
+from artemis.runtime.device_lock import DeviceBusyError, DeviceExecutionLock
+from artemis.runtime.ios_observation import observe_ios_controller
+
+UDID = "AAAA-1111-0000"
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def isolated_lock_dir(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.runtime.device_lock.get_temp_dir", lambda *a, **k: tmp_path)
+
+
+def _screen_data():
+    return SimpleNamespace(
+        base64=base64.b64encode(b"\x89PNG" + bytes(600)).decode("ascii"),
+        elements='<hierarchy><node class="XCUIElementTypeButton"/></hierarchy>',
+        width=1170,
+        height=2532,
+    )
+
+
+def _controller(events, *, connect_error=None, capture_error=None):
+    """A lazy iOS controller whose driver records its call order."""
+
+    async def resolve_device():
+        events.append("resolve")
+        return UDID
+
+    async def connect():
+        events.append("connect")
+        if connect_error is not None:
+            raise connect_error
+
+    async def disconnect():
+        events.append("disconnect")
+
+    async def capture():
+        events.append("capture")
+        if capture_error is not None:
+            raise capture_error
+        return _screen_data()
+
+    driver = SimpleNamespace(resolve_device=resolve_device, connect=connect, disconnect=disconnect)
+    device = SimpleNamespace(device_id="booted", device_width=0, device_height=0)
+    return SimpleNamespace(
+        _driver=driver, ctx=SimpleNamespace(device=device), get_screen_data=capture
+    )
+
+
+def _ios_owner(device_id: str = UDID):
+    owners = DeviceExecutionLock.get_active_owners()
+    return next(
+        (o for o in owners.values() if o.device_id == device_id and o.lock_scope == IOS_LOCK_SCOPE),
+        None,
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_observation_orders_resolve_lease_connect_capture_cleanup():
+    events: list[str] = []
+    controller = _controller(events)
+
+    data = await observe_ios_controller(controller)
+
+    assert events == ["resolve", "connect", "capture", "disconnect"]
+    assert data.width == 1170
+    # Real metrics and the resolved UDID land on the context.
+    assert controller.ctx.device.device_id == UDID
+    assert controller.ctx.device.device_width == 1170
+    assert controller.ctx.device.device_height == 2532
+    # The lease is released after disconnect.
+    assert _ios_owner() is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_observation_holds_ios_lease_during_capture():
+    events: list[str] = []
+    controller = _controller(events)
+    held: list[bool] = []
+
+    original_capture = controller.get_screen_data
+
+    async def capture():
+        held.append(_ios_owner() is not None)
+        return await original_capture()
+
+    controller.get_screen_data = capture
+    await observe_ios_controller(controller)
+    assert held == [True]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_held_ios_lease_blocks_observation_before_connect():
+    events: list[str] = []
+    controller = _controller(events)
+    held = DeviceExecutionLock(
+        UDID,
+        "running iOS task",
+        ingress="mcp",
+        concurrency_mode="per_device",
+        lock_scope=IOS_LOCK_SCOPE,
+    )
+    held.acquire(blocking=False)
+    try:
+        with pytest.raises(DeviceBusyError):
+            await observe_ios_controller(controller)
+    finally:
+        held.release()
+    assert "connect" not in events
+    assert _ios_owner() is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_android_lock_on_same_text_does_not_block_ios():
+    """Identical serial text in the Android scope is a different device."""
+    events: list[str] = []
+    controller = _controller(events)
+    android_lock = DeviceExecutionLock(UDID, "android task")
+    android_lock.acquire(blocking=False)
+    try:
+        await observe_ios_controller(controller)
+    finally:
+        android_lock.release()
+    assert events == ["resolve", "connect", "capture", "disconnect"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_capture_failure_disconnects_and_releases():
+    events: list[str] = []
+    controller = _controller(events, capture_error=RuntimeError("capture blew up"))
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="capture blew up"):
+        await observe_ios_controller(controller)
+    assert events == ["resolve", "connect", "capture", "disconnect"]
+    assert _ios_owner() is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_connect_failure_still_disconnects_and_releases():
+    """A half-open native session is closed when connect was attempted."""
+    events: list[str] = []
+    controller = _controller(events, connect_error=RuntimeError("bridge down"))
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="bridge down"):
+        await observe_ios_controller(controller)
+    assert events == ["resolve", "connect", "disconnect"]
+    assert _ios_owner() is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_disconnect_error_does_not_mask_capture_failure():
+    events: list[str] = []
+    controller = _controller(events, capture_error=RuntimeError("native lost"))
+
+    async def disconnect():
+        events.append("disconnect")
+        raise RuntimeError("disconnect failed")
+
+    controller._driver.disconnect = disconnect
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="native lost"):
+        await observe_ios_controller(controller)
+    assert _ios_owner() is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_cancellation_still_disconnects_and_releases():
+    events: list[str] = []
+    controller = _controller(events)
+    started = asyncio.Event()
+
+    async def capture():
+        events.append("capture")
+        started.set()
+        await asyncio.Event().wait()  # hang until cancelled
+
+    controller.get_screen_data = capture
+    task = asyncio.create_task(observe_ios_controller(controller))
+    await asyncio.wait_for(started.wait(), timeout=5)
+    task.cancel()
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await task
+    assert events == ["resolve", "connect", "capture", "disconnect"]
+    assert _ios_owner() is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_busy_acquire_failure_never_connects():
+    """A failed non-blocking acquire must not touch the native session."""
+    events: list[str] = []
+    controller = _controller(events)
+    held = DeviceExecutionLock(
+        UDID, "owner", concurrency_mode="per_device", lock_scope=IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
+    )
+    held.acquire(blocking=False)
+    try:
+        with pytest.raises(DeviceBusyError):
+            await observe_ios_controller(controller)
+    finally:
+        held.release()
+    assert events == ["resolve"]
+    assert controller.ctx.device.device_id == UDID
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_cancelled_acquire_is_drained_and_never_connects(monkeypatch):
+    """Cancelling while lease.acquire runs must wait for the gated thread.
+
+    The acquisition eventually lands the real isolated lock; the observer
+    must not propagate until the thread drains, never connect, and leave no
+    owned lease behind.
+    """
+    events: list[str] = []
+    controller = _controller(events)
+    gate = threading.Event()
+    entered = threading.Event()
+    real_acquire = DeviceExecutionLock.acquire
+
+    def gated_acquire(self, blocking=True):
+        entered.set()
+        gate.wait(timeout=10)
+        return real_acquire(self, blocking=blocking)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(DeviceExecutionLock, "acquire", gated_acquire)
+    task = asyncio.create_task(observe_ios_controller(controller))
+    try:
+        assert await asyncio.to_thread(entered.wait, 5)
+        task.cancel()
+        await asyncio.sleep(0)  # let the cancellation land
+        assert not task.done()  # still draining the gated acquire thread
+    finally:
+        gate.set()
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await task
+    # Cleanup released the landed lease; connect was never attempted.
+    assert events == ["resolve"]
+    assert _ios_owner() is None
diff --git a/tests/unit/sdk/test_agent_config_builder_tuning.py b/tests/unit/sdk/test_agent_config_builder_tuning.py
index ad200411..7aa6e08a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/sdk/test_agent_config_builder_tuning.py
+++ b/tests/unit/sdk/test_agent_config_builder_tuning.py
@@ -13,19 +13,19 @@
 
 
 def test_with_verification_level_off_disables_the_checker():
-    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_verification_level("off").build()
+    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_verification_level("off").build(validate_profiles=False)
     assert cfg.disable_checker is True
 
 
 def test_with_verification_level_final_keeps_factory_layering():
-    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_verification_level("final").build()
+    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_verification_level("final").build(validate_profiles=False)
     assert cfg.disable_checker is False
     assert cfg.disable_midway_checks is True
     assert cfg.disable_final_check is False
 
 
 def test_with_verification_level_checkpoints_enables_midway_checks():
-    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_verification_level("checkpoints").build()
+    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_verification_level("checkpoints").build(validate_profiles=False)
     assert cfg.disable_checker is False
     assert cfg.disable_midway_checks is False
     assert cfg.disable_final_check is False
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def test_with_verification_level_checkpoints_enables_midway_checks():
 
 
 def test_with_verification_level_strict_applies_the_full_preset():
-    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_verification_level("strict").build()
+    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_verification_level("strict").build(validate_profiles=False)
     preset = VERIFICATION_LEVEL_PRESETS["strict"]
     assert cfg.disable_checker is False
     assert cfg.disable_midway_checks is False
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def test_with_verification_level_strict_applies_the_full_preset():
 
 
 def test_with_verification_level_is_case_and_whitespace_insensitive():
-    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_verification_level("  STRICT ").build()
+    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_verification_level("  STRICT ").build(validate_profiles=False)
     assert cfg.assert_failure_policy == "halt"
 
 
@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ def test_with_verification_level_rejects_unknown_preset():
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unknown verification level"):
         builder.with_verification_level("paranoid")
     # The builder is untouched by a rejected call.
-    assert builder.build().disable_checker is False
+    assert builder.build(validate_profiles=False).disable_checker is False
 
 
 def test_with_verification_level_matches_the_shared_preset_table():
     for level in VERIFICATION_LEVEL_PRESETS:
-        cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_verification_level(level).build()
+        cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_verification_level(level).build(validate_profiles=False)
         overrides = checker_overrides_for_level(level)
         assert cfg.disable_checker is (not overrides["enabled"])
         if "midway_checks" in overrides:
@@ -68,7 +68,12 @@ def test_with_verification_level_matches_the_shared_preset_table():
 
 
 def test_with_verification_level_is_chainable_and_explicit_checker_wins():
-    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_verification_level("strict").with_checker(enabled=False).build()
+    cfg = (
+        AgentConfigBuilder()
+        .with_verification_level("strict")
+        .with_checker(enabled=False)
+        .build(validate_profiles=False)
+    )
     assert cfg.disable_checker is True
     # The preset's other fields survive the later master switch.
     assert cfg.assert_failure_policy == "halt"
@@ -78,7 +83,7 @@ def test_with_pro_config_carries_both_knobs():
     cfg = (
         AgentConfigBuilder()
         .with_pro_config(verification_level="checkpoints", explorer_mode="ultra")
-        .build()
+        .build(validate_profiles=False)
     )
     assert cfg.disable_checker is False
     assert cfg.disable_midway_checks is False
@@ -88,13 +93,17 @@ def test_with_pro_config_carries_both_knobs():
 
 
 def test_with_pro_config_checker_switch_wins_over_verification_level():
-    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_pro_config(verification_level="strict", checker=False).build()
+    cfg = (
+        AgentConfigBuilder()
+        .with_pro_config(verification_level="strict", checker=False)
+        .build(validate_profiles=False)
+    )
     assert cfg.disable_checker is True
 
 
 def test_with_explorer_pro_mode_is_the_explorer_mode_knob(monkeypatch):
     monkeypatch.delenv("ARTEMIS_EXPLORER_VERSION", raising=False)
-    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_explorer(pro_mode="pro").build()
+    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_explorer(pro_mode="pro").build(validate_profiles=False)
     assert cfg.explorer.pro_mode == "pro"
     assert cfg.get_explorer_version(agent_name=None, profile="pro") == "pro"
     # The shipped per-agent override is empty, so the Pro agents follow the knob.
@@ -104,7 +113,7 @@ def test_with_explorer_pro_mode_is_the_explorer_mode_knob(monkeypatch):
 
