diff --git a/lib/internal/streams/fast-utf8-stream.js b/lib/internal/streams/fast-utf8-stream.js
index 8a1b6185e82..79aabd0136f 100644
--- a/lib/internal/streams/fast-utf8-stream.js
+++ b/lib/internal/streams/fast-utf8-stream.js
@@ -83,6 +83,8 @@ class Utf8Stream extends EventEmitter {
   #mode = 0o666;
   #retryEAGAIN = () => true;
   #mkdir = false;
+  #maxWriteRetries = 0;
+  #writeRetries = 0;
   #writingBuf = '';
   #write;
   #flush;
@@ -128,6 +130,7 @@ class Utf8Stream extends EventEmitter {
       append = true,
       mkdir,
       retryEAGAIN,
+      maxWriteRetries,
       fsync,
       contentMode = kContentModeUtf8,
       mode,
@@ -161,12 +164,14 @@ class Utf8Stream extends EventEmitter {
     this.#mode = mode;
     this.#retryEAGAIN = retryEAGAIN || (() => true);
     this.#mkdir = mkdir || false;
+    this.#maxWriteRetries = maxWriteRetries || 0;
 
     validateUint32(this.#hwm, 'options.hwm');
     validateUint32(this.#minLength, 'options.minLength');
     validateUint32(this.#maxLength, 'options.maxLength');
     validateUint32(this.#maxWrite, 'options.maxWrite');
     validateUint32(this.#periodicFlush, 'options.periodicFlush');
+    validateUint32(this.#maxWriteRetries, 'options.maxWriteRetries');
     validateBoolean(this.#sync, 'options.sync');
     validateBoolean(this.#fsync, 'options.fsync');
     validateBoolean(this.#append, 'options.append');
@@ -373,7 +378,13 @@ class Utf8Stream extends EventEmitter {
 
   #release(err, n) {
     if (err) {
-      if ((err.code === 'EAGAIN' || err.code === 'EBUSY') &&
+      const isRetryableErr = (err.code === 'EAGAIN' || err.code === 'EBUSY');
+      if (isRetryableErr) {
+        this.#writeRetries++;
+      }
+      const retriesExhausted = this.#maxWriteRetries > 0 && this.#writeRetries > this.#maxWriteRetries;
+
+      if (isRetryableErr && !retriesExhausted &&
           this.#retryEAGAIN(err, this.#writingBuf.length, this.#len - this.#writingBuf.length)) {
         if (this.#sync) {
           // This error code should not happen in sync mode, because it is
@@ -398,6 +409,13 @@ class Utf8Stream extends EventEmitter {
       return;
     }
 
+    // Reset the retry counter only once real forward progress (n > 0) is
+    // confirmed. Otherwise a stuck destination would never accumulate past
+    // one retry and `maxWriteRetries` could never trigger.
+    if (n > 0) {
+      this.#writeRetries = 0;
+    }
+
     this.emit('write', n);
     const releasedBufObj = releaseWritingBuf(this.#writingBuf, this.#len, n);
     this.#len = releasedBufObj.len;
@@ -635,6 +653,7 @@ class Utf8Stream extends EventEmitter {
       }
       try {
         const n = this.#fs.writeSync(this.#fd, buf);
+        this.#writeRetries = 0;
         buf = buf.subarray(n);
         this.#len = MathMax(this.#len - n, 0);
         if (buf.length <= 0) {
@@ -643,7 +662,11 @@ class Utf8Stream extends EventEmitter {
         }
       } catch (err) {
         const shouldRetry = err.code === 'EAGAIN' || err.code === 'EBUSY';
-        if (shouldRetry && !this.#retryEAGAIN(err, buf.length, this.#len - buf.length)) {
+        if (shouldRetry) {
+          this.#writeRetries++;
+        }
+        const retriesExhausted = this.#maxWriteRetries > 0 && this.#writeRetries > this.#maxWriteRetries;
+        if (!shouldRetry || retriesExhausted || !this.#retryEAGAIN(err, buf.length, this.#len - buf.length)) {
           throw err;
         }
 
@@ -673,6 +696,7 @@ class Utf8Stream extends EventEmitter {
       }
       try {
         const n = this.#fs.writeSync(this.#fd, buf, 'utf8');
+        this.#writeRetries = 0;
         const releasedBufObj = releaseWritingBuf(buf, this.#len, n);
         buf = releasedBufObj.writingBuf;
         this.#len = releasedBufObj.len;
@@ -681,7 +705,11 @@ class Utf8Stream extends EventEmitter {
         }
       } catch (err) {
         const shouldRetry = err.code === 'EAGAIN' || err.code === 'EBUSY';
-        if (shouldRetry && !this.#retryEAGAIN(err, buf.length, this.#len - buf.length)) {
+        if (shouldRetry) {
+          this.#writeRetries++;
+        }
+        const retriesExhausted = this.#maxWriteRetries > 0 && this.#writeRetries > this.#maxWriteRetries;
+        if (!shouldRetry || retriesExhausted || !this.#retryEAGAIN(err, buf.length, this.#len - buf.length)) {
           throw err;
         }
 
