diff --git a/AUTHORS b/AUTHORS
index bd1e27cb37d..2db9c7acb92 100644
--- a/AUTHORS
+++ b/AUTHORS
@@ -290,6 +290,7 @@ Levon Saldamli
 Lewis Cowles
 Liam DeVoe
 Llandy Riveron Del Risco
+Logan Dapp
 Loic Esteve
 lovetheguitar
 Lukas Bednar
diff --git a/changelog/13030.deprecation.rst b/changelog/13030.deprecation.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..21949d62e4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/13030.deprecation.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Defining :globalvar:`pytest_plugins` in a test module is now deprecated and emits a :class:`~pytest.PytestDeprecationWarning` when more than one test file is collected, since the plugins affect the entire test suite rather than only that module.
+See :ref:`pytest-plugins-in-test-modules` for details.
diff --git a/doc/en/deprecations.rst b/doc/en/deprecations.rst
index 59f11c4ec09..395ffed8bfd 100644
--- a/doc/en/deprecations.rst
+++ b/doc/en/deprecations.rst
@@ -15,6 +15,30 @@ Below is a complete list of all pytest features which are considered deprecated.
 :class:`~pytest.PytestWarning` or subclasses, which can be filtered using :ref:`standard warning filters <warnings>`.
 
 
+.. _pytest-plugins-in-test-modules:
+
+``pytest_plugins`` in test modules
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. deprecated:: 9.2
+
+Defining :globalvar:`pytest_plugins` in a test module is deprecated, because the
+plugins it lists are activated for the *entire* test suite, not only for that
+module. This is surprising, and the outcome of other test modules can depend on
+whether that module happens to be collected.
+
+To keep single-file test suites (common for testing plugins) working, the
+:class:`~pytest.PytestDeprecationWarning` is only emitted when more than one
+test file is collected. There is no removal version yet.
+
+Move the variable to a ``conftest.py`` file at the rootdir instead:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # content of conftest.py
+    pytest_plugins = ["myapp.testsupport.myplugin"]
+
+
 .. _callspec2-renamed:
 
 ``_pytest.python.CallSpec2`` renamed to ``CallSpec``
diff --git a/doc/en/how-to/writing_plugins.rst b/doc/en/how-to/writing_plugins.rst
index 079bde6274f..743fe73e69c 100644
--- a/doc/en/how-to/writing_plugins.rst
+++ b/doc/en/how-to/writing_plugins.rst
@@ -278,6 +278,11 @@ of the variable will also be loaded as plugins, and so on.
     :globalvar:`pytest_plugins` in any ``conftest.py`` file which is not located in the
     tests root directory is deprecated, and will raise a warning.
 
+    Likewise, defining :globalvar:`pytest_plugins` in a test module affects the
+    entire test suite, so it is deprecated and pytest emits a
+    :class:`~pytest.PytestDeprecationWarning` when it finds one while collecting
+    more than one test file. See :ref:`pytest-plugins-in-test-modules`.
+
 This mechanism makes it easy to share fixtures within applications or even
 external applications without the need to create external plugins using the
 :std:doc:`entry point packaging metadata
diff --git a/src/_pytest/deprecated.py b/src/_pytest/deprecated.py
index a94aeb735e5..4ee5ada0762 100644
--- a/src/_pytest/deprecated.py
+++ b/src/_pytest/deprecated.py
@@ -53,6 +53,17 @@
 )
 
 
+# Not tied to a removal version yet (#13030).
+PYTEST_PLUGINS_IN_TEST_MODULE = UnformattedWarning(
+    PytestDeprecationWarning,
+    "Defining 'pytest_plugins' in test module {nodeid} affects the entire test suite "
+    "instead of just this module.\n"
+    "Please move it to a top level conftest file at the rootdir.\n"
+    "See https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/deprecations.html"
+    "#pytest-plugins-in-test-modules",
+)
+
+
 HOOK_LEGACY_MARKING = UnformattedWarning(
     PytestRemovedIn10Warning,
     "The hook{type} {fullname} uses old-style configuration options (marks or attributes).\n"
diff --git a/src/_pytest/python.py b/src/_pytest/python.py
index 1ce7f71a7bd..5281347b714 100644
--- a/src/_pytest/python.py
+++ b/src/_pytest/python.py
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@
 from _pytest.config.argparsing import Parser
 from _pytest.deprecated import CALLSPEC2_RENAMED
 from _pytest.deprecated import check_ispytest
+from _pytest.deprecated import PYTEST_PLUGINS_IN_TEST_MODULE
 from _pytest.fixtures import _resolve_args_directness
 from _pytest.fixtures import FixtureDef
 from _pytest.fixtures import FixtureRequest
@@ -77,10 +78,12 @@
 from _pytest.pathlib import import_path
 from _pytest.pathlib import ImportPathMismatchError
 from _pytest.pathlib import scandir
+from _pytest.reports import CollectReport
 from _pytest.scope import Scope
 from _pytest.scope import ScopeName
 from _pytest.stash import StashKey
 from _pytest.warning_types import PytestCollectionWarning
+from _pytest.warning_types import PytestDeprecationWarning
 from _pytest.warning_types import PytestReturnNotNoneWarning
 
 
@@ -574,6 +577,18 @@ def importtestmodule(
     return mod
 
 
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class _CollectedTestModules:
+    """Test modules collected so far, to warn about ``pytest_plugins`` (#13030)."""
+
+    count: int = 0
+    # Held only until the second test module is collected.
+    first: Module | None = None
+
+
+_collected_test_modules_key = StashKey[_CollectedTestModules]()
+
+
 class Module(nodes.File, PyCollector):
     """Collector for test classes and functions in a Python module."""
 