 def test_with_flash_config_explorer_mode_is_the_flash_profile_knob(monkeypatch):
     monkeypatch.delenv("ARTEMIS_EXPLORER_VERSION", raising=False)
-    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_flash_config(explorer_mode="pro").build()
+    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().with_flash_config(explorer_mode="pro").build(validate_profiles=False)
     assert cfg.flash.explorer_mode == "pro"
     assert cfg.explorer.flash_mode == "pro"
     assert cfg.get_explorer_version(agent_name="flash") == "pro"
@@ -117,7 +126,68 @@ def test_with_explorer_versions_is_an_advanced_per_agent_override(monkeypatch):
     cfg = (
         AgentConfigBuilder()
         .with_explorer(pro_mode="flash", versions={"validator": "ultra"})
-        .build()
+        .build(validate_profiles=False)
     )
     assert cfg.get_explorer_version(agent_name="validator") == "ultra"
     assert cfg.get_explorer_version(agent_name="operator") == "flash"
+
+
+def test_ios_workspace_path_defaults_to_none_and_survives_build():
+    cfg = AgentConfigBuilder().build(validate_profiles=False)
+    assert cfg.ios_workspace_path is None
+
+
+def test_with_ios_workspace_accepts_str_and_path_and_clears(tmp_path):
+    project = tmp_path / "My App.xcodeproj"
+    project.mkdir()
+    builder = AgentConfigBuilder()
+    cfg = builder.with_ios_workspace(str(project)).build(validate_profiles=False)
+    assert cfg.ios_workspace_path == project
+    cfg = builder.with_ios_workspace(None).build(validate_profiles=False)
+    assert cfg.ios_workspace_path is None
+
+
+def test_for_ios_simulator_workspace_kwarg_and_omission(tmp_path):
+    project = tmp_path / "App.xcodeproj"
+    project.mkdir()
+    cfg = (
+        AgentConfigBuilder()
+        .for_ios_simulator(workspace_path=project)
+        .build(validate_profiles=False)
+    )
+    assert cfg.ios_workspace_path == project
+    # Omitting the kwarg does not clear a workspace set earlier on the builder.
+    cfg = (
+        AgentConfigBuilder()
+        .with_ios_workspace(project)
+        .for_ios_simulator()
+        .build(validate_profiles=False)
+    )
+    assert cfg.ios_workspace_path == project
+
+
+def test_for_ios_device_and_alias_preserve_device_and_workspace(tmp_path):
+    """The canonical name and the simulator-era alias carry identical config."""
+    from artemis.context import DevicePlatform
+
+    project = tmp_path / "App.xcworkspace"
+    project.mkdir()
+    udid = "AAAA-1111-0000"
+    canonical = (
+        AgentConfigBuilder()
+        .for_ios_device(udid, workspace_path=project)
+        .build(validate_profiles=False)
+    )
+    alias = (
+        AgentConfigBuilder()
+        .for_ios_simulator(udid, workspace_path=project)
+        .build(validate_profiles=False)
+    )
+    for cfg in (canonical, alias):
+        assert cfg.device_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS
+        assert cfg.device_id == udid
+        assert cfg.ios_workspace_path == project
+    # The default iOS target stays the lazy 'booted' selector.
+    default = AgentConfigBuilder().for_ios_device().build(validate_profiles=False)
+    assert default.device_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS
+    assert default.device_id == "booted"
diff --git a/tests/unit/services/test_llm_endpoint.py b/tests/unit/services/test_llm_endpoint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82821999
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/services/test_llm_endpoint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Tests for endpoint field pass-through in ``_resolve_endpoint``.
+
+Custom/self-hosted providers declare ``api_base``/``api_key``/``max_tokens``/
+``timeout`` in JSONC config. Previously the LLM schema dropped them as extra
+fields and ``_resolve_endpoint`` never read them, so a custom provider always
+silently fell back to the environment OpenAI base URL.
+"""
+
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+from artemis.services.llm import _resolve_endpoint
+from third_party.mobile_use.config.llm import LLM, LLMWithFallback
+
+
+def _ctx(llm_cfg):
+    return SimpleNamespace(
+        llm_config=SimpleNamespace(
+            get_agent=lambda _name: llm_cfg,
+            get_utils=lambda _name: llm_cfg,
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def test_llm_model_accepts_endpoint_fields():
+    llm = LLM(
+        provider="custom",
+        model="gemma4-e4b",
+        api_base="http://127.0.0.1:8080/v1",
+        api_key="k",
+        max_tokens=4096,
+        timeout=120.0,
+    )
+    assert llm.api_base == "http://127.0.0.1:8080/v1"
+    assert llm.api_key == "k"
+    assert llm.max_tokens == 4096
+    assert llm.timeout == 120.0
+
+
+def test_resolve_endpoint_passes_custom_fields():
+    llm = LLM(
+        provider="custom",
+        model="gemma4-e4b",
+        api_base="http://127.0.0.1:8080/v1",
+        api_key="k",
+        max_tokens=4096,
+        timeout=120.0,
+    )
+    ep = _resolve_endpoint(_ctx(llm), "planner")
+    assert ep.api_base == "http://127.0.0.1:8080/v1"
+    assert ep.api_key == "k"
+    assert ep.max_tokens == 4096
+    assert ep.timeout_seconds == 120.0
+
+
+def test_resolve_endpoint_defaults_when_fields_absent():
+    llm = LLM(provider="google", model="gemini-2.5-flash")
+    ep = _resolve_endpoint(_ctx(llm), "planner")
+    assert ep.api_base is None
+    assert ep.api_key is None
+    assert ep.max_tokens is None
+    assert ep.timeout_seconds == 60.0
+
+
+def test_resolve_endpoint_fallback_uses_fallback_endpoint_fields():
+    llm = LLMWithFallback(
+        provider="google",
+        model="gemini-2.5-flash",
+        timeout=45.0,
+        fallback=LLM(
+            provider="custom",
+            model="gemma4-e4b",
+            api_base="http://127.0.0.1:8080/v1",
+            timeout=15.0,
+        ),
+    )
+    primary = _resolve_endpoint(_ctx(llm), "planner")
+    assert primary.timeout_seconds == 45.0
+    fallback = _resolve_endpoint(_ctx(llm), "planner", use_fallback=True)
+    assert fallback.api_base == "http://127.0.0.1:8080/v1"
+    assert fallback.timeout_seconds == 15.0
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_cli.py b/tests/unit/test_cli.py
index 11e9077a..4392ed7a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_cli.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_cli.py
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ def test_cli_run_help():
     assert "--traces-path" in result.output
     assert "--verification-level" in result.output
     assert "--explorer-pro-mode" in result.output
+    assert "--platform" in result.output
+    assert "--ios-workspace" in result.output
 
