ci: DRY the supported-PostgreSQL-major list to a single source

[jnasbyupgrade]

The supported PostgreSQL-major list was embedded in three places in ci.yml -- the test job matrix (12..18), the extension-update-test matrix (10 + 12..18) and the pg-upgrade-stepwise climb loop (11..18) -- so adding a future major meant editing all three. This centralizes it to ONE source: the changes job now derives all three lists from a single set of constants (NEWEST, CURRENT_FLOOR, LEGACY_FLOOR) and emits them as job outputs. The test and extension-update-test matrices consume them via matrix: pg: ${{ fromJSON(needs.changes.outputs.<...>) }}, and the stepwise loop iterates the derived climb list passed through env:. Adding the newest major is now a one-line NEWEST bump; the legacy PG10 floor is defined once (LEGACY_FLOOR) and reused by both the update matrix and the stepwise loop start.

Pure refactor: the three consumers resolve to the same major sets as before (test=12..18, extension-update=10+12..18, stepwise climb=11..18). No new job is added -- the derivation rides on the existing changes job, which every heavy job already needs -- so all-checks-passed's self-check (asserting every defined job is in its needs) still passes unchanged, and the docs-only gate still composes (changes always runs and emits the lists; heavy jobs stay gated on needs.changes.outputs.docs_only != 'true').

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