@@ -584,8 +599,46 @@ def collect(self) -> Iterable[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector]:
         self._register_setup_module_fixture()
         self._register_setup_function_fixture()
         self.session._fixturemanager.parsefactories(self)
+        self._warn_pytest_plugins_in_test_module()
         return super().collect()
 
+    def _warn_pytest_plugins_in_test_module(self) -> None:
+        """Warn when a test module defines ``pytest_plugins`` (#13030).
+
+        Such plugins affect the entire test suite rather than only the
+        declaring module. A single-file suite (common for plugin tests) cannot
+        be affected, so the warning is held back until a second test module
+        is collected.
+        """
+        collected = self.config.stash.setdefault(
+            _collected_test_modules_key, _CollectedTestModules()
+        )
+        collected.count += 1
+        if collected.count == 1:
+            collected.first = self
+            return
+        if collected.first is not None:
+            first, collected.first = collected.first, None
+            first._warn_pytest_plugins_retroactively()
+        self._warn_if_pytest_plugins()
+
+    def _warn_if_pytest_plugins(self) -> None:
+        if hasattr(self.obj, "pytest_plugins"):
+            self.warn(PYTEST_PLUGINS_IN_TEST_MODULE.format(nodeid=self.nodeid))
+
+    def _warn_pytest_plugins_retroactively(self) -> None:
+        """Warn about this already collected module while another one is collected.
+
+        If the warning is turned into an error, report it as a collection error
+        of this module instead of the module currently being collected.
+        """
+        try:
+            self._warn_if_pytest_plugins()
+        except PytestDeprecationWarning:
+            longrepr = self.repr_failure(ExceptionInfo.from_current())
+            report = CollectReport(self.id, "failed", longrepr, [])
+            self.ihook.pytest_collectreport(report=report)
+
     def _register_setup_module_fixture(self) -> None:
         """Register an autouse, module-scoped fixture for the collected module object
         that invokes setUpModule/tearDownModule if either or both are available.
diff --git a/testing/test_cacheprovider.py b/testing/test_cacheprovider.py
index a38a72c6011..bb4fd9f6ad1 100644
--- a/testing/test_cacheprovider.py
+++ b/testing/test_cacheprovider.py
@@ -19,9 +19,6 @@
 import pytest
 
 
-pytest_plugins = ("pytester",)
-
-
 class TestNewAPI:
     def test_config_cache_mkdir(self, pytester: Pytester) -> None:
         pytester.makeini("[pytest]")
diff --git a/testing/test_config.py b/testing/test_config.py
index 282e66409f7..9a953a6e7eb 100644
--- a/testing/test_config.py
+++ b/testing/test_config.py
@@ -3120,6 +3120,83 @@ def test_pytest_plugins_in_non_top_level_conftest_unsupported_no_false_positives
         msg = "Defining 'pytest_plugins' in a non-top-level conftest is no longer supported"
         assert msg not in res.stdout.str()
 
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("module", ["test_a", "test_b"])
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("default")
+    def test_pytest_plugins_in_test_module_warns(
+        self, pytester: Pytester, module: str
+    ) -> None:
+        """Using pytest_plugins in a test module affects the whole suite (#13030).
+
+        Covers both the first collected module (warned retroactively) and a later one.
+        """
+        pytester.makepyfile(
+            test_a="def test_a(): pass",
+            test_b="def test_b(): pass",
+        )
+        pytester.makepyfile(
+            **{
+                module: f"""
+                    pytest_plugins = ['capture']
+
+                    def {module}(): pass
+                """
+            }
+        )
+        res = pytester.runpytest()
+        assert res.ret == 0
+        res.stdout.fnmatch_lines(
+            [
+                f"*{module}.py:1: PytestDeprecationWarning: Defining 'pytest_plugins' "
+                f"in test module {module}.py affects the entire test suite*",
+                "*2 passed, 1 warning*",
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def test_pytest_plugins_in_single_test_module_no_warning(
+        self, pytester: Pytester
+    ) -> None:
+        """A single-file test suite (e.g. a plugin's own tests) stays quiet (#13030)."""
+        pytester.makepyfile(
+            """
+            pytest_plugins = ['capture']
+
+            def test_func(): pass
+            """
+        )
+        res = pytester.runpytest()
+        assert res.ret == 0
+        assert "Defining 'pytest_plugins' in test module" not in res.stdout.str()
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("module", ["test_a", "test_b"])
+    def test_pytest_plugins_in_test_module_as_error(
+        self, pytester: Pytester, module: str
+    ) -> None:
+        """As an error, it is a collection error of the defining module (#13030)."""
+        pytester.makepyfile(
+            test_a="def test_a(): pass",
+            test_b="def test_b(): pass",
+        )
+        pytester.makepyfile(
+            **{
+                module: f"""
+                    pytest_plugins = ['capture']
+
+                    def {module}(): pass
+                """
+            }
+        )
+        res = pytester.runpytest("-W", "error::pytest.PytestDeprecationWarning")
+        assert res.ret == pytest.ExitCode.INTERRUPTED
+        res.stdout.fnmatch_lines(
+            [
+                f"*ERROR collecting {module}.py*",
+                f"*in test module {module}.py affects*",
+                "*1 error*",
+            ]
+        )
+        other = "test_b" if module == "test_a" else "test_a"
+        res.stdout.no_fnmatch_line(f"*ERROR collecting {other}.py*")
+
 
 def test_conftest_import_error_repr(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     """`ConftestImportFailure` should use a short error message and readable