 
 def test_cli_batch_help():
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_ios_integration.py b/tests/unit/test_ios_integration.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..79cea42f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/test_ios_integration.py
@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Hermetic tests for the CLI/SDK/native-action boundaries of iOS support."""
+
+import asyncio
+import io
+import sys
+import threading
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock
+
+import pytest
+from PIL import Image
+from typer.testing import CliRunner
+
+from artemis.context import ArtemisContext, DeviceContext, DevicePlatform
+from artemis.controllers.unified_controller import UnifiedMobileController
+from artemis.drivers.base import ScreenData
+from artemis.drivers.factory import create_driver
+from artemis.graph.state import State
+from artemis.interfaces.cli.commands import run as run_module
+from artemis.interfaces.cli.main import app
+from artemis.mcp.action_session import get_action_session
+from artemis.mcp.action_types import ActionCode
+from artemis.mcp.actuators.ios import IosActuator
+from artemis.sdk.agent import Agent
+from artemis.sdk.builders.agent_config_builder import AgentConfigBuilder
+from artemis.tools.mobile.launch_app import find_package, launch_app
+from artemis.drivers.ios.bridge import XcodeApprovalRequiredError
+from artemis.runtime import DeviceBusyError
+from third_party.mobile_use.sdk.agent import AgentBase
+from third_party.mobile_use.sdk.types.exceptions import AgentError, AgentNotInitializedError
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def native_driver(monkeypatch):
+    driver = MagicMock()
+    driver.device_id = "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001"
+    driver.screen_size = (1170, 2532)
+    for method in (
+        "connect",
+        "resolve_device",
+        "disconnect",
+        "input_text",
+        "press_key",
+        "open_url",
+        "tap",
+        "swipe",
+        "long_press",
+        "launch_app",
+        "stop_app",
+        "install_app",
+        "execute_shell",
+    ):
+        setattr(driver, method, AsyncMock(return_value=True))
+    driver.list_apps = AsyncMock(return_value={"com.apple.Preferences": "Settings"})
+    driver.get_screen_data = AsyncMock(
+        return_value=ScreenData(
+            screenshot_bytes=b"png",
+            screenshot_base64="cG5n",
+            platform="ios",
+            width=1170,
+            height=2532,
+            ui_hierarchy_xml="<hierarchy />",
+        )
+    )
+    constructor = MagicMock(return_value=driver)
+    monkeypatch.setitem(
+        sys.modules,
+        "artemis.drivers.ios.xcode_driver",
+        SimpleNamespace(XcodeSimulatorDriver=constructor),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.delenv("ARTEMIS_CLOUD_MODE", raising=False)
+    monkeypatch.delenv("ARTEMIS_MOCK_DRIVER", raising=False)
+    driver.constructor = constructor
+    return driver
+
+
+def ios_context(driver=None):
+    context = ArtemisContext(
+        device=DeviceContext(
+            mobile_platform=DevicePlatform.IOS,
+            device_id="booted",
+            device_width=1170,
+            device_height=2532,
+        )
+    )
+    context._active_driver = driver
+    return context
+
+
+def ios_config():
+    return AgentConfigBuilder().for_ios_simulator().build(validate_profiles=False)
+
+
+def test_factory_selects_ios_without_creating_adb(native_driver, monkeypatch):
+    adb = MagicMock(side_effect=AssertionError("must not create ADB client"))
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.drivers.factory.AdbClient", adb)
+    context = ios_context()
+    assert create_driver(context) is native_driver
+    native_driver.constructor.assert_called_once_with(
+        device_id="booted", width=1170, height=2532, workspace_path=None
+    )
+    assert context.adb_client is None
+
+
+def test_factory_forwards_configured_ios_workspace(native_driver, tmp_path):
+    project = tmp_path / "My App.xcodeproj"
+    project.mkdir()
+    context = ios_context()
+    context.agent_config = (
+        AgentConfigBuilder()
+        .for_ios_simulator()
+        .with_ios_workspace(project)
+        .build(validate_profiles=False)
+    )
+    assert create_driver(context) is native_driver
+    native_driver.constructor.assert_called_once_with(
+        device_id="booted", width=1170, height=2532, workspace_path=project
+    )
+
+
+def test_factory_tolerates_missing_agent_config(native_driver):
+    context = ios_context()
+    assert create_driver(context) is native_driver
+    native_driver.constructor.assert_called_once_with(
+        device_id="booted", width=1170, height=2532, workspace_path=None
+    )
+
+
+def test_macos_host_keeps_android_default(monkeypatch):
+    context = ArtemisContext(device=DeviceContext(host_platform="DARWIN", device_id="android-1"))
+    android = MagicMock()
+    adb = MagicMock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.drivers.factory.AndroidAdbDriver", android)
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.drivers.factory.AdbClient", adb)
+    assert create_driver(context) is android.return_value
+    adb.assert_called_once()
+    assert context.device.mobile_platform == DevicePlatform.ANDROID
+
+
+def test_factory_rejects_cloud_ios_before_importing_gateway(native_driver, monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setenv("ARTEMIS_CLOUD_MODE", "1")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="local only"):
+        create_driver(ios_context())
+    native_driver.constructor.assert_not_called()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sdk_ios_initialization_bypasses_android_and_cleans(native_driver, monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        AgentBase, "_init_internal", AsyncMock(side_effect=AssertionError("ADB init"))
+    )
+    agent = Agent(config=ios_config())
+    configured_video = agent._config.video_recording_tools_enabled
+    agent._prewarm_llm_connections = AsyncMock()
+    assert await agent.init() is True
+    await asyncio.sleep(0)
+    native_driver.resolve_device.assert_awaited_once()
+    native_driver.connect.assert_not_awaited()
+    assert agent._device_context.device_id == native_driver.device_id
+    assert (agent._device_context.device_width, agent._device_context.device_height) == (1170, 2532)
+    assert agent._adb_client is None and agent._ui_adb_client is None
+    assert agent._config.video_recording_tools_enabled == configured_video
+    assert agent._config.disable_device_probes is True
+    await agent.clean()
+    native_driver.disconnect.assert_awaited_once()
+    assert agent._initialized is False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sdk_init_forwards_ios_workspace(native_driver, tmp_path):
+    project = tmp_path / "Example.xcodeproj"
+    project.mkdir()
+    config = (
+        AgentConfigBuilder()
+        .for_ios_simulator(workspace_path=project)
+        .build(validate_profiles=False)
+    )
+    agent = Agent(config=config)
+    agent._prewarm_llm_connections = AsyncMock()
+    assert await agent.init() is True
+    native_driver.constructor.assert_called_once_with(device_id="booted", workspace_path=project)
+    await agent.clean()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sdk_failed_ios_init_closes_partial_transport(native_driver):
+    native_driver.resolve_device.side_effect = RuntimeError("bridge failed")
+    agent = Agent(config=ios_config())
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="bridge failed"):
+        await agent.init()
+    native_driver.disconnect.assert_awaited_once()
+    assert agent._initialized is False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sdk_device_overrides_preserve_ios(native_driver):
+    agent = Agent(config=ios_config(), device_serial="simulator-2")
+    assert agent._config.device_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS
+    agent._init_internal = AsyncMock(return_value=True)
+    await agent.init(device_serial="simulator-3")
+    assert agent._config.device_id == "simulator-3"
+    assert agent._config.device_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sdk_sequential_run_reconnects_driver_without_android_unlock(native_driver):
+    agent = Agent(config=ios_config())
+    agent._ios_driver = native_driver
+    agent._device_context = ios_context().device
+    await agent._ensure_device_unlocked()
+    await ios_context(native_driver).disconnect_driver()
+    await agent._ensure_device_unlocked()
+    assert native_driver.connect.await_count == 2
+    native_driver.execute_shell.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_context_closes_session_before_driver_and_only_once(native_driver):
+    order = []
+    native_driver.disconnect.side_effect = lambda: order.append("driver")
+    context = ios_context(native_driver)
+    context.action_session = SimpleNamespace(
+        aclose=AsyncMock(side_effect=lambda: order.append("session"))
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="task failed"):
+        async with context:
+            raise RuntimeError("task failed")
+    await context.disconnect_driver()
+    assert order == ["session", "driver"]
+    assert context._active_driver is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_action_session_selects_native_actuator_and_normalizes_coordinates(native_driver):
+    context = ios_context(native_driver)
+    async with context:
+        session = await get_action_session(context)
+        clicked = await session.call("click", {"target": [500, 500]})
+        typed = await session.call("input_text", {"text": "Hello 한글", "clear_exist": False})
+        assert clicked.ok and typed.ok
+    native_driver.tap.assert_awaited_once_with(585, 1266, duration_ms=100, times=1, delay_ms=100)
+    native_driver.input_text.assert_awaited_once_with("Hello 한글", clear_existing=False)
+    native_driver.execute_shell.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_key_failure_is_not_reported_as_success(native_driver):
+    native_driver.press_key.return_value = False
+    result = await IosActuator(ios_context(native_driver)).press_key("back")
+    assert result.ok is False and result.code == ActionCode.UNSUPPORTED
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_clear_refusal_happens_before_focus_mutation(native_driver):
+    result = await IosActuator(ios_context(native_driver)).input_text(
+        "hello", target=(500, 500), clear_exist=True
+    )
+    assert result.code == ActionCode.UNSUPPORTED
+    native_driver.tap.assert_not_awaited()
+    native_driver.input_text.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_coordinates_follow_latest_orientation(native_driver):
+    native_driver.screen_size = (2532, 1170)
+    assert (await IosActuator(ios_context(native_driver)).click(500, 500)).ok
+    native_driver.tap.assert_awaited_once_with(1266, 585, duration_ms=100, times=1, delay_ms=100)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_urls_and_clear_use_native_driver(native_driver):
+    controller = UnifiedMobileController(ios_context(native_driver))
+    assert await controller.open_url("https://example.com") is True
+    native_driver.open_url.assert_awaited_once_with("https://example.com")
+    native_driver.input_text.return_value = False
+    assert await controller.erase_text() is False
+    native_driver.input_text.assert_awaited_once_with("", clear_existing=True)
+    native_driver.execute_shell.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_apps_resolve_native_names_and_launch_without_android_poll(native_driver):
+    context = ios_context(native_driver)
+    assert await find_package(context, "settings") == "com.apple.Preferences"
+    assert await find_package(context, "com.apple.Preferences") == "com.apple.Preferences"
+    result = await launch_app.execute(ctx=context, app_name="Settings")
+    assert result == "Launched app 'Settings' (com.apple.Preferences)."
+    native_driver.launch_app.assert_awaited_once_with("com.apple.Preferences")
+    native_driver.execute_shell.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sdk_rejects_unverifiable_ios_app_lock(native_driver):
+    agent = Agent(config=ios_config())
+    task = SimpleNamespace(request=SimpleNamespace(locked_app_package="com.apple.Preferences"))
+    with pytest.raises(AgentError, match="foreground ownership"):
+        await agent._prepare_app_lock(task, ios_context(native_driver))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_execute_task_ios_ignores_android_selection(monkeypatch):
+    builder = MagicMock()
+    automation = AsyncMock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(run_module, "new_default_config_builder", lambda: builder)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(run_module, "run_automation", automation)
+    monkeypatch.setenv("ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL", "android-env-device")
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.runtime.device_pool.select_device",
+        MagicMock(side_effect=AssertionError("ADB pool")),
+    )
+    await run_module.execute_task("Open Settings", platform=DevicePlatform.IOS)
+    builder.for_device.assert_called_once_with(DevicePlatform.IOS, "booted")
+    builder.with_video_recording_tools.assert_not_called()
+    automation.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_execute_task_ios_forwards_workspace(native_driver, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    project = tmp_path / "My App.xcodeproj"
+    project.mkdir()
+    builder = MagicMock()
+    automation = AsyncMock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(run_module, "new_default_config_builder", lambda: builder)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(run_module, "run_automation", automation)
+    await run_module.execute_task(
+        "Open Settings", platform=DevicePlatform.IOS, ios_workspace_path=project
+    )
+    builder.with_ios_workspace.assert_called_once_with(project)
+    automation.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_execute_task_rejects_workspace_without_ios(native_driver, tmp_path):
+    project = tmp_path / "App.xcodeproj"
+    project.mkdir()
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="--platform ios"):
+        await run_module.execute_task(
+            "Open Settings", platform=DevicePlatform.ANDROID, ios_workspace_path=project
+        )
+
+
+def test_cli_ios_runs_locally_without_android_status_or_daemon(monkeypatch):
+    execute = AsyncMock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(run_module, "execute_task", execute)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        run_module,
+        "display_local_device_status",
+        MagicMock(side_effect=AssertionError("ADB status")),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.runtime.ensure_daemon_running", MagicMock(side_effect=AssertionError("daemon"))
+    )
+    monkeypatch.delenv("ARTEMIS_TASK_WORKER", raising=False)
+    monkeypatch.delenv("ARTEMIS_DEVICE_QUEUE_TICKET", raising=False)
+    result = CliRunner().invoke(
+        app,
+        [
+            "run",
+            "--platform",
+            "ios",
+            "--standalone",
+            "--device-serial",
+            "booted",
+            "Open Settings",
+        ],
+    )
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert execute.call_args.kwargs["platform"] == DevicePlatform.IOS
+    assert execute.call_args.kwargs["device_serial"] == "booted"
+
+
+def test_cli_forwards_ios_workspace(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    project = tmp_path / "My App.xcodeproj"
+    project.mkdir()
+    execute = AsyncMock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(run_module, "execute_task", execute)
+    result = CliRunner().invoke(
+        app,
+        [
+            "run",
+            "--platform",
+            "ios",
+            "--standalone",
+            "--ios-workspace",
+            str(project),
+            "Open Settings",
+        ],
+    )
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert execute.call_args.kwargs["ios_workspace_path"] == project
+
+
+def test_cli_rejects_ios_workspace_for_android(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    project = tmp_path / "App.xcodeproj"
+    project.mkdir()
+    execute = AsyncMock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(run_module, "execute_task", execute)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.runtime.ensure_daemon_running", MagicMock(side_effect=AssertionError("daemon"))
+    )
+    result = CliRunner().invoke(app, ["run", "--ios-workspace", str(project), "Open Settings"])
+    assert result.exit_code != 0
+    execute.assert_not_called()
+
+
+def test_cli_approval_error_exits_2_with_guidance_panel(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        run_module,
+        "execute_task",
+        AsyncMock(
+            side_effect=XcodeApprovalRequiredError(
+                "DeviceInteractionStartSession",
+                "This agent isn't approved to use Xcode's tools yet.",
+            )
+        ),
+    )
+    result = CliRunner().invoke(app, ["run", "--platform", "ios", "--standalone", "Open Settings"])
+    assert result.exit_code == 2, result.output
+    assert "Xcode Approval Required" in result.output
+    assert "Always Allow" in result.output
+    assert "isn't approved" in result.output
+    assert "Missing API Key" not in result.output
+    assert "GEMINI" not in result.output
+
+
+def test_cli_rejects_ios_cloud_mode_before_run(monkeypatch):
+    execute = AsyncMock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(run_module, "execute_task", execute)
+    monkeypatch.setenv("ARTEMIS_CLOUD_MODE", "1")
+    result = CliRunner().invoke(app, ["run", "--platform", "ios", "Open Settings"])
+    assert result.exit_code != 0
+    execute.assert_not_called()
+
+
+def test_cli_allows_ios_queue_worker(monkeypatch):
+    """iOS daemon workers are supported; only cloud mode is rejected."""
+    execute = AsyncMock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(run_module, "execute_task", execute)
+    monkeypatch.setenv("ARTEMIS_TASK_WORKER", "1")
+    monkeypatch.setenv("ARTEMIS_DEVICE_QUEUE_TICKET", "ticket-1")
+    result = CliRunner().invoke(app, ["run", "--platform", "ios", "Open Settings"])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    execute.assert_awaited_once()
+    assert execute.call_args.kwargs["platform"] == DevicePlatform.IOS
+
+
+def test_ios_probe_and_pro_tool_gates(native_driver, monkeypatch):
+    from artemis.agents.checker.checker import probes_enabled
+    from artemis.tools import index
+
+    context = ios_context(native_driver)
+    assert probes_enabled(context) is False
+    tools = [
+        SimpleNamespace(name=n)
+        for n in ("run_adb_command", "manage_task", "save_note", "ask_explorer")
+    ]
+    monkeypatch.setattr(index, "build_tools_from_wrappers", lambda *args, **kwargs: tools)
+    assert [t.name for t in index.get_tools_from_wrappers(context, [])] == [
+        "save_note",
+        "ask_explorer",
+    ]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_hierarchy_tool_returns_accessibility_json(native_driver):
+    import json
+    from artemis.tools.mobile.read_hierarchy import get_ui_hierarchy, get_ui_hierarchy_tool
+
+    data = native_driver.get_screen_data.return_value
+    data.ui_hierarchy_xml = None
+    data.ui_elements = [{"text": "설정", "bounds": "[0,0][100,100]"}]
+    context = ios_context(native_driver)
+    result = await get_ui_hierarchy.execute(driver=native_driver, ctx=context)
+    assert json.loads(result) == data.ui_elements
+    assert "iOS accessibility" in get_ui_hierarchy_tool(context).description
+
+
+def test_flash_and_pro_prompts_teach_ios_constraints(native_driver):
+    from artemis.agents.flash.runner import FlashRunner
+    from artemis.agents.operator.prompts import (
+        PLAN_HISTORY_TEMPLATE_SECTION,
+        render_transcript_static_system,
+        resolve_operator_prompt_tools,
+    )
+
+    context = ios_context(native_driver)
+    context.actuator = IosActuator(context)
+    runner = object.__new__(FlashRunner)
+    runner.ctx = context
+    runner.goal = "Open Settings"
+    flash = runner._render_system_prompt([])
+    prompts = {"main_template": PLAN_HISTORY_TEMPLATE_SECTION + "\n# CURRENT OBSERVATION"}
+    pro = render_transcript_static_system(prompts, context, State.initial("Open Settings"))
+    for prompt in (flash, pro):
+        assert "Target platform: iOS." in prompt
+        assert "clear_exist=false" in prompt
+        assert (
+            "press_key supports enter, home, "
+            "power, volume_up, volume_down, and app_switch" in prompt
+        )
+        assert "Back/Enter/Delete" not in prompt
+    assert "run_adb_command" not in resolve_operator_prompt_tools(context)
+    assert "manage_task" not in resolve_operator_prompt_tools(context)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("profile", ["flash", "pro"])
+async def test_sdk_profiles_route_repeated_tasks_through_native_actions(
+    native_driver, monkeypatch, tmp_path, profile
+):
+    import third_party.mobile_use.sdk.agent as sdk_base
+
+    agent = Agent(config=ios_config())
+    agent._tmp_traces_dir = tmp_path
+    agent._prewarm_llm_connections = AsyncMock()
+    agent._prepare_trace_paths = MagicMock(return_value="native-test")
+    agent._prepare_output_files = MagicMock()
+    agent._finalize_tracing_safely = AsyncMock()
+    agent._extract_output = AsyncMock(return_value="completed")
+    engine = MagicMock()
+    engine.shutdown = AsyncMock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.sdk.agent.DataEngine", lambda **kwargs: engine)
+    lease = MagicMock()
+    lease.get_active_owner.return_value = None
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sdk_base, "DeviceExecutionLock", lease)
+
+    class NativeFlash:
+        def __init__(self, context, **kwargs):
+            self.context = context
+
+        async def run(self, state):
+            assert isinstance(self.context.actuator, IosActuator)
+            session = await get_action_session(self.context)
+            assert (await session.call("click", {"target": [500, 500]})).ok
+            return {"status": "completed"}
+
+    async def native_graph(context):
+        assert isinstance(context.actuator, IosActuator)
+
+        async def stream(**kwargs):
+            session = await get_action_session(context)
+            assert (await session.call("click", {"target": [500, 500]})).ok
+            yield "values", State.initial("Open Settings").model_dump()
+
+        return SimpleNamespace(astream=stream)
+
+    helper_lease = MagicMock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.sdk.agent.DeviceExecutionLock", helper_lease)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sdk_base, "FlashRunner", NativeFlash)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sdk_base, "get_graph", native_graph)
+    app_dir = tmp_path / "Demo.app"
+    app_dir.mkdir()
+    native_driver.install_app.return_value = "com.example.demo"
+    await agent.init()
+    for _ in range(2):
+        await agent.run_task(goal="Open Settings", profile=profile, app_path=app_dir)
+    await asyncio.sleep(0)
+    assert native_driver.tap.await_count == 2
+    # Native app installation runs under the task's own lease and session, so
+    # no additional helper lease is constructed and no extra session is opened.
+    helper_lease.assert_not_called()
+    assert native_driver.install_app.await_count == 2
+    native_driver.install_app.assert_awaited_with(app_dir)
+    assert native_driver.connect.await_count == 2
+    assert native_driver.disconnect.await_count == 2
+    native_driver.execute_shell.assert_not_awaited()
+    assert all(task.status == "completed" for task in agent._tasks)
+
+
+def _png_bytes(width=1170, height=2532, color=(18, 52, 86)) -> bytes:
+    buffer = io.BytesIO()
+    Image.new("RGB", (width, height), color).save(buffer, format="PNG")
+    return buffer.getvalue()
+
+
+def _ordered_lease(order: list[str]):
+    class FakeLease:
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            pass
+
+        def acquire(self, *, cancel_event=None, **kwargs):
+            order.append("acquire")
+
+        def release(self):
+            order.append("release")
+
+    return FakeLease
+
+
+async def _init_ios_agent(native_driver):
+    agent = Agent(config=ios_config())
+    agent._prewarm_llm_connections = AsyncMock()
+    assert await agent.init() is True
+    await asyncio.sleep(0)
+    return agent
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_public_screenshot_owns_a_leased_session(native_driver, monkeypatch):
+    order: list[str] = []
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.sdk.agent.DeviceExecutionLock", _ordered_lease(order))
+    native_driver.connect.side_effect = lambda *a, **k: order.append("connect")
+    native_driver.disconnect.side_effect = lambda *a, **k: order.append("disconnect")
+    png = _png_bytes()
+
+    async def capture(*args, **kwargs):
+        order.append("capture")
+        return ScreenData(
+            screenshot_bytes=png,
+            screenshot_base64="cG5n",
+            platform="ios",
+            width=1170,
+            height=2532,
+            ui_hierarchy_xml="<hierarchy />",
+        )
+
+    native_driver.get_screen_data.side_effect = capture
+    agent = await _init_ios_agent(native_driver)
+
+    image = await agent.get_screenshot()
+    assert isinstance(image, Image.Image)
+    assert image.size == (1170, 2532)
+    assert image.getpixel((0, 0)) == (18, 52, 86)
+    assert order == ["acquire", "connect", "capture", "disconnect", "release"]
+
+    # A second public call opens a fresh lease and native session.
+    order.clear()
+    again = await agent.get_screenshot()
+    assert again.size == (1170, 2532)
+    assert order == ["acquire", "connect", "capture", "disconnect", "release"]
+    assert native_driver.connect.await_count == 2
+    native_driver.execute_shell.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_public_install_app_owns_a_leased_session(native_driver, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    order: list[str] = []
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.sdk.agent.DeviceExecutionLock", _ordered_lease(order))
+    native_driver.connect.side_effect = lambda *a, **k: order.append("connect")
+    native_driver.disconnect.side_effect = lambda *a, **k: order.append("disconnect")
+
+    async def install(path):
+        order.append("install")
+        return "com.example.demo"
+
+    native_driver.install_app.side_effect = install
+    app_dir = tmp_path / "Demo.app"
+    app_dir.mkdir()
+    (app_dir / "Info.plist").write_bytes(b"placeholder")
+    agent = await _init_ios_agent(native_driver)
+
+    bundle = await agent.install_app(app_dir)
+    assert bundle == "com.example.demo"
+    native_driver.install_app.assert_awaited_once_with(app_dir)
+    assert order == ["acquire", "connect", "install", "disconnect", "release"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_public_helpers_require_initialization(native_driver, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    lease = MagicMock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.sdk.agent.DeviceExecutionLock", lease)
+    agent = Agent(config=ios_config())
+    with pytest.raises(AgentNotInitializedError):
+        await agent.get_screenshot()
+    with pytest.raises(AgentNotInitializedError):
+        await agent.install_app(tmp_path / "Demo.app")
+    lease.assert_not_called()
+    native_driver.constructor.assert_not_called()
+    native_driver.connect.assert_not_awaited()
+
+    # Android selection still delegates to the base implementation unchanged.
+    android = Agent(config=AgentConfigBuilder().build(validate_profiles=False))
+    with pytest.raises(AgentNotInitializedError):
+        await android.get_screenshot()
+    with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError):
+        await android.install_app(tmp_path / "missing.apk")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_helper_failures_release_session_and_lease(native_driver, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    order: list[str] = []
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.sdk.agent.DeviceExecutionLock", _ordered_lease(order))
+    native_driver.disconnect.side_effect = lambda *a, **k: order.append("disconnect")
+    agent = await _init_ios_agent(native_driver)
+
+    native_driver.connect.side_effect = RuntimeError("connect failed")
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="connect failed"):
