diff --git a/rust/lance-encoding/src/encodings/logical/primitive.rs b/rust/lance-encoding/src/encodings/logical/primitive.rs
index 2e85adab10b..bffa254835d 100644
--- a/rust/lance-encoding/src/encodings/logical/primitive.rs
+++ b/rust/lance-encoding/src/encodings/logical/primitive.rs
@@ -2650,15 +2650,40 @@ fn build_chunk_index(
     // and an invalid count must not reach the final-chunk subtraction.
     let value_counts = analyze_value_counts(words, items_in_page)?;
 
-    // Each chunk stores `(divided_bytes + 1) * MINIBLOCK_ALIGNMENT` bytes, so the
-    // deltas are the chunk sizes and their grand total is the data buffer size.
-    let byte_starts = PrefixSums::from_deltas(
+    // Each chunk stores `(divided_bytes + 1) * MINIBLOCK_ALIGNMENT` bytes.  Validate
+    // that the metadata covers exactly the recorded data buffer before using its
+    // total to select the prefix-sum width.
+    let chunk_sizes = || {
         words
             .iter()
-            .map(|word| ((word >> 4) as u64 + 1) * MINIBLOCK_ALIGNMENT as u64),
-        num_chunks,
-        data_buf_size,
-    );
+            .map(|word| ((word >> 4) as u64 + 1) * MINIBLOCK_ALIGNMENT as u64)
+    };
+    let chunk_data_size = chunk_sizes().enumerate().try_fold(
+        0u64,
+        |accumulated_size, (chunk_index, chunk_size)| {
+            accumulated_size.checked_add(chunk_size).ok_or_else(|| {
+                Error::corrupt_file_named(
+                    "miniblock_metadata",
+                    format!(
+                        "chunk byte sizes overflow at chunk_index={chunk_index}: \
+                         accumulated_size={accumulated_size}, chunk_size={chunk_size}, \
+                         num_chunks={num_chunks}"
+                    ),
+                )
+            })
+        },
+    )?;
+    if chunk_data_size != data_buf_size {
+        return Err(Error::corrupt_file_named(
+            "miniblock_metadata",
+            format!(
+                "chunk byte sizes do not match the data buffer: \
+                 chunk_data_size={chunk_data_size}, data_buf_size={data_buf_size}, \
+                 num_chunks={num_chunks}"
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+    let byte_starts = PrefixSums::from_deltas(chunk_sizes(), num_chunks, chunk_data_size);
 
     // Nested pages track rows via the repetition index and keep leaf item counts
     // separately; flat pages have row == value index, so value counts are rows.
@@ -7385,6 +7410,7 @@ mod tests {
     };
     use arrow_buffer::{BooleanBuffer, NullBuffer, ScalarBuffer};
     use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field as ArrowField};
+    use lance_core::Error;
     use std::collections::HashMap;
     use std::{collections::VecDeque, sync::Arc};
 
@@ -8715,6 +8741,24 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(total_items, items_in_page);
     }
 
+    #[rstest]
+    #[case::metadata_longer_than_data(8)]
+    #[case::metadata_shorter_than_data(24)]
+    fn test_rejects_mismatched_miniblock_data_size(#[case] data_buf_size: u64) {
+        let (words, _) = words_from(&[(1, 8), (0, 8)]);
+
+        let error = build_chunk_index(&words, 3, 0, data_buf_size, None, 0).unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(matches!(error, Error::CorruptFile { .. }));
+        let message = error.to_string();
+        assert!(message.contains("chunk_data_size=16"), "{message}");
+        assert!(
+            message.contains(&format!("data_buf_size={data_buf_size}")),
+            "{message}"
+        );
+        assert!(message.contains("num_chunks=2"), "{message}");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_nested_detection_and_axes() {
         // Repetition index (stride 2): three chunks holding 5, 4, 3 rows, no trailers.