Update dependency pymdown-extensions to v11 [SECURITY] - #70
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This PR contains the following updates:
==10.16.1→==11.0.1Regression in pymdownx.snippets reintroduces sibling-prefix path traversal bypass despite restrict_base_path
CVE-2026-46338 / GHSA-62q4-447f-wv8h
More information
Details
Summary
pymdownx.snippetshas a regression of the CVE-2023-32309 / GHSA-jh85-wwv9-24hv fix. Withrestrict_base_path: True(the default), the currentfilename.startswith(base)containment check does not enforce a directory boundary. As a result, a markdown snippet directive can read files from sibling paths that share the same prefix asbase_path, such asdocsvsdocs_internal.The regression was introduced in PR #2039 / commit
7c13bda5b7793b172efd1abb6712e156a83fe07d, which replaced the original directory-identity check with a plain string-prefix comparison.Details
The regression was introduced in commit
7c13bda5b7793b172efd1abb6712e156a83fe07d(2023-05-15, #2039 "Fix regression of snippets nested deeply under specified base path"), which relaxed the originalos.path.samefile(base, os.path.dirname(filename))check to a plainstartswith(base).SnippetPreprocessor.get_snippet_path()inpymdownx/snippets.py:baseisos.path.abspath(b)and has no trailing separator.str.startswith(base)isTruefor anyfilenamewhose string representation begins with the same characters asbase, regardless of whether those characters end at a directory boundary.Concrete example:
base = "/x/docs"path = "../docs_secret/leak.txt"(inside the markdown snippet directive)os.path.join(base, path)→"/x/docs/../docs_secret/leak.txt"os.path.abspath(...)→"/x/docs_secret/leak.txt"filename.startswith(base)→True, because"/x/docs_secret/..."begins with the literal string"/x/docs".All releases from 10.0.1 (2023-05-15) through 10.21.2 (current) are affected.
Impact
Arbitrary file read within the host the build runs on, bounded by the prefix match. With
base_path = /x/docsthe attacker can read files from any sibling directory whose path begins with the literal string/x/docsfollowed by any non-separator character — for example/x/docs_internal/,/x/docs.bak/,/x/docs2/.The threat model is the same as the original CVE-2023-32309: markdown content processed by the snippets preprocessor in a build pipeline (typical scenario: an MkDocs documentation site built in CI from PR contributions or otherwise less-trusted markdown) can read files outside the configured base. CI builds that publish the generated HTML expose the read file to the public; CI builds with secrets on disk leak those secrets.
Reproduction
Minimal local PoC, non-destructive:
Default
restrict_base_path: Trueis sufficient — no non-default option is required.Suggested fix
Minimal change — require the separator after the base prefix:
This preserves the original intent (allow snippets nested at any depth under
base_path) while restoring the directory-boundary check. It does not affect theos.path.isdir(base)branch wherebaseis a file (that branch still usesos.path.samefile).Alternative:
os.path.commonpath([base, filename]) == baseis equivalent and slightly more idiomatic, though it raisesValueErroron different drives on Windows and would need atry/except. Thestartswith(base + os.sep)fix is the smaller diff.Note: this fix does not change behaviour for symlinks inside
base_path. The existing implementation usesos.path.abspath(notos.path.realpath), so a symlink withinbase_pathpointing outside is still followed. That is a separate concern — symlinks require write access tobase_path, a much higher bar than the current bypass — and matches the behaviour the CVE-2023 fix established.Regression test
A regression test class
TestSnippetsSiblingPrefixwas added intests/test_extensions/test_snippets.py. It usestests/test_extensions/_snippets/nestedasbase_pathand a new fixture directorytests/test_extensions/_snippets/nested_sibling_evil/leak.txt. It asserts that the markdown directive--8<-- "../nested_sibling_evil/leak.txt"raisesSnippetMissingError.AssertionError: SnippetMissingError not raised, sibling file is silently read).Full suite:
python -m pytest tests/ -q→ 738 passed (737 baseline + 1 new regression test). No regressions.Affected versions
>= 10.0.1, <= 10.21.2Severity
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:NReferences
This data is provided by the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0).
PyMdown Extensions: Path traversal in the b64 extension lets
read files outside base_path
CVE-2026-61632 / GHSA-9xwg-3r6f-jcx2
More information
Details
Summary
The
b64extension inlines images referenced by<img src="...">as base64 data URIs. When resolving thesrcpath it joins it onto the configuredbase_pathwithos.path.normpathand opens the result directly, with no check that the resolved path stays insidebase_path. Asrccontaining../sequences, or an absolute path, therefore reads a file outsidebase_pathas long as that file has an allowed image extension (.png,.jpg,.jpeg,.gif,.svg). The base64 of that file is then embedded in the rendered output, disclosing its contents.This is a separate code path from the
snippetstraversal issues (GHSA-jh85-wwv9-24hv, GHSA-62q4-447f-wv8h). It lives inpymdownx/b64.pyand has no path restriction of any kind. Confirmed on10.21.3installed from PyPI.Details
In
pymdownx/b64.py, functionrepl_path(around lines 68 to 90 onmain):There is no
startswith(base_path), noos.path.realpathcomparison, and no rejection of... Both branches are reachable from an attacker-controlledsrc.PoC
Reproduced against an unmodified
pymdown-extensions==10.21.3from PyPI. The script creates abase_pathdirectory and a PNG one level above it, then renders Markdown whose imagesrcpoints outsidebase_path, and confirms the outside file's bytes appear base64-encoded in the output.Output:
The base64 of a file outside
base_pathis present in the output. The absolute-path branch behaves the same way: an absolutesrcbypassesbase_pathentirely viaos.path.normpath(path). Both were confirmed leaking.Impact
An application that renders untrusted Markdown with
pymdownx.b64enabled exposes the contents of image-extension files on the server, or any path the process can read, to whoever controls the Markdown and whoever views the output. The reach is bounded by the image-extension check, so it is a targeted file read rather than full arbitrary read, but it still discloses file contents that were never meant to be exposed.Suggested fix
Resolve the real path and require it to stay within
base_pathbefore opening:The same containment check should apply to the absolute-path branch rather than trusting an absolute
src. Usingrealpathinstead ofabspathalso closes the related symlink-following gap in the snippets handler.Severity
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:NReferences
This data is provided by the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0).