+        await agent.get_screenshot()
+    assert order == ["acquire", "disconnect", "release"]
+
+    order.clear()
+    native_driver.connect.side_effect = lambda *a, **k: order.append("connect")
+    native_driver.get_screen_data.side_effect = RuntimeError("capture failed")
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="capture failed"):
+        await agent.get_screenshot()
+    assert order == ["acquire", "connect", "disconnect", "release"]
+
+    order.clear()
+    native_driver.install_app.side_effect = RuntimeError("install failed")
+    app_dir = tmp_path / "Demo.app"
+    app_dir.mkdir()
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="install failed"):
+        await agent.install_app(app_dir)
+    assert order == ["acquire", "connect", "disconnect", "release"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_operation_cancellation_drains_queued_acquire(native_driver, monkeypatch):
+    started = threading.Event()
+    finished = threading.Event()
+    released = MagicMock()
+
+    class FakeLease:
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            pass
+
+        def acquire(self, *, cancel_event=None, **kwargs):
+            started.set()
+            try:
+                cancel_event.wait(timeout=30)
+            finally:
+                finished.set()
+            raise DeviceBusyError("queue wait cancelled")
+
+        def release(self):
+            released()
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.sdk.agent.DeviceExecutionLock", FakeLease)
+    agent = await _init_ios_agent(native_driver)
+
+    helper = asyncio.ensure_future(agent.get_screenshot())
+    assert await asyncio.to_thread(started.wait, 10) is True
+    helper.cancel()
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await helper
+    assert finished.is_set()
+    released.assert_called_once()
+    native_driver.connect.assert_not_awaited()
+    native_driver.get_screen_data.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_context_disconnect_driver_swallows_expected_cleanup_errors(native_driver):
+    native_driver.disconnect.side_effect = OSError("transport already closed")
+    context = ios_context(native_driver)
+    await context.disconnect_driver()
+    assert context._active_driver is None
+
+    native_driver.disconnect.side_effect = KeyError("unexpected")
+    context = ios_context(native_driver)
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError):
+        await context.disconnect_driver()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "flag", ["--with-video-recording-tools", "--without-video-recording-tools"]
+)
+def test_cli_ios_accepts_video_flag_in_standalone(monkeypatch, flag):
+    execute = AsyncMock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(run_module, "execute_task", execute)
+    result = CliRunner().invoke(
+        app, ["run", "--platform", "ios", "--standalone", flag, "Open Settings"]
+    )
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    execute.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+def _unconfigured_agent_cfg(monkeypatch, builder_module):
+    """Neutralize any configured video_analyzer.enabled so detection runs."""
+    real_load = builder_module.load_agent_config
+
+    def load():
+        cfg = real_load()
+        cfg.video_analyzer.enabled = None
+        return cfg
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(builder_module, "load_agent_config", load)
+
+
+def test_builder_auto_detects_video_tools_per_platform(monkeypatch):
+    from artemis.sdk.builders import agent_config_builder as builder_module
+
+    _unconfigured_agent_cfg(monkeypatch, builder_module)
+    observed: list[str] = []
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        builder_module,
+        "detect_video_tools_enabled",
+        lambda platform="android": observed.append(platform) or platform == "ios",
+    )
+
+    ios_config = AgentConfigBuilder().for_ios_simulator().build(validate_profiles=False)
+    assert ios_config.video_recording_tools_enabled is True
+    assert observed[-1] == "ios"
+
+    android_config = AgentConfigBuilder().build(validate_profiles=False)
+    assert android_config.video_recording_tools_enabled is False
+    assert observed[-1] == "android"
+
+
+def test_builder_explicit_video_flag_wins_regardless_of_order(monkeypatch):
+    from artemis.sdk.builders import agent_config_builder as builder_module
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        builder_module,
+        "detect_video_tools_enabled",
+        lambda platform="android": True,
+    )
+
+    before = (
+        AgentConfigBuilder()
+        .with_video_recording_tools(enabled=False)
+        .for_ios_simulator()
+        .build(validate_profiles=False)
+    )
+    after = (
+        AgentConfigBuilder()
+        .for_ios_simulator()
+        .with_video_recording_tools(enabled=False)
+        .build(validate_profiles=False)
+    )
+    enabled = (
+        AgentConfigBuilder()
+        .for_ios_simulator()
+        .with_video_recording_tools(enabled=True)
+        .build(validate_profiles=False)
+    )
+    assert before.video_recording_tools_enabled is False
+    assert after.video_recording_tools_enabled is False
+    assert enabled.video_recording_tools_enabled is True
+
+
+def test_agent_config_default_factory_detects_platform_from_data(monkeypatch):
+    from artemis.sdk.types import agent as agent_types
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        agent_types,
+        "detect_video_tools_enabled",
+        lambda platform="android": platform == "ios",
+    )
+    from artemis.sdk.types.agent import AgentConfig
+
+    data = AgentConfigBuilder().build(validate_profiles=False).model_dump()
+    data.pop("video_recording_tools_enabled")
+    data["device_platform"] = DevicePlatform.IOS
+    ios = AgentConfig.model_validate(data)
+    data["device_platform"] = DevicePlatform.ANDROID
+    android = AgentConfig.model_validate(data)
+    explicit = AgentConfig.model_validate(
+        {**data, "device_platform": DevicePlatform.IOS, "video_recording_tools_enabled": False}
+    )
+    assert ios.video_recording_tools_enabled is True
+    assert android.video_recording_tools_enabled is False
+    assert explicit.video_recording_tools_enabled is False
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_ios_observation.py b/tests/unit/test_ios_observation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4abd95c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/test_ios_observation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Native hit points must survive the shared perception-to-action pipeline."""
+
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
+
+from PIL import Image
+import pytest
+
+from artemis.agents.explorer.screen_index import ScreenIndex
+from artemis.context import ArtemisContext, DeviceContext, DevicePlatform
+from artemis.drivers.ios.hierarchy import parse_hierarchy
+from artemis.drivers.ios.xcode_driver import XcodeSimulatorDriver
+from artemis.mcp.action_executor import McpActionExecutor
+from artemis.mcp.actuators.ios import IosActuator
+from artemis.mcp.observation import observe
+from artemis.utils.visualization import (
+    format_minimal_list_with_elements,
+    format_minimal_list_with_points,
+)
+
+
+HIERARCHY = """Application bundle identifier: com.example.Test
+Application, pid: 123, label: ' '
+ Window, {{0.0, 0.0}, {400.0, 800.0}}, hitPoint: {200.0, 400.0}
+  UIButton \"Continue\" {{100.0, 200.0}, {60.0, 30.0}}, hitPoint: {150.0, 220.0}, identifier: 'continueButton', activationBundleId: com.example.Test
+"""
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_observation_preserves_hit_point_for_indexed_native_tap(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+    screenshot = tmp_path / "native.png"
+    Image.new("RGB", (800, 1600)).save(screenshot)
+    hierarchy = tmp_path / "native.txt"
+    hierarchy.write_text(HIERARCHY)
+    driver = XcodeSimulatorDriver("simulator-id")
+    driver._session_key = "session"
+    driver._bridge = SimpleNamespace(
+        call=AsyncMock(
+            return_value={"screenshotPath": str(screenshot), "hierarchyPath": str(hierarchy)}
+        )
+    )
+    context = ArtemisContext(
+        device=DeviceContext(mobile_platform=DevicePlatform.IOS, device_id="simulator-id")
+    )
+    context._active_driver = driver
+    actuator = IosActuator(context)
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.mcp.observation.get_temp_dir", lambda name: tmp_path)
+
+    observation, image = await observe(context, actuator.controller, settle_ms=0)
+    assert observation.ok and observation.hierarchy_ok and image == screenshot.read_bytes()
+    assert len(observation.elements) == 1
+    element = observation.elements[0]
+    assert element["center"] == element["hit_point"] == [300, 440]
+    assert element["resource_id"] == "continueButton"
+    assert element["activation_bundle_id"] == "com.example.Test"
+    assert "Continue" in observation.elements_text
+
+    state = SimpleNamespace(indexed_elements=observation.elements)
+    executor = McpActionExecutor(context, actuator=actuator)
+    name, arguments, _, _ = executor._translate("click", {"target": 1}, state)
+    assert name == "click" and arguments["target"] == [375, 275]
+    assert (await actuator.click(*arguments["target"])).ok
+    command = driver._bridge.call.await_args.args[1]["interactionCommand"]
+    assert command == "t 150.0000 220.0000 0.100"
+    assert driver._bridge.call.await_args.args[1]["activationBundleId"] == "com.example.Test"
+
+
+def test_ios_explorer_and_point_formatter_keep_native_hit_point():
+    elements, _ = parse_hierarchy(HIERARCHY, 800, 1600)
+    _, points, _ = format_minimal_list_with_points(elements, 800, 1600)
+    assert points == [[300, 440]]
+    index = ScreenIndex.from_hierarchy(elements, 800, 1600)
+    match = index.search_text("Continue")[0].element
+    assert match.center == (300, 440)
+    assert match.resource_id == "continueButton"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("point", [None, [True, 20], [float("nan"), 20], [800, 200], [-1, 10], [1]])
+def test_shared_formatter_keeps_android_centroid_for_missing_or_invalid_native_point(point):
+    node = {
+        "text": "Continue",
+        "bounds": "[200,400][320,460]",
+        "resource-id": "android:id/button1",
+    }
+    if point is not None:
+        node["hit_point"] = point
+    _, elements, _ = format_minimal_list_with_elements([node], 800, 1600)
+    _, points, _ = format_minimal_list_with_points([node], 800, 1600)
+    assert elements[0]["center"] == points[0] == [260, 430]
+    assert elements[0]["resource_id"] == "android:id/button1"
+    assert "hit_point" not in elements[0]
+    assert ScreenIndex.from_hierarchy([node], 800, 1600).elements[0].center == (260, 430)
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_ios_parity.py b/tests/unit/test_ios_parity.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0e14d62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/test_ios_parity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1099 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""iOS Simulator platform-parity tests: discovery, pool, locks, queue, routing.
+
+Every test is hermetic — ``simctl``/``xcrun``/adb are never invoked; device
+enumeration is stubbed at the discovery boundary.
+"""
+
+import os
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, Mock
+
+import pytest
+
+from artemis.drivers.ios.discovery import (
+    clear_ios_simulator_cache,
+    list_ios_simulators,
+    list_ios_simulators_sync,
+    parse_simctl_devices,
+)
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import AdbEndpoint, AdbTarget, IOS_LOCK_SCOPE, IosTarget
+from artemis.runtime.device_lock import DeviceExecutionLock, DeviceLockOwner
+from artemis.runtime.ios_device_pool import IosDevicePool
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def isolated_lock_directory(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.runtime.device_lock.get_temp_dir",
+        lambda _name: tmp_path,
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def fresh_simulator_enumeration():
+    clear_ios_simulator_cache()
+    yield
+    clear_ios_simulator_cache()
+
+
+SIMCTL_PAYLOAD = {
+    "devices": {
+        "com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.iOS-26-0": [
+            {
+                "udid": "AAAA-1111",
+                "name": "iPhone 17 Pro",
+                "state": "Booted",
+                "isAvailable": True,
+            },
+            {
+                "udid": "BBBB-2222",
+                "name": "iPhone 17",
+                "state": "Shutdown",
+                "isAvailable": True,
+            },
+            {
+                "udid": "CCCC-3333",
+                "name": "iPad Unavailable",
+                "state": "Shutdown",
+                "isAvailable": False,
+            },
+        ],
+        "com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.watchOS-26-0": [
+            {
+                "udid": "DDDD-4444",
+                "name": "Watch",
+                "state": "Shutdown",
+                "isAvailable": True,
+            }
+        ],
+        "com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.iOS-26-1": [
+            {
+                "udid": "",
+                "name": "No UDID",
+                "state": "Shutdown",
+                "isAvailable": True,
+            }
+        ],
+    }
+}
+
+SIM_LIST = parse_simctl_devices(SIMCTL_PAYLOAD)
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# discovery
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_parse_simctl_devices_filters_ios_available_only():
+    devices = parse_simctl_devices(SIMCTL_PAYLOAD)
+    udids = {d["udid"] for d in devices}
+    assert udids == {"AAAA-1111", "BBBB-2222"}
+    by_udid = {d["udid"]: d for d in devices}
+    assert by_udid["AAAA-1111"]["state"] == "Booted"
+    assert by_udid["AAAA-1111"]["name"] == "iPhone 17 Pro"
+    assert "iOS-26-0" in by_udid["BBBB-2222"]["runtime"]
+
+
+def test_parse_simctl_devices_empty_payload():
+    assert parse_simctl_devices({}) == []
+    assert parse_simctl_devices({"devices": {}}) == []
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_list_ios_simulators_returns_none_on_failure(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.drivers.ios.discovery.run_xcrun",
+        AsyncMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("no xcode")),
+    )
+    assert await list_ios_simulators() is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_list_ios_simulators_parses_json(monkeypatch):
+    import json
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.drivers.ios.discovery.run_xcrun",
+        AsyncMock(return_value=json.dumps(SIMCTL_PAYLOAD).encode()),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.drivers.ios.discovery.simctl_available", lambda: True)
+    devices = await list_ios_simulators()
+    assert {d["udid"] for d in devices} == {"AAAA-1111", "BBBB-2222"}
+
+
+def test_list_ios_simulators_sync_skips_without_simctl(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.drivers.ios.discovery.simctl_available", lambda: False)
+    assert list_ios_simulators_sync() is None
+
+
+def test_list_ios_simulators_sync_parses_json(monkeypatch):
+    import json
+    import subprocess
+
+    completed = subprocess.CompletedProcess(
+        args=[], returncode=0, stdout=json.dumps(SIMCTL_PAYLOAD).encode()
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.drivers.ios.discovery.simctl_available", lambda: True)
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.drivers.ios.discovery.subprocess.run", lambda *a, **k: completed)
+    devices = list_ios_simulators_sync()
+    assert {d["udid"] for d in devices} == {"AAAA-1111", "BBBB-2222"}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_list_ios_simulators_reuses_cached_enumeration(monkeypatch):
+    import json
+
+    run_xcrun = AsyncMock(return_value=json.dumps(SIMCTL_PAYLOAD).encode())
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.drivers.ios.discovery.run_xcrun", run_xcrun)
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.drivers.ios.discovery.simctl_available", lambda: True)
+    assert await list_ios_simulators() is not None
+    assert await list_ios_simulators() is not None
+    # Second call inside the TTL serves the cache — no second simctl spawn.
+    assert run_xcrun.await_count == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_list_ios_simulators_does_not_cache_failures(monkeypatch):
+    import json
+
+    run_xcrun = AsyncMock(
+        side_effect=[RuntimeError("cold simctl"), json.dumps(SIMCTL_PAYLOAD).encode()]
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.drivers.ios.discovery.run_xcrun", run_xcrun)
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.drivers.ios.discovery.simctl_available", lambda: True)
+    assert await list_ios_simulators() is None
+    assert await list_ios_simulators() is not None
+    assert run_xcrun.await_count == 2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_list_ios_simulators_force_refresh_bypasses_cache(monkeypatch):
+    import json
+
+    run_xcrun = AsyncMock(return_value=json.dumps(SIMCTL_PAYLOAD).encode())
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.drivers.ios.discovery.run_xcrun", run_xcrun)
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.drivers.ios.discovery.simctl_available", lambda: True)
+    await list_ios_simulators()
+    await list_ios_simulators(force_refresh=True)
+    assert run_xcrun.await_count == 2
+
+
+def test_list_ios_simulators_sync_shares_cache(monkeypatch):
+    import json
+    import subprocess
+
+    completed = subprocess.CompletedProcess(
+        args=[], returncode=0, stdout=json.dumps(SIMCTL_PAYLOAD).encode()
+    )
+    calls = []
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.drivers.ios.discovery.simctl_available", lambda: True)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.drivers.ios.discovery.subprocess.run",
+        lambda *a, **k: calls.append(1) or completed,
+    )
+    assert list_ios_simulators_sync() is not None
+    assert list_ios_simulators_sync() is not None
+    assert len(calls) == 1
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# IosTarget / lock scope
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_ios_target_lock_scope_and_key():
+    target = IosTarget(serial="AAAA-1111")
+    assert target.platform == "ios"
+    assert target.lock_scope == IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
+    assert target.lock_key == f"{IOS_LOCK_SCOPE}/AAAA-1111"
+    assert target.to_dict() == {"platform": "ios", "serial": "AAAA-1111"}
+
+
+def test_ios_target_apply_to_environment_sets_scope_and_scrubs_adb(monkeypatch):
+    env = {"ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL": "emulator-5554", "ADB_HOST": "10.0.0.1"}
+    IosTarget(serial="AAAA-1111").apply_to_environment(env)
+    assert env[DeviceExecutionLock.LOCK_SCOPE_ENV] == IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
+    # iOS workers never touch ADB: a stale serial must not leak in.
+    assert "ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL" not in env
+
+
+def test_ios_and_android_locks_do_not_collide():
+    """A UDID and an ADB serial with identical text lock independently."""
+    shared_id = "emulator-5554"
+    ios_lock = DeviceExecutionLock(shared_id, "ios task", lock_scope=IOS_LOCK_SCOPE)
+    android_lock = DeviceExecutionLock(shared_id, "android task")
+    assert ios_lock.clean_device_id != android_lock.clean_device_id
+
+    ios_lock.acquire()
+    try:
+        owners = list(DeviceExecutionLock.get_active_owners().values())
+        ios_owner = next(o for o in owners if o.device_id == shared_id)
+        assert ios_owner.lock_scope == IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
+        # Android lock for the same text is unaffected and acquirable.
+        android_lock.acquire(blocking=False)
+        try:
+            owners = list(DeviceExecutionLock.get_active_owners().values())
+            by_scope = {o.lock_scope: o for o in owners if o.device_id == shared_id}
+            assert IOS_LOCK_SCOPE in by_scope
+            assert len(by_scope) == 2
+        finally:
+            android_lock.release()
+    finally:
+        ios_lock.release()
+
+
+def test_get_active_owner_scoped_lookup_isolates_platform(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.delenv(DeviceExecutionLock.LOCK_SCOPE_ENV, raising=False)
+    shared_id = "emulator-5554"
+    ios_lock = DeviceExecutionLock(shared_id, "ios task", lock_scope=IOS_LOCK_SCOPE)
+    ios_lock.acquire()
+    try:
+        owner = DeviceExecutionLock.get_active_owner(shared_id, lock_scope=IOS_LOCK_SCOPE)
+        assert owner is not None and owner.description == "ios task"
+        # An unscoped (Android) lookup must not see the iOS owner.
+        assert DeviceExecutionLock.get_active_owner(shared_id, lock_scope=None) is None
+    finally:
+        ios_lock.release()
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# IosDevicePool
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def _pool_with_devices(monkeypatch, devices=None):
+    import importlib
+
+    pool = IosDevicePool()
+    devices = SIM_LIST if devices is None else devices
+    # artemis.runtime.ios_device_pool resolves to the singleton instance in the
+    # package namespace; patch the module object itself.
+    module = importlib.import_module("artemis.runtime.ios_device_pool")
+    monkeypatch.setattr(module, "list_ios_simulators", AsyncMock(return_value=list(devices)))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(module, "list_ios_simulators_sync", lambda: list(devices))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(module, "list_core_devices", AsyncMock(return_value=[]))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(module, "list_core_devices_sync", lambda: [])
+    return pool
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_pool_statuses_carry_platform_and_runtime(monkeypatch):
+    pool = _pool_with_devices(monkeypatch)
+    devices = await pool.list_devices_async()
+    by_serial = {d.serial: d for d in devices}
+    booted = by_serial["AAAA-1111"]
+    assert booted.platform == "ios"
+    assert booted.state == "device"  # Booted maps to the generic ready state
+    assert booted.is_emulator is True
+    assert "iOS 26 0" in booted.product
+    shutdown = by_serial["BBBB-2222"]
+    assert shutdown.state == "Shutdown"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_pool_busy_status_uses_ios_lock_scope(monkeypatch):
+    pool = _pool_with_devices(monkeypatch)
+    lock = DeviceExecutionLock("AAAA-1111", "ios task", lock_scope=IOS_LOCK_SCOPE)
+    lock.acquire()
+    try:
+        devices = await pool.list_devices_async()
+        by_serial = {d.serial: d for d in devices}
+        assert by_serial["AAAA-1111"].is_busy is True
+        assert by_serial["AAAA-1111"].active_task_desc == "ios task"
+        assert by_serial["BBBB-2222"].is_busy is False
+    finally:
+        lock.release()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_pool_android_lock_does_not_mark_ios_busy(monkeypatch):
+    """An Android lock on the same text must not mark the simulator busy."""
+    pool = _pool_with_devices(monkeypatch)
+    lock = DeviceExecutionLock("AAAA-1111", "android task")
+    lock.acquire()
+    try:
+        devices = await pool.list_devices_async()
+        by_serial = {d.serial: d for d in devices}
+        assert by_serial["AAAA-1111"].is_busy is False
+    finally:
+        lock.release()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_pool_validate_explicit_serial(monkeypatch):
+    pool = _pool_with_devices(monkeypatch)
+    assert await pool.validate_explicit_serial_async("AAAA-1111") is None
+    assert await pool.validate_explicit_serial_async("bbbb-2222") is None
+    rejection = await pool.validate_explicit_serial_async("NOPE-9999")
+    assert rejection is not None and "not available" in rejection
+    # Shutdown sims are valid; unavailable devices were filtered at parse time.
+    assert await pool.validate_explicit_serial_async("CCCC-3333") is not None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_pool_validate_fails_open_on_enumeration_error(monkeypatch):
+    pool = IosDevicePool()
+    import importlib
+
+    module = importlib.import_module("artemis.runtime.ios_device_pool")
+    monkeypatch.setattr(module, "list_ios_simulators", AsyncMock(return_value=None))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(module, "list_core_devices", AsyncMock(return_value=None))
+    assert await pool.validate_explicit_serial_async("ANY") is None
+
+
+def test_ios_pool_validate_explicit_serial_sync(monkeypatch):
+    pool = _pool_with_devices(monkeypatch)
+    assert pool.validate_explicit_serial("AAAA-1111") is None
+    rejection = pool.validate_explicit_serial("NOPE-9999")
+    assert rejection is not None and "not available" in rejection
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_pool_select_device_prefers_booted_and_idle(monkeypatch):
+    pool = _pool_with_devices(monkeypatch)
+    assert await pool.select_device_async() == "AAAA-1111"
+    # Explicit preference always wins.
+    assert await pool.select_device_async(preferred_serial="BBBB-2222") == "BBBB-2222"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_pool_select_device_never_picks_physical(monkeypatch):
+    """Auto-selection must never target paired hardware without an explicit serial."""
+    import importlib
+
+    physical = {
+        "udid": "00008130-0000ABCD1234FFFF",
+        "name": "Test iPhone",
+        "reality": "physical",
+        "platform": "iOS",
+        "pairing_state": "paired",
+        "connection_state": "connected",
+        "os_version": "26.0",
+    }
+    module = importlib.import_module("artemis.runtime.ios_device_pool")
+    pool = IosDevicePool()
+
+    # Physical alone: nothing to auto-pick.
+    monkeypatch.setattr(module, "list_ios_simulators", AsyncMock(return_value=[]))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(module, "list_core_devices", AsyncMock(return_value=[physical]))
+    assert await pool.select_device_async() is None
+
+    # Physical alongside one booted sim: only the sim is eligible.
+    monkeypatch.setattr(module, "list_ios_simulators", AsyncMock(return_value=list(SIM_LIST)))
+    assert await pool.select_device_async() == "AAAA-1111"
+
+    # Explicit serial still passes through untouched.
+    assert await pool.select_device_async(preferred_serial=physical["udid"]) == physical["udid"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_pool_validate_fails_open_on_partial_enumeration(monkeypatch):
+    """A dead devicectl enumeration cannot disprove a physical serial."""
+    import importlib
+
+    module = importlib.import_module("artemis.runtime.ios_device_pool")
+    pool = IosDevicePool()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(module, "list_ios_simulators", AsyncMock(return_value=list(SIM_LIST)))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(module, "list_core_devices", AsyncMock(return_value=None))
+    assert await pool.validate_explicit_serial_async("00008130-0000ABCD1234FFFF") is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_pool_select_device_boots_single_shutdown_sim(monkeypatch):
+    pool = _pool_with_devices(monkeypatch, [d for d in SIM_LIST if d["udid"] == "BBBB-2222"])
+    assert await pool.select_device_async() == "BBBB-2222"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_pool_select_device_skips_busy_booted(monkeypatch):
+    two_booted = [
+        {**SIM_LIST[0]},
+        {**SIM_LIST[1], "state": "Booted"},
+    ]
+    pool = _pool_with_devices(monkeypatch, two_booted)
+    lock = DeviceExecutionLock("AAAA-1111", "ios task", lock_scope=IOS_LOCK_SCOPE)
+    lock.acquire()
+    try:
+        assert await pool.select_device_async() == "BBBB-2222"
+    finally:
+        lock.release()
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# Task queue routing
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_task_target_routes_ios_to_ios_target():
+    from apps.admin_console.services.task_queue_service import TaskQueueService
+
+    target = TaskQueueService._task_target({"platform": "ios", "device_serial": "AAAA-1111"})
+    assert isinstance(target, IosTarget)
+    assert target.serial == "AAAA-1111"
+
+
+def test_task_target_defaults_to_android_adb_target():
+    from apps.admin_console.services.task_queue_service import TaskQueueService
+
+    target = TaskQueueService._task_target({"device_serial": "emulator-5554"})
+    assert isinstance(target, AdbTarget)