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-fastutf8stream-flush.js b/test/parallel/test-fastutf8stream-flush.js
index 195d5e83c9c..60238ed7690 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-fastutf8stream-flush.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-fastutf8stream-flush.js
@@ -4,9 +4,12 @@ const common = require('../common');
 const tmpdir = require('../common/tmpdir');
 const assert = require('node:assert');
 const {
+  open,
   openSync,
   readFile,
   writeFileSync,
+  write,
+  writeSync,
 } = require('node:fs');
 const { join } = require('node:path');
 const { Utf8Stream } = require('node:fs');
@@ -25,6 +28,31 @@ function getTempFile() {
 runTests(false);
 runTests(true);
 
+// Flush cb is invoked when flushing before 'ready' while the stream is
+// still opening (async mode only; sync mode writes synchronously).
+{
+  const dest = getTempFile();
+
+  const stream = new Utf8Stream({
+    dest,
+    minLength: 4096,
+    sync: false,
+    fs: {
+      open(file, flags, mode, cb) {
+        process.nextTick(() => {
+          assert.ok(stream.write('hello world\n'));
+          stream.flush(common.mustSucceed(() => {
+            stream.destroy();
+          }));
+          open(file, flags, mode, cb);
+        });
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  stream.on('ready', common.mustCall());
+}
+
 function runTests(sync) {
   {
     const dest = getTempFile();
@@ -136,4 +164,84 @@ function runTests(sync) {
     stream.destroy();
     stream.flush(common.mustCall(assert.ok));
   }
+
+  {
+    // Flush cb is invoked with the error when the underlying write fails.
+    const dest = getTempFile();
+    const fd = openSync(dest, 'w');
+
+    const err = new Error('other');
+    err.code = 'other';
+    let first = true;
+
+    const fsOverride = {};
+    if (sync) {
+      fsOverride.writeSync = common.mustCallAtLeast((...args) => {
+        if (first) {
+          first = false;
+          throw err;
+        }
+        return writeSync(...args);
+      }, 1);
+    } else {
+      fsOverride.write = common.mustCallAtLeast((...args) => {
+        const callback = args[args.length - 1];
+        if (first) {
+          first = false;
+          process.nextTick(callback, err);
+          return;
+        }
+        return write(...args);
+      }, 1);
+    }
+
+    const stream = new Utf8Stream({
+      fd,
+      sync,
+      minLength: 4096,
+      fs: fsOverride,
+    });
+
+    stream.on('ready', common.mustCall(() => {
+      assert.ok(stream.write('hello world\n'));
+      stream.flush(common.mustCall((e) => {
+        assert.strictEqual(e.code, 'other');
+        stream.destroy();
+      }));
+    }));
+  }
+
+  {
+    // Flush cb is invoked once the in-flight write completes.
+    const dest = getTempFile();
+    const fd = openSync(dest, 'w');
+
+    const fsOverride = {};
+    if (sync) {
+      fsOverride.writeSync = common.mustCallAtLeast((...args) => {
+        stream.flush(common.mustSucceed(() => {
+          stream.destroy();
+        }));
+        return writeSync(...args);
+      }, 1);
+    } else {
+      fsOverride.write = common.mustCallAtLeast((...args) => {
+        stream.flush(common.mustSucceed(() => {
+          stream.destroy();
+        }));
+        return write(...args);
+      }, 1);
+    }
+
+    const stream = new Utf8Stream({
+      fd,
+      sync,
+      minLength: 1,
+      fs: fsOverride,
+    });
+
+    stream.on('ready', common.mustCall(() => {
+      assert.ok(stream.write('hello world\n'));
+    }));
+  }
 }
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-fastutf8stream-retry.js b/test/parallel/test-fastutf8stream-retry.js
index 3381c9beac0..e1b29ed27b3 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-fastutf8stream-retry.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-fastutf8stream-retry.js
@@ -211,3 +211,117 @@ function runTests(sync) {
     }));
   }));
 }
+
+{
+  const dest = getTempFile();
+  const fd = openSync(dest, 'w');
+
+  const err = new Error('EAGAIN');
+  err.code = 'EAGAIN';
+  let attempts = 0;
+
+  const stream = new Utf8Stream({
+    fd,
+    sync: false,
+    minLength: 0,
+    maxWriteRetries: 3,
+    // retryEAGAIN always returns true ("keep going"), so maxWriteRetries must
+    // itself cap the number of attempts instead of retrying forever.
+    retryEAGAIN: () => true,
+    fs: {
+      write: common.mustCall((...args) => {
+        attempts++;