pymdown-extensions: exponential-backtracking ReDoS in caret, tilde, betterem, and magiclink inline processors
CVE-2026-67422 / GHSA-gm37-52c6-37mw
More information
Details
Summary
Four inline processors in pymdown-extensions contain regular expressions with
exponential backtracking. A single untrusted Markdown line under
50 bytes drives
markdown.markdown()into unbounded CPU on the rendering thread(seconds at ~45 bytes, growing exponentially with each added character). All four
fire in the extension's default configuration
and are reachable through the documented public API. The
caret/tilde/betteremblow-up was introduced by the emphasis-pattern rewrite in PR #2547(first released in 10.13, Dec 2024) — earlier releases used a linear
(.+?)/([^\s]+?)content group — and is present through 11.0 (latest);magiclink's host pattern is long-standing and affects effectively all releases.Likely CWE-1333 (Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity).
This is a distinct issue from CVE-2025-68142 (ReDoS in
pymdownx.blocks.caption,RE_FIG_NUM, fixed in 10.16.1): different extensions, different regexes, and adifferent root cause (delimiter-run partition ambiguity rather than a
./\.typo).
Details
Four regexes share, or closely mirror, a vulnerable shape — an inner group that
can partition a run of the delimiter character into
{2,}-sized pieces inexponentially many ways, wrapped in a lazy
+?that must fail before the enginecan give up:
11.0)pymdownx.caret(superscript^…^)SUP2pymdownx/caret.py:56pymdownx.tilde(subscript~…~)SUB2pymdownx/tilde.py:55pymdownx.betterem(underscore_…_)SMART_UNDER_EM2(default)pymdownx/betterem.py:93pymdownx.magiclink(bare-URL autolink)RE_LINKpymdownx/magiclink.py:56(host at:59)pymdownx/caret.py:56(pymdown-extensions 11.0):The content group
(?:[^\^\s]|\^{2,})+?matches a run of carets only via the\^{2,}branch. A run of k carets can be split into ≥2-length pieces inexponentially many combinations; when no caret can serve as a valid closing
delimiter (the trailing
(?<![\^\s])(\^)cannot be satisfied), the engineexplores every partition before failing.
SUB2(tilde) andSMART_UNDER_EM2(betterem) are the same construct for
~and_. Inbetteremthe defaultsmart_enable='underscore'routes underscores toSmartUnderscoreProcessor→SMART_UNDER_EM2(betterem.py:93), which is the default-reachable,API-exploitable pattern; the non-smart
UNDER_EM2(:69, used only whensmart_enableisasterisk/disable) shares the shape but did not reproducethrough the public
markdown.markdown()pipeline on the tested payload, so a fixand regression test should target
SMART_UNDER_EM2.pymdownx/magiclink.py:59has the analogous ambiguity in the host portion, whereoverlapping character classes let a run of dots be grouped exponentially:
SUP2/SUB2/SMART_UNDER_EM2are applied at each delimiter occurrence via thedefault
PatternSequenceProcessorsubclasses (pymdownx/util.py);RE_LINKisapplied by
MagiclinkPattern(registered unconditionally at priority 85). In allfour cases, rendering
markdown.markdown(src, extensions=[ext])on untrustedsrcin default configuration is sufficient to reach the regex.PoC
Single self-contained script; runs against the pinned release in an ephemeral
env. Non-destructive — the input is ordinary Markdown text; the impact is CPU/time
(a per-render alarm caps each attempt so the script terminates).
Run:
The bug is in pymdown-extensions' own regexes run by the stdlib
reengine, so itis independent of the Markdown library version (
markdownpinned only forbyte-exact output). Observed output:
The per-step ratio stays roughly constant as the run grows (a fixed multiplicative
factor per fixed-size increment) — the signature of exponential, not polynomial,
backtracking. A valid, closed delimiter run of the same length exercises the same
regex yet renders in well under a millisecond, isolating the cost to the unclosed
crafted run. Extending it a few more characters pushes the render time into minutes
and beyond.
Impact
Denial of service: a sub-50-byte line pins the rendering thread at 100% CPU, with
no memory pressure to trip an OOM killer. Most Material/MkDocs usage renders
trusted author content at build time, but the untrusted-input exposure is concrete
in two