+    assert target.serial == "emulator-5554"
+
+
+def test_build_worker_invocation_ios(monkeypatch):
+    from apps.admin_console.services.task_queue_service import TaskQueueService
+
+    monkeypatch.delenv("ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL", raising=False)
+    cmd, env = TaskQueueService._build_worker_invocation(
+        {
+            "platform": "ios",
+            "device_serial": "AAAA-1111",
+            "ios_workspace": "/proj/App.xcodeproj",
+        },
+        run_key="rk",
+        sess_id="sess-1",
+        goal="open settings",
+        profile="flash",
+        target=IosTarget(serial="AAAA-1111"),
+    )
+    assert "--platform" in cmd
+    assert cmd[cmd.index("--platform") + 1] == "ios"
+    assert cmd[cmd.index("--device-serial") + 1] == "AAAA-1111"
+    assert cmd[cmd.index("--ios-workspace") + 1] == "/proj/App.xcodeproj"
+    assert env[DeviceExecutionLock.LOCK_SCOPE_ENV] == IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
+    assert "ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL" not in env
+
+
+def test_build_worker_invocation_android_unchanged():
+    from apps.admin_console.services.task_queue_service import TaskQueueService
+
+    endpoint = AdbEndpoint.local()
+    target = AdbTarget(endpoint=endpoint, serial="emulator-5554")
+    cmd, env = TaskQueueService._build_worker_invocation(
+        {"device_serial": "emulator-5554"},
+        run_key="rk",
+        sess_id="sess-1",
+        goal="open settings",
+        profile="flash",
+        target=target,
+    )
+    assert "--platform" not in cmd
+    assert cmd[cmd.index("--device-serial") + 1] == "emulator-5554"
+    assert env["ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL"] == "emulator-5554"
+    assert env[DeviceExecutionLock.LOCK_SCOPE_ENV] == endpoint.identity
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_enqueue_tasks_ios_carries_platform_and_lock_scope(monkeypatch):
+    from apps.admin_console.services.task_queue_service import TaskQueueService
+    from apps.admin_console.core.state import state
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(TaskQueueService, "ensure_worker_running", staticmethod(lambda: None))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        TaskQueueService,
+        "_find_duplicate_submission",
+        classmethod(lambda cls, *a, **k: None),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        IosDevicePool,
+        "validate_explicit_serial_async",
+        AsyncMock(return_value=None),
+    )
+    state.queue_items.clear()
+    try:
+        resp = await TaskQueueService.enqueue_tasks(
+            ["open settings"],
+            "flash",
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+            "AAAA-1111",
+            "frontend",
+            session_id="sess-1",
+            conversation_id=None,
+            platform="ios",
+            ios_workspace="/proj/App.xcodeproj",
+        )
+        item = state.queue_items[-1]
+        assert item["platform"] == "ios"
+        assert item["ios_workspace"] == "/proj/App.xcodeproj"
+        assert item["device_serial"] == "AAAA-1111"
+        # The queue reservation was scoped ios — check via the target builder.
+        target = TaskQueueService._task_target(item)
+        assert target.lock_scope == IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
+        assert not resp.get("rejected")
+    finally:
+        state.queue_items.clear()
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# Stream service target resolution
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_stream_target_prefers_active_ios_owner(monkeypatch):
+    from apps.admin_console.services.device_stream_service import DeviceStreamService
+
+    owner = DeviceLockOwner(
+        pid=os.getpid(),
+        process_created_at=0.0,
+        token="t",
+        device_id="AAAA-1111",
+        description="ios task",
+        acquired_at="now",
+        lock_scope=IOS_LOCK_SCOPE,
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        DeviceExecutionLock,
+        "get_active_owners",
+        classmethod(lambda cls: {"ios__AAAA-1111": owner}),
+    )
+    service = DeviceStreamService()
+    target = await service.get_stream_target()
+    assert target == {"platform": "ios", "serial": "AAAA-1111"}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_stream_target_falls_back_to_android(monkeypatch):
+    from apps.admin_console.services.device_stream_service import DeviceStreamService
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(DeviceExecutionLock, "get_active_owners", classmethod(lambda cls: {}))
+    service = DeviceStreamService()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(service, "_android_serial", AsyncMock(return_value="emulator-5554"))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(IosDevicePool, "select_device_async", AsyncMock(return_value=None))
+    target = await service.get_stream_target()
+    assert target == {"platform": "android", "serial": "emulator-5554"}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_stream_target_falls_back_to_booted_sim(monkeypatch):
+    from apps.admin_console.services.device_stream_service import DeviceStreamService
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(DeviceExecutionLock, "get_active_owners", classmethod(lambda cls: {}))
+    service = DeviceStreamService()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(service, "_android_serial", AsyncMock(return_value=None))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(IosDevicePool, "select_device_async", AsyncMock(return_value="AAAA-1111"))
+    target = await service.get_stream_target()
+    assert target == {"platform": "ios", "serial": "AAAA-1111"}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_stream_target_none_without_devices(monkeypatch):
+    from apps.admin_console.services.device_stream_service import DeviceStreamService
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(DeviceExecutionLock, "get_active_owners", classmethod(lambda cls: {}))
+    service = DeviceStreamService()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(service, "_android_serial", AsyncMock(return_value=None))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(IosDevicePool, "select_device_async", AsyncMock(return_value=None))
+    assert await service.get_stream_target() is None
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# MCP task runner platform routing
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_mcp_validate_device_serial_ios_uses_ios_pool(monkeypatch):
+    from artemis.runtime import device_pool as adb_pool
+    from artemis.runtime.ios_device_pool import ios_device_pool
+    from mcp_server.tools import task_runner
+
+    ios_validate = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+    adb_validate = MagicMock(return_value="should not be called")
+    monkeypatch.setattr(ios_device_pool, "validate_explicit_serial", ios_validate)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(adb_pool, "validate_explicit_serial", adb_validate)
+    assert task_runner._validate_device_serial("AAAA-1111", "ios") is None
+    ios_validate.assert_called_once_with("AAAA-1111")
+    adb_validate.assert_not_called()
+
+
+def test_mcp_validate_device_serial_ios_rejection(monkeypatch):
+    from artemis.runtime.ios_device_pool import ios_device_pool
+    from mcp_server.tools import task_runner
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        ios_device_pool,
+        "validate_explicit_serial",
+        lambda serial: f"iOS simulator '{serial}' is not available.",
+    )
+    result = task_runner._validate_device_serial("NOPE", "ios")
+    assert result is not None and result["status"] == "failed"
+    assert "simctl" in result["message"]
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# Daemon client payloads
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_submit_task_to_daemon_forwards_platform(monkeypatch):
+    from artemis.runtime import daemon_client
+
+    captured = {}
+
+    class FakeResponse:
+        status = 200
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __exit__(self, *a):
+            return False
+
+        def read(self):
+            return b'{"status": "enqueued"}'
+
+    def fake_urlopen(req, timeout=0):
+        import json
+
+        captured.update(json.loads(req.data.decode()))
+        return FakeResponse()
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.runtime.daemon_client.urllib.request.urlopen", fake_urlopen)
+    resp = daemon_client.submit_task_to_daemon(
+        "open settings",
+        device_serial="AAAA-1111",
+        platform="ios",
+        ios_workspace="/proj/App.xcodeproj",
+    )
+    assert resp == {"status": "enqueued"}
+    assert captured["platform"] == "ios"
+    assert captured["ios_workspace"] == "/proj/App.xcodeproj"
+    assert captured["device_serial"] == "AAAA-1111"
+
+
+def test_submit_batch_to_daemon_forwards_platform(monkeypatch):
+    from artemis.runtime import daemon_client
+
+    captured = {}
+
+    class FakeResponse:
+        status = 200
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __exit__(self, *a):
+            return False
+
+        def read(self):
+            return b'{"status": "enqueued"}'
+
+    def fake_urlopen(req, timeout=0):
+        import json
+
+        captured.update(json.loads(req.data.decode()))
+        return FakeResponse()
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.runtime.daemon_client.urllib.request.urlopen", fake_urlopen)
+    daemon_client.submit_batch_to_daemon(
+        ["a", "b"],
+        device_serial="AAAA-1111",
+        platform="ios",
+        ios_workspace="/proj/App.xcodeproj",
+    )
+    assert captured["platform"] == "ios"
+    assert captured["ios_workspace"] == "/proj/App.xcodeproj"
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# Replay context platform preservation
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_replay_device_context_preserves_ios_platform():
+    from apps.admin_console.replay_manager import ReplayManager
+    from artemis.context import DevicePlatform
+
+    ctx = ReplayManager._replay_device_context(
+        {
+            "mobile_platform": "ios",
+            "device_id": "AAAA-1111",
+            "device_width": 1206,
+            "device_height": 2622,
+        },
+        override_device_id="BBBB-2222",
+    )
+    assert ctx.mobile_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS
+    assert ctx.device_id == "BBBB-2222"
+    assert ctx.device_width == 1206
+
+
+def test_replay_device_context_android_ignores_override():
+    from apps.admin_console.replay_manager import ReplayManager
+    from artemis.context import DevicePlatform
+
+    ctx = ReplayManager._replay_device_context(
+        {"mobile_platform": "android", "device_id": "emulator-5554"},
+        override_device_id="AAAA-1111",
+    )
+    assert ctx.mobile_platform == DevicePlatform.ANDROID
+    # Android replay keeps the recorded device; the picker stays decorative.
+    assert ctx.device_id == "emulator-5554"
+
+
+def test_replay_device_context_missing_platform_defaults_android():
+    from apps.admin_console.replay_manager import ReplayManager
+    from artemis.context import DevicePlatform
+
+    ctx = ReplayManager._replay_device_context({"device_id": "emulator-5554"}, None)
+    assert ctx.mobile_platform == DevicePlatform.ANDROID
+    assert ctx.device_id == "emulator-5554"
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# iOS readiness probe
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_probe_skipped_without_simctl(monkeypatch):
+    from artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe import IosSimulatorProbe
+    from artemis.core.diagnostics.schema import ProbeStatus
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe.simctl_available", lambda: False)
+    result = await IosSimulatorProbe().probe()
+    assert result.status is ProbeStatus.SKIPPED
+    assert result.is_blocker is False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_probe_warns_on_old_xcode(monkeypatch):
+    from artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe import IosSimulatorProbe
+    from artemis.core.diagnostics.schema import ProbeStatus
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe.simctl_available", lambda: True)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe.run_xcrun",
+        AsyncMock(return_value=b"Xcode 16.4\nBuild version 16F6"),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe.list_ios_simulators",
+        AsyncMock(return_value=SIM_LIST),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe.list_core_devices",
+        AsyncMock(return_value=[]),
+    )
+    result = await IosSimulatorProbe().probe()
+    assert result.status is ProbeStatus.WARN
+    assert result.metadata["xcode_27_or_newer"] is False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_probe_passes_with_xcode27_and_sims(monkeypatch):
+    from artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe import IosSimulatorProbe
+    from artemis.core.diagnostics.schema import ProbeStatus
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe.simctl_available", lambda: True)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe.run_xcrun",
+        AsyncMock(return_value=b"Xcode 27.0\nBuild version 27A266a"),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe.list_ios_simulators",
+        AsyncMock(return_value=SIM_LIST),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe.list_core_devices",
+        AsyncMock(return_value=[]),
+    )
+    result = await IosSimulatorProbe().probe()
+    assert result.status is ProbeStatus.PASS
+    assert result.metadata["simulator_count"] == 2
+    assert result.metadata["booted_udids"] == ["AAAA-1111"]
+    assert result.is_blocker is False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_probe_warns_without_simulators(monkeypatch):
+    from artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe import IosSimulatorProbe
+    from artemis.core.diagnostics.schema import ProbeStatus
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr("artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe.simctl_available", lambda: True)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe.run_xcrun",
+        AsyncMock(return_value=b"Xcode 27.0"),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe.list_ios_simulators",
+        AsyncMock(return_value=[]),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "artemis.core.diagnostics.probes.ios_probe.list_core_devices",
+        AsyncMock(return_value=[]),
+    )
+    result = await IosSimulatorProbe().probe()
+    assert result.status is ProbeStatus.WARN
+    assert "No Devices" in result.summary
+
+
+def test_ios_probe_registered_in_engine():
+    from artemis.core.diagnostics.engine import readiness_engine
+
+    assert "ios_simulators" in readiness_engine._probes
+    assert readiness_engine._probes["ios_simulators"].is_blocker is False
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# web: platform-aware device selection
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_select_device_ios_validates_udid_and_skips_adb_target(monkeypatch):
+    from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
+
+    from apps.admin_console.routers import system as system_router
+    from apps.admin_console.routers.system import SelectDeviceRequest
+
+    validate = AsyncMock(return_value=None)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(IosDevicePool, "validate_explicit_serial_async", validate)
+    set_target = Mock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(system_router.readiness_engine, "set_probe_target_serial", set_target)
+
+    result = await system_router.select_active_device(
+        SelectDeviceRequest(serial="AAAA-1111", platform="ios")
+    )
+
+    assert result["status"] == "success"
+    assert result["selected_serial"] == "AAAA-1111"
+    assert result["platform"] == "ios"
+    validate.assert_awaited_once_with("AAAA-1111")
+    set_target.assert_not_called()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_select_device_ios_rejects_unknown_udid(monkeypatch):
+    from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
+
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    from apps.admin_console.routers.system import SelectDeviceRequest, select_active_device
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        IosDevicePool,
+        "validate_explicit_serial_async",
+        AsyncMock(return_value="iOS Simulator UDID 'NOPE' was not found."),
+    )
+
+    with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+        await select_active_device(SelectDeviceRequest(serial="NOPE", platform="ios"))
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 400
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_select_device_rejects_unknown_platform():
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    from apps.admin_console.routers.system import SelectDeviceRequest, select_active_device
+
+    with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+        await select_active_device(SelectDeviceRequest(serial="dev-1", platform="tvos"))
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 400
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_select_device_android_unchanged(monkeypatch):
+    from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
+
+    from apps.admin_console.routers import system as system_router
+    from apps.admin_console.routers.system import SelectDeviceRequest
+
+    set_target = Mock()
+    report = object()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(system_router.readiness_engine, "set_probe_target_serial", set_target)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(system_router.readiness_engine, "run_all", AsyncMock(return_value=report))
+
+    result = await system_router.select_active_device(SelectDeviceRequest(serial="emulator-5554"))
+
+    assert result["status"] == "success"
+    assert result["selected_serial"] == "emulator-5554"
+    set_target.assert_called_once_with("emulator-5554")
+
+
+def test_ios_press_key_vocabulary_passes_the_operator_gate():
+    """Every key the iOS guidance advertises must survive the Operator key gate."""
+    from artemis.agents.operator.operator import SUPPORTED_PRESS_KEYS
+
+    ios_supported = {"enter", "home", "power", "volume_up", "volume_down", "app_switch"}
+    assert ios_supported <= {key.lower() for key in SUPPORTED_PRESS_KEYS}
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# lazy MCP controller selection
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_lazy_mcp_ios_controller_uses_ios_context_and_isolated_cache(monkeypatch):
+    """The lazy MCP path builds an iOS DeviceContext without a native session."""
+    from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+    from artemis.context import DevicePlatform
+    from artemis.mcp import adb_server
+
+    captured = {}
+
+    def fake_controller(ctx):
+        captured["ctx"] = ctx
+        return SimpleNamespace(ctx=ctx)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(adb_server, "_CONTROLLERS", {})
+    monkeypatch.setattr(adb_server, "_GLOBAL_CONTROLLER", None)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(adb_server, "UnifiedMobileController", fake_controller)
+    monkeypatch.delenv("ARTEMIS_DEVICE_ID", raising=False)
+    monkeypatch.delenv("ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL", raising=False)
+
+    controller = adb_server._get_controller(target_platform="ios")
+    assert captured["ctx"].device.mobile_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS
+    assert captured["ctx"].device.device_id == "booted"
+    assert adb_server._CONTROLLERS == {"ios:booted": controller}
+
+    again = adb_server._get_controller(target_platform="ios")
+    assert again is controller
+
+    # iOS lookups never populate the Android global slot or un-namespaced keys.
+    assert adb_server._GLOBAL_CONTROLLER is None
+    assert all(key.startswith("ios:") for key in adb_server._CONTROLLERS)
+
+
+def test_lazy_mcp_ios_controller_never_reads_adb_device_serial(monkeypatch):
+    """ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL is Android-only: it must not seed an iOS target."""
+    from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+    from artemis.context import DevicePlatform
+    from artemis.mcp import adb_server
+
+    captured = {}
+
+    def fake_controller(ctx):
+        captured["ctx"] = ctx
+        return SimpleNamespace(ctx=ctx)
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(adb_server, "_CONTROLLERS", {})
+    monkeypatch.setattr(adb_server, "_GLOBAL_CONTROLLER", None)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(adb_server, "UnifiedMobileController", fake_controller)
+    monkeypatch.delenv("ARTEMIS_DEVICE_ID", raising=False)
+    monkeypatch.setenv("ADB_DEVICE_SERIAL", "android-only")
+
+    controller = adb_server._get_controller(target_platform="ios")
+    assert captured["ctx"].device.mobile_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS
+    assert captured["ctx"].device.device_id == "booted"
+    assert set(adb_server._CONTROLLERS) == {"ios:booted"}
+    assert adb_server._GLOBAL_CONTROLLER is None
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# iOS pool: "booted" selector and name ambiguity
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_pool_booted_selector_pins_the_unique_booted_sim(monkeypatch):
+    pool = _pool_with_devices(monkeypatch)
+    assert await pool.select_device_async(preferred_serial="booted") == "AAAA-1111"
+    assert await pool.validate_explicit_serial_async("booted") is None
+    assert pool.validate_explicit_serial("booted") is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_pool_booted_selector_tolerates_case_and_whitespace(monkeypatch):
+    """' Booted ' / 'BOOTED' normalize to the reserved selector, not a name."""
+    pool = _pool_with_devices(monkeypatch)
+    assert await pool.select_device_async(preferred_serial=" Booted ") == "AAAA-1111"
+    assert await pool.validate_explicit_serial_async(" BOOTED ") is None
+    assert pool.validate_explicit_serial("Booted") is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_pool_booted_selector_fails_open_on_ambiguity(monkeypatch):
+    """Zero or multiple booted sims keep the literal so the driver's guidance fires."""
+    two_booted = [dict(SIM_LIST[0]), {**SIM_LIST[1], "state": "Booted"}]
+    pool = _pool_with_devices(monkeypatch, two_booted)
+    assert await pool.select_device_async(preferred_serial="booted") == "booted"
+    rejection = await pool.validate_explicit_serial_async("booted")
+    assert rejection is not None and "exactly one booted" in rejection
+    assert "UDID" in rejection
+
+    no_booted = [{**SIM_LIST[0], "state": "Shutdown"}, dict(SIM_LIST[1])]
+    pool = _pool_with_devices(monkeypatch, no_booted)
+    assert await pool.select_device_async(preferred_serial="booted") == "booted"
+    rejection = await pool.validate_explicit_serial_async("booted")
+    assert rejection is not None and "0 found" in rejection
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_pool_booted_selector_fails_open_on_enumeration_error(monkeypatch):
+    pool = IosDevicePool()
+    import importlib
+
+    module = importlib.import_module("artemis.runtime.ios_device_pool")
+    monkeypatch.setattr(module, "list_ios_simulators", AsyncMock(return_value=None))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(module, "list_core_devices", AsyncMock(return_value=None))
+    assert await pool.select_device_async(preferred_serial="booted") == "booted"
+    assert await pool.validate_explicit_serial_async("booted") is None
+
+
+def test_ios_pool_rejects_duplicate_device_names(monkeypatch):
+    """Two usable devices sharing a name must be rejected, not first-matched."""
+    twins = [
+        {**SIM_LIST[0], "name": "Office iPhone"},
+        {**SIM_LIST[1], "name": "Office iPhone", "state": "Booted"},
+    ]
+    pool = _pool_with_devices(monkeypatch, twins)
+    rejection = pool.validate_explicit_serial("Office iPhone")
+    assert rejection is not None and "UDID" in rejection
+    # UDID pins resolve fine.
+    assert pool.validate_explicit_serial("AAAA-1111") is None
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# Admin capabilities endpoint (thin-SDK iOS wire contract)
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_admin_capabilities_endpoint_is_static_and_advertises_ios(monkeypatch):
+    """GET /api/v1/capabilities advertises 'platform.ios' without probing."""
+    import importlib
+
+    tasks_router = importlib.import_module("apps.admin_console.routers.tasks")
+    pool_module = importlib.import_module("artemis.runtime.ios_device_pool")
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        pool_module,
+        "list_core_devices",
+        AsyncMock(side_effect=AssertionError("device discovery must not run")),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        pool_module,
+        "list_ios_simulators",
+        AsyncMock(side_effect=AssertionError("device discovery must not run")),
+    )
+
+    response = await tasks_router.get_capabilities()
+
+    assert response["api_version"] == "1"
+    assert "platform.ios" in response["features"]
+    assert {
+        "tasks.submit",
+        "tasks.get",
+        "tasks.stop",
+        "devices.list",
+        "system.readiness",
+    }.issubset(response["features"])
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_jsonc_comments.py b/tests/unit/test_jsonc_comments.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b02a709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/test_jsonc_comments.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Tests for ``strip_json_comments``.
+
+The previous regex implementation treated ``//`` inside string literals as a
+comment start, corrupting URL values like ``"api_base": "http://127.0.0.1:8080"``.
+These tests pin comment removal to positions outside string literals.
+"""
+
+import io
+import json
+
+from third_party.mobile_use.utils.file import load_jsonc, strip_json_comments
+
+
+def test_line_comment_removed_outside_string():
+    text = '{\n  // a comment\n  "a": 1\n}'
+    assert json.loads(strip_json_comments(text)) == {"a": 1}
+
+
+def test_url_scheme_not_treated_as_comment():
+    text = '{"api_base": "http://127.0.0.1:8080/v1"}'
+    assert json.loads(strip_json_comments(text)) == {"api_base": "http://127.0.0.1:8080/v1"}
+
+
+def test_https_and_trailing_comment_markers_in_string():
+    text = '{"a": "https://x//y", "b": "keep // this"}'
+    assert json.loads(strip_json_comments(text)) == {
+        "a": "https://x//y",
+        "b": "keep // this",
+    }
+
+
+def test_block_comment_removed_outside_string():
+    text = '{\n  /* multi\n     line */\n  "a": 1\n}'
+    assert json.loads(strip_json_comments(text)) == {"a": 1}
+
+
+def test_block_comment_markers_inside_string_preserved():
+    text = '{"a": "not a /* comment */", "b": 2}'
+    assert json.loads(strip_json_comments(text)) == {
+        "a": "not a /* comment */",
+        "b": 2,
+    }
+
+
+def test_escaped_quote_does_not_end_string():
+    # \" inside the string must not toggle string state, so the real "//"
+    # comment after the closing quote is still removed.
+    text = '{"a": "he said \\"http://x\\""} // real comment\n'
+    assert json.loads(strip_json_comments(text)) == {"a": 'he said "http://x"'}
+
+
+def test_escaped_backslash_before_quote():
+    # After \\ the quote is not escaped, so the string ends there and the
+    # tail is a comment.
+    text = '{"a": "c:\\\\"} // tail\n'
+    assert json.loads(strip_json_comments(text)) == {"a": "c:\\"}
+
+
+def test_comment_only_line_leaves_newline_for_stable_line_numbers():
+    text = '{\n// comment\n"a": 1\n}'
+    stripped = strip_json_comments(text)
+    assert stripped.count("\n") == 3
+
+
+def test_unterminated_comment_consumes_to_eof():
+    text = '{"a": 1} // never ends'
+    assert json.loads(strip_json_comments(text)) == {"a": 1}
+
+
+def test_load_jsonc_roundtrip(tmp_path):
+    cfg = '{"llm": {"api_base": "http://127.0.0.1:8080/v1"}} // env'
+    assert load_jsonc(io.StringIO(cfg)) == {"llm": {"api_base": "http://127.0.0.1:8080/v1"}}
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_unified_controller_video.py b/tests/unit/test_unified_controller_video.py
index e87330dd..ad1eeb38 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_unified_controller_video.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_unified_controller_video.py
@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@
 """Unit tests for UnifiedMobileController video recording and playback features."""
 