+        const callback = args[args.length - 1];
+        process.nextTick(callback, err);
+      }, 4),
+    }
+  });
+
+  stream.on('ready', common.mustCall(() => {
+    assert.ok(stream.write('hello world\n'));
+  }));
+
+  stream.once('error', common.mustCall((err) => {
+    assert.strictEqual(err.code, 'EAGAIN');
+    // 1 initial attempt + 3 retries = 4 total fs.write calls, then give up.
+    assert.strictEqual(attempts, 4);
+    assert.strictEqual(stream.writing, false);
+    stream.destroy();
+  }));
+}
+
+{
+  const dest = getTempFile();
+  const fd = openSync(dest, 'w');
+
+  const err = new Error('EAGAIN');
+  err.code = 'EAGAIN';
+
+  const stream = new Utf8Stream({
+    fd,
+    sync: true,
+    minLength: 0,
+    maxWriteRetries: 3,
+    retryEAGAIN: () => true,
+    fs: {
+      writeSync: common.mustCall((...args) => {
+        throw err;
+      }, 4),
+    }
+  });
+
+  stream.on('ready', common.mustCall(() => {
+    // Once retries are exhausted, write() must surface the error instead of
+    // spinning forever on EAGAIN.
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      stream.write('hello world\n');
+    }, (e) => e.code === 'EAGAIN');
+    stream.destroy();
+  }));
+}
+
+{
+  const dest = getTempFile();
+  const fd = openSync(dest, 'w');
+
+  const err = new Error('EAGAIN');
+  err.code = 'EAGAIN';
+  let call = 0;
+
+  const stream = new Utf8Stream({
+    fd,
+    sync: false,
+    minLength: 0,
+    maxWriteRetries: 3,
+    retryEAGAIN: () => true,
+    fs: {
+      write: common.mustCallAtLeast((...args) => {
+        call++;
+        const callback = args[args.length - 1];
+        if (call % 3 === 0) {
+          return write(...args);
+        }
+        process.nextTick(callback, err);
+      }, 5),
+    }
+  });
+
+  stream.on('error', common.mustNotCall());
+
+  stream.on('ready', common.mustCall(() => {
+    // First burst: calls 1-2 fail with EAGAIN, call 3 succeeds.
+    assert.ok(stream.write('hello world\n'));
+    stream.once('drain', common.mustCall(() => {
+      // Second burst: calls 4-5 fail again. The counter must have been reset
+      // by the successful write at call 3, so this burst succeeds too.
+      stream.write('sonic boom\n');
+      stream.end();
+    }));
+  }));
+
+  stream.on('finish', common.mustCall(() => {
+    readFile(dest, 'utf8', common.mustSucceed((data) => {
+      assert.strictEqual(data, 'hello world\nsonic boom\n');
+    }));
+  }));
+}
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-fastutf8stream-write.js b/test/parallel/test-fastutf8stream-write.js
index a022aead59a..432b044e165 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-fastutf8stream-write.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-fastutf8stream-write.js
@@ -268,3 +268,67 @@ function runTests(sync) {
   assert.strictEqual(stream.maxLength, 65536);
   stream.end();
 }
+
+// maxLength drop behavior: writing past maxLength must emit 'drop' and
+// never write the overflowing chunk (see SonicBoom write tests).
+{
+  const dest = getTempFile();
+  const fd = openSync(dest, 'w');
+
+  const buf = Buffer.alloc(100).fill('x').toString();
+
+  const stream = new Utf8Stream({
+    fd,
+    minLength: 101,
+    maxLength: 102,
+    sync: false,
+    fs: {
+      write: common.mustCall((...args) => {
+        const data = args[1];
+        const callback = args[args.length - 1];
+        assert.strictEqual(data.length, buf.length + 2);
+        process.nextTick(callback, null, data.length);
+        stream.end();
+      }, 1),
+    }
+  });
+
+  stream.on('drop', common.mustNotCall());
+
+  stream.on('ready', common.mustCall(() => {
+    assert.ok(stream.write(buf));
+    assert.ok(stream.write('aa'));
+  }));
+}
+
+{
+  const dest = getTempFile();
+  const fd = openSync(dest, 'w');
+
+  const buf = Buffer.alloc(100).fill('x').toString();
+
+  const stream = new Utf8Stream({
+    fd,
+    minLength: 101,
+    maxLength: 102,
+    sync: false,
+    fs: {
+      write: common.mustCall((...args) => {
+        const data = args[1];
+        const callback = args[args.length - 1];
+        assert.strictEqual(data.length, buf.length);
+        process.nextTick(callback, null, data.length);
+      }, 1),
+    }
+  });
+
+  stream.on('drop', common.mustCall((data) => {
+    assert.strictEqual(data.length, 3);
+    stream.end();
+  }));
+
+  stream.on('ready', common.mustCall(() => {
+    assert.ok(stream.write(buf));
+    assert.ok(stream.write('aaa'));
+  }));
+}