gh-154318: Guard C recursion when hashing nested tuples and frozendicts (GH-154362)

* gh-154318: Guard C recursion when hashing nested tuples and frozendicts

tuple_hash() and frozendict_hash() fold each contained object's hash into
an accumulator with PyObject_Hash() inside an unguarded loop. For a deeply
nested tuple or frozendict this recurses back into the same function once
per level and overflows the C stack (SIGSEGV / STATUS_STACK_OVERFLOW)
instead of raising RecursionError.

Wrap both loops in _Py_EnterRecursiveCall() / _Py_LeaveRecursiveCall(), as
the sibling comparison and repr paths already do. The guard is placed after
the cached-hash early return, so repeated hashing of an already-hashed
tuple is unaffected.

This also covers types.GenericAlias, whose ga_hash() hashes its __args__
tuple and so crashed through tuple_hash().

Author: gianghungtien

Lib/test/test_dict.py

@@ -1990,6 +1990,21 @@ def test_hash(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "unhashable type: 'list'"):
             hash(fd)
 
+    @support.skip_if_huge_c_stack(500_000)
+    @support.skip_wasi_stack_overflow()
+    @support.skip_emscripten_stack_overflow()
+    def test_hash_deeply_nested(self):
+        # This should raise a RecursionError and not crash.
+        # Nesting through *values*: unlike keys, values are not hashed at
+        # construction time, so hashing recurses the full depth.
+        # See https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/154318.
+        fd = frozendict({0: 0})
+        for _ in range(500_000):
+            fd = frozendict({0: fd})
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(RecursionError,
+                                    "while hashing a frozendict"):
+            hash(fd)
+
     @support.cpython_only
     def test_hash_cpython(self):
         # Check that hash(frozendict) implementation is:

Lib/test/test_tuple.py

@@ -123,6 +123,18 @@ def check_one_exact(t, e32, e64):
         check_one_exact((0.5, (), (-2, 3, (4, 6))), 714642271,
                         -1845940830829704396)
 
+    @support.skip_if_huge_c_stack(500_000)
+    @support.skip_wasi_stack_overflow()
+    @support.skip_emscripten_stack_overflow()
+    def test_hash_deeply_nested(self):
+        # This should raise a RecursionError and not crash.
+        # See https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/154318.
+        t = ()
+        for _ in range(500_000):
+            t = (t,)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(RecursionError, "while hashing a tuple"):
+            hash(t)
+
     # Various tests for hashing of tuples to check that we get few collisions.
     # Does something only if RUN_ALL_HASH_TESTS is true.
     #

Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-07-21-10-42-15.gh-issue-154318.Kq3Wm7.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Fix a crash when hashing a deeply nested :class:`tuple` or :class:`frozendict`.
+A :exc:`RecursionError` is now raised instead of overflowing the C stack.

Objects/dictobject.c

@@ -8474,16 +8474,26 @@ frozendict_hash(PyObject *op)
     PyDictObject *mp = _PyAnyDict_CAST(op);
     Py_uhash_t hash = 0;
 
+    /* Hashing a value recurses back into frozendict_hash() when that value
+       is itself a frozendict, so guard the descent to raise RecursionError
+       rather than overflow the C stack on a deeply nested frozendict.  Keys
+       are safe: their hashes are already computed at construction time. */
+    if (_Py_EnterRecursiveCall(" while hashing a frozendict")) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
     PyObject *value;  // borrowed ref
     Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
     Py_hash_t key_hash;
     while (_PyDict_Next(op, &pos, NULL, &value, &key_hash)) {
         Py_hash_t pair_hash = frozendict_pair_hash(key_hash, value);
         if (pair_hash == -1) {
+            _Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
             return -1;
         }
         hash ^= _shuffle_bits(pair_hash);
     }
+    _Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
 
     /* Factor in the number of active entries */
     hash ^= ((Py_uhash_t)mp->ma_used + 1) * 1927868237UL;

Objects/tupleobject.c

@@ -380,16 +380,26 @@ tuple_hash(PyObject *op)
 
     Py_ssize_t len = Py_SIZE(v);
     PyObject **item = v->ob_item;
+
+    /* Hashing an item recurses back into tuple_hash() when that item is
+       itself a tuple, so guard the descent to raise RecursionError rather
+       than overflow the C stack on a deeply nested tuple. */
+    if (_Py_EnterRecursiveCall(" while hashing a tuple")) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
     acc = _PyTuple_HASH_XXPRIME_5;
     for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
         Py_uhash_t lane = PyObject_Hash(item[i]);
         if (lane == (Py_uhash_t)-1) {
+            _Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
             return -1;
         }
         acc += lane * _PyTuple_HASH_XXPRIME_2;
         acc = _PyTuple_HASH_XXROTATE(acc);
         acc *= _PyTuple_HASH_XXPRIME_1;
     }
+    _Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
 
     /* Add input length, mangled to keep the historical value of hash(()). */
     acc += len ^ (_PyTuple_HASH_XXPRIME_5 ^ 3527539UL);