 import asyncio
+import collections
 import subprocess
 import time
 from pathlib import Path
+from types import SimpleNamespace
 from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
 from uuid import uuid4
 
@@ -794,3 +796,256 @@ def test_segment_session_offsets_without_data_engine_anchor(tmp_path):
     assert offsets[tmp_path / "recording_001.mp4"] == 7.5
     # An emergency fallback remux has no record; it starts at the recording anchor.
     assert offsets[fallback] == 0.0
+
+
+# --- iOS native recording through the shared controller contract ---
+
+
+class _FakeIosStderr:
+    def __init__(self, lines=None, eof: bool = False):
+        self._lines = collections.deque(lines if lines is not None else [b"Recording started\n"])
+        self._eof = asyncio.Event()
+        if eof:
+            self._eof.set()
+
+    async def readline(self):
+        if self._lines:
+            return self._lines.popleft()
+        await self._eof.wait()
+        return b""
+
+
+class _FakeIosRecorderProcess:
+    def __init__(self, stderr=None):
+        self.stderr = stderr or _FakeIosStderr()
+        self.returncode = None
+        self.signals = []
+        self._exit = asyncio.Event()
+
+    def send_signal(self, sig):
+        self.signals.append(sig)
+        self.returncode = 0
+        self._exit.set()
+
+    def terminate(self):
+        self.returncode = -15
+        self._exit.set()
+
+    def kill(self):
+        self.returncode = -9
+        self._exit.set()
+
+    async def wait(self):
+        await self._exit.wait()
+        return self.returncode
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def ios_ctx():
+    from artemis.drivers.ios.xcode_driver import XcodeSimulatorDriver
+
+    ctx = MagicMock(spec=ArtemisContext)
+    ctx.device = MagicMock()
+    ctx.device.device_id = "sim-udid-1"
+    ctx.device.mobile_platform = "ios"
+    ctx.data_engine = MagicMock()
+    ctx.data_engine.current_session_id = uuid4()
+    ctx.data_engine.session_start_time = time.time() - 1.0
+    ctx.data_engine.storage = MagicMock()
+    driver = XcodeSimulatorDriver(device_id="sim-udid-1")
+    driver._session_key = "test-session"
+    driver._bridge = SimpleNamespace(
+        connected=True, call=AsyncMock(), close=AsyncMock(), start=AsyncMock()
+    )
+    ctx._active_driver = driver
+    return ctx
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def ios_recording_seams(monkeypatch):
+    """Fake the simctl child process, display probe, and MP4 finalization."""
+    from artemis.drivers.ios import recording as rec
+    from artemis.utils import video as video_utils
+
+    procs: list[_FakeIosRecorderProcess] = []
+
+    async def spawn(*argv, **kwargs):
+        proc = _FakeIosRecorderProcess()
+        procs.append(proc)
+        return proc
+
+    async def fake_finalize(source_path, output_path, width, height, span):
+        Path(output_path).write_bytes(b"fake mp4")
+        return True
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(asyncio, "create_subprocess_exec", spawn)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "probe_display_dimensions", AsyncMock(return_value=(1206, 2622)))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "finalize_mov_to_mp4", fake_finalize)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        video_utils,
+        "probe_video_segment",
+        AsyncMock(return_value={"duration": 1.0, "width": 100, "height": 200}),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "WATCHDOG_INTERVAL_SECONDS", 0.01)
+    return procs
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_start_registers_driver_session_and_publishes_de_anchor(
+    ios_ctx, ios_recording_seams, tmp_path
+):
+    remove_active_session("sim-udid-1")
+    controller = UnifiedMobileController(ios_ctx)
+
+    res = await controller.start_video_recording(output_dir=tmp_path)
+
+    try:
+        assert res.success is True
+        session = get_active_session("sim-udid-1")
+        assert session is not None
+        # Controller and driver share one recording session/process.
+        assert session is ios_ctx._active_driver.recording_session
+        assert session.data_engine_start_time == ios_ctx.data_engine.session_start_time
+        ios_ctx.data_engine.record_video_start.assert_called_once()
+        assert res.video_id == session.video_id
+
+        duplicate = await controller.start_video_recording(output_dir=tmp_path)
+        assert duplicate.success is False
+    finally:
+        remove_active_session("sim-udid-1")
+        await ios_ctx._active_driver.stop_video_recording()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_start_failure_publishes_start_and_failure(
+    ios_ctx, ios_recording_seams, tmp_path, monkeypatch
+):
+    from artemis.drivers.ios import recording as rec
+
+    async def dead_spawn(*argv, **kwargs):
+        return _FakeIosRecorderProcess(_FakeIosStderr(lines=[], eof=True))
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(asyncio, "create_subprocess_exec", dead_spawn)
+    remove_active_session("sim-udid-1")
+    controller = UnifiedMobileController(ios_ctx)
+
+    res = await controller.start_video_recording(output_dir=tmp_path)
+
+    assert res.success is False
+    assert "failed to start" in res.message
+    ios_ctx.data_engine.record_video_start.assert_called_once()
+    ios_ctx.data_engine.record_video_failure.assert_called_once()
+    assert get_active_session("sim-udid-1") is None
+    # The driver's failed session is still inspectable.
+    assert ios_ctx._active_driver.recording_session is not None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_stop_records_stop_metadata_and_clears_registry(
+    ios_ctx, ios_recording_seams, tmp_path
+):
+    remove_active_session("sim-udid-1")
+    controller = UnifiedMobileController(ios_ctx)
+    await controller.start_video_recording(output_dir=tmp_path)
+
+    res = await controller.stop_video_recording()
+
+    assert res.success is True
+    assert res.video_path == tmp_path / "recording.mp4"
+    assert res.source_revision and res.source_revision.endswith(":ready")
+    ios_ctx.data_engine.record_video_stop.assert_called_once()
+    assert get_active_session("sim-udid-1") is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_stop_failure_reports_unsuccessful_result(
+    ios_ctx, ios_recording_seams, tmp_path, monkeypatch
+):
+    from artemis.drivers.ios import recording as rec
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(rec, "finalize_mov_to_mp4", AsyncMock(return_value=False))
+    remove_active_session("sim-udid-1")
+    controller = UnifiedMobileController(ios_ctx)
+    await controller.start_video_recording(output_dir=tmp_path)
+
+    res = await controller.stop_video_recording()
+
+    assert res.success is False
+    ios_ctx.data_engine.record_video_failure.assert_called()
+    assert get_active_session("sim-udid-1") is None
+    # The failed session is retained with actionable errors for reporting.
+    retained = ios_ctx._active_driver.recording_session
+    assert retained is not None and retained.errors
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_extract_seals_then_renders_only_final_mp4(
+    ios_ctx, ios_recording_seams, tmp_path
+):
+    remove_active_session("sim-udid-1")
+    controller = UnifiedMobileController(ios_ctx)
+    await controller.start_video_recording(output_dir=tmp_path)
+    await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
+    session = get_active_session("sim-udid-1")
+    seal_spy = AsyncMock(wraps=ios_ctx._active_driver.seal_recording_segment)
+    ios_ctx._active_driver.seal_recording_segment = seal_spy
+
+    rendered = {}
+
+    async def fake_render(segments, start, end, output_path, **kwargs):
+        rendered["segments"] = segments
+        rendered["range"] = (start, end)
+        Path(output_path).write_bytes(b"clip")
+        return True
+
+    output_path = tmp_path / "clip.mp4"
+    shift = session.start_time - session.data_engine_start_time
+    with patch(
+        "artemis.controllers.unified_controller.render_timeline_clip",
+        AsyncMock(side_effect=fake_render),
+    ) as render:
+        res = await controller.extract_segment_metadata(
+            start_time=shift + 0.0, end_time=shift + 0.02, output_path=output_path
+        )
+        assert res.success is True
+        assert res.video_path == output_path
+        seal_spy.assert_awaited_once()
+        # Only finalized MP4 segment paths are rendered — never the open .mov.
+        assert rendered["segments"]
+        assert all(s["path"].endswith(".mp4") for s in rendered["segments"])
+        assert all(".mov" not in s["path"] for s in rendered["segments"])
+
+        # Generation-scoped cache: same range reuses the clip without render.
+        res2 = await controller.extract_segment_metadata(
+            start_time=shift + 0.0, end_time=shift + 0.02, output_path=output_path
+        )
+        assert res2.success is True
+        assert render.await_count == 1
+
+    await controller._driver.stop_video_recording()
+    remove_active_session("sim-udid-1")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ios_extract_rejects_range_outside_sealed_capture(
+    ios_ctx, ios_recording_seams, tmp_path
+):
+    remove_active_session("sim-udid-1")
+    controller = UnifiedMobileController(ios_ctx)
+    await controller.start_video_recording(output_dir=tmp_path)
+    session = get_active_session("sim-udid-1")
+    shift = session.start_time - session.data_engine_start_time
+
+    with patch(
+        "artemis.controllers.unified_controller.render_timeline_clip",
+        AsyncMock(return_value=True),
+    ) as render:
+        res = await controller.extract_segment_metadata(
+            start_time=shift + 50.0, end_time=shift + 55.0
+        )
+
+    assert res.success is False
+    assert "overlap" in res.message
+    render.assert_not_awaited()
+    await controller._driver.stop_video_recording()
+    remove_active_session("sim-udid-1")
diff --git a/tests/unit/tools/test_explorer_tool.py b/tests/unit/tools/test_explorer_tool.py
index 5e363b3f..fa7ed6ca 100644
--- a/tests/unit/tools/test_explorer_tool.py
+++ b/tests/unit/tools/test_explorer_tool.py
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ def fake_draw_dots(screenshot_path, points, labels, output_path, **kwargs):
     assert "target=3, a bare integer" in result[0]["text"]
     assert "target=[x, y]" not in result[0]["text"]
     assert result[1]["type"] == "image_url"
-    assert result[1]["image_url"]["url"].startswith("data:image/jpeg;base64,")
+    assert result[1]["image_url"]["url"].startswith("data:image/png;base64,")
 
 
 def test_render_operator_blocks_numbers_annotations_sequentially(tmp_path):
diff --git a/tests/unit/utils/test_image_mime.py b/tests/unit/utils/test_image_mime.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0fa74693
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/utils/test_image_mime.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Tests for screenshot media-type detection and data-URI construction."""
+
+import base64
+
+from artemis.utils.image_mime import image_data_uri, image_mime_type
+
+PNG_BYTES = b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n" + b"\x00" * 20
+JPEG_BYTES = b"\xff\xd8\xff\xe0" + b"\x00" * 20
+
+
+def test_png_bytes_detected():
+    assert image_mime_type(PNG_BYTES) == "image/png"
+
+
+def test_jpeg_bytes_detected():
+    assert image_mime_type(JPEG_BYTES) == "image/jpeg"
+
+
+def test_unknown_bytes_default_to_png():
+    # Screenshot paths emit PNG; an unrecognized header keeps the honest
+    # project default rather than the historical hardcoded jpeg.
+    assert image_mime_type(b"\x00\x01\x02\x03") == "image/png"
+
+
+def test_base64_string_detected():
+    b64 = base64.b64encode(JPEG_BYTES).decode()
+    assert image_mime_type(b64) == "image/jpeg"
+    b64 = base64.b64encode(PNG_BYTES).decode()
+    assert image_mime_type(b64) == "image/png"
+
+
+def test_data_uri_uses_detected_type():
+    uri = image_data_uri(PNG_BYTES)
+    b64 = base64.b64encode(PNG_BYTES).decode()
+    assert uri == f"data:image/png;base64,{b64}"
+
+
+def test_data_uri_for_jpeg_bytes():
+    uri = image_data_uri(JPEG_BYTES)
+    b64 = base64.b64encode(JPEG_BYTES).decode()
+    assert uri == f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{b64}"
+
+
+def test_data_uri_from_base64_input():
+    b64 = base64.b64encode(PNG_BYTES).decode()
+    assert image_data_uri(b64) == f"data:image/png;base64,{b64}"
diff --git a/tests/unit/utils/test_video_manifest.py b/tests/unit/utils/test_video_manifest.py
index f0e0009f..ca75365f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/utils/test_video_manifest.py
+++ b/tests/unit/utils/test_video_manifest.py
@@ -130,3 +130,97 @@ async def test_manifest_returns_none_without_valid_segments(tmp_path):
     ):
         assert await write_recording_manifest(tmp_path, [tmp_path / "nope.mp4"]) is None
     assert not (tmp_path / "recording.json").exists()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_manifest_forwards_probe_timeout_only_when_supplied(tmp_path):
+    """iOS callers bound the probe; default callers keep the old signature."""
+    import artemis.utils.video as video
+
+    seg = tmp_path / "recording.mp4"
+    seg.write_bytes(b"mp4")
+    seen: list = []
+
+    async def probe(path, timeout_seconds=None):
+        seen.append(timeout_seconds)
+        return {"duration": 1.0, "width": 1080, "height": 1920}
+
+    with patch("artemis.utils.video.probe_video_segment", AsyncMock(side_effect=probe)):
+        await write_recording_manifest(tmp_path, [seg], probe_timeout_seconds=30.0)
+    assert seen == [30.0]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_probe_timeout_kills_and_drains_the_ffprobe_child(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+    """A bounded probe must reap its owned ffprobe child on timeout."""
+    import asyncio
+
+    import artemis.utils.video as video
+
+    class _Proc:
+        def __init__(self):
+            self.returncode = None
+            self.killed = False
+            self.drained = False
+
+        def kill(self):
+            self.killed = True
+            self.returncode = -9
+
+        async def communicate(self):
+            if self.killed:
+                self.drained = True
+                return b"", b""
+            await asyncio.Event().wait()  # never answers in time
+            return b"", b""
+
+    proc = _Proc()
+
+    async def fake_exec(*args, **kwargs):
+        return proc
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(video.asyncio, "create_subprocess_exec", fake_exec)
+    seg = tmp_path / "seg.mp4"
+    seg.write_bytes(b"mp4")
+    with pytest.raises(TimeoutError):
+        await video.probe_video_segment(seg, timeout_seconds=0.05)
+    assert proc.killed and proc.drained
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_probe_cancellation_reaps_the_child_before_propagating(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+    import asyncio
+
+    import artemis.utils.video as video
+
+    class _Proc:
+        def __init__(self):
+            self.returncode = None
+            self.killed = False
+            self.drained = False
+
+        def kill(self):
+            self.killed = True
+            self.returncode = -9
+
+        async def communicate(self):
+            if self.killed:
+                self.drained = True
+                return b"", b""
+            await asyncio.Event().wait()
+            return b"", b""
+
+    proc = _Proc()
+
+    async def fake_exec(*args, **kwargs):
+        return proc
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(video.asyncio, "create_subprocess_exec", fake_exec)
+    seg = tmp_path / "seg.mp4"
+    seg.write_bytes(b"mp4")
+    task = asyncio.create_task(video.probe_video_segment(seg, timeout_seconds=30.0))
+    await asyncio.sleep(0.02)
+    task.cancel()
+    with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        await task
+    assert proc.killed and proc.drained
diff --git a/third_party/mobile_use/config/llm.py b/third_party/mobile_use/config/llm.py
index be9f509a..f93c5bc8 100644
--- a/third_party/mobile_use/config/llm.py
+++ b/third_party/mobile_use/config/llm.py
@@ -63,6 +63,10 @@ class LLM(BaseModel):
     reasoning_effort: Literal["none", "low", "medium", "high"] | None = None
     include_thoughts: bool | None = None
     enable_grounding: bool | None = None
+    api_base: str | None = None
+    api_key: str | None = None
+    max_tokens: int | None = None
+    timeout: float | None = None
 
     def validate_provider(self, name: str) -> None:
         """Ensure the required API key or credentials exist in settings for this provider."""
diff --git a/third_party/mobile_use/context.py b/third_party/mobile_use/context.py
index 89533dc7..a9405138 100644
--- a/third_party/mobile_use/context.py
+++ b/third_party/mobile_use/context.py
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ class DevicePlatform(StrEnum):
     """Mobile device platform enumeration."""
 
     ANDROID = "android"
+    IOS = "ios"
 
 
 class DeviceContext(BaseModel):
diff --git a/third_party/mobile_use/sdk/agent.py b/third_party/mobile_use/sdk/agent.py
index c6a81203..57b7e568 100644
--- a/third_party/mobile_use/sdk/agent.py
+++ b/third_party/mobile_use/sdk/agent.py
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@
 from artemis.graph.graph import get_graph
 from artemis.graph.state import State
 from artemis.runtime import DeviceExecutionLock
+from artemis.runtime.adb_endpoint import IOS_LOCK_SCOPE
 from artemis.sdk.run_outcome import attach_test_summary, resolve_trace_suffix
 from artemis.sdk.types.agent import AgentConfig
 from artemis.utils.startup_progress import publish_startup_progress
@@ -123,7 +124,10 @@ async def init(
         target_dev = device_serial or device_id
         if target_dev:
             self._config = self._config.model_copy(
-                update={"device_id": target_dev, "device_platform": DevicePlatform.ANDROID}
+                update={
+                    "device_id": target_dev,
+                    "device_platform": self._config.device_platform or DevicePlatform.ANDROID,
+                }
             )
 
         return await self._init_internal(
@@ -440,6 +444,8 @@ async def _run_task(
             llm_config=agent_profile.llm_config,
             agent_config=self._config,
         )
+        if context.device.mobile_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS:
+            context._active_driver = getattr(self, "_ios_driver", None)
 
         output_config = None
         if request.output_description or request.output_format:
@@ -467,7 +473,14 @@ async def _execute_task_logic():
                 or getattr(task, "id", None)
                 or getattr(getattr(task, "request", None), "task_name", None)
             )
-            active_owner = DeviceExecutionLock.get_active_owner(self._device_context.device_id)
+            # iOS simulators lock under the "ios" scope so a UDID can never
+            # collide with an Android serial carrying the same text.
+            lock_scope = (
+                IOS_LOCK_SCOPE if context.device.mobile_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS else None
+            )
+            active_owner = DeviceExecutionLock.get_active_owner(
+                self._device_context.device_id, lock_scope=lock_scope
+            )
             already_held = (
                 active_owner is not None
                 and active_owner.pid == os.getpid()
@@ -486,6 +499,7 @@ async def _execute_task_logic():
                     max_concurrency=effective_max,
                     session_id=str(sess_id) if sess_id else None,
                     ingress=os.getenv("ARTEMIS_TASK_INGRESS") or "agent",
+                    lock_scope=lock_scope,
                 )
             )
             try:
@@ -516,12 +530,15 @@ async def _execute_task_logic():
                 # DataEngine uses a shared database, so a queued task must not
                 # publish a new active session while the current task is still
                 # finishing.
+                if context.device.mobile_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS:
+                    await self._ensure_device_unlocked()
                 self._prepare_tracing(task=task, context=context)
                 self._prepare_output_files(task=task)
                 if os.environ.get("ARTEMIS_CLOUD_MODE") != "1":
                     if self._ui_adb_client is not None:
                         await self._connect_screen_client(context, str(sess_id))
-                    await self._ensure_device_unlocked()
+                    if context.device.mobile_platform != DevicePlatform.IOS:
+                        await self._ensure_device_unlocked()
                 publish_startup_progress(
                     "environment", "Preparing the device environment", session_id=str(sess_id)
                 )
@@ -749,6 +766,10 @@ async def _safe_stop_recording():
 
                 raise
             finally:
+                # The native simulator transport is task-owned even when setup
+                # fails before entering the context manager.
+                if context.device.mobile_platform == DevicePlatform.IOS:
+                    await context.disconnect_driver()
                 try:
                     # Background ADB processes (logcat, screenrecord, ...) started
                     # by the Operator must not outlive the automation task.
diff --git a/third_party/mobile_use/utils/file.py b/third_party/mobile_use/utils/file.py
index e7930014..055adc10 100644
--- a/third_party/mobile_use/utils/file.py
+++ b/third_party/mobile_use/utils/file.py
@@ -17,14 +17,51 @@
 # See third_party/mobile_use/METADATA for the upstream source and local modifications.
 
 import json
-import re
 from typing import IO
 
 
 def strip_json_comments(text: str) -> str:
-    text = re.sub(r"//.*?$", "", text, flags=re.MULTILINE)
-    text = re.sub(r"/\*.*?\*/", "", text, flags=re.DOTALL)
-    return text
+    """Remove ``//`` and ``/* */`` comments while preserving string literals.
+
+    The naive regex version stripped ``//`` sequences inside quoted strings,
+    which made URL values (e.g. ``"api_base": "http://127.0.0.1:8080/v1"``)
+    unparseable. This scan tracks string/escape state and only treats the
+    comment markers that appear outside strings as comments.
+    """
+    out: list[str] = []
+    i, n = 0, len(text)
+    in_string = False
+    while i < n:
+        char = text[i]
+        if in_string:
+            out.append(char)
+            if char == "\\" and i + 1 < n:
+                out.append(text[i + 1])
+                i += 2
+                continue
+            if char == '"':
+                in_string = False
+            i += 1
+            continue
+        if char == '"':
+            in_string = True
+            out.append(char)
+            i += 1
+            continue
+        if char == "/" and i + 1 < n:
+            if text[i + 1] == "/":
+                while i < n and text[i] != "\n":
+                    i += 1
+                continue
+            if text[i + 1] == "*":
+                i += 2
+                while i + 1 < n and not (text[i] == "*" and text[i + 1] == "/"):
+                    i += 1
+                i += 2
+                continue
+        out.append(char)
+        i += 1
+    return "".join(out)
 
 
 def load_jsonc(file: IO) -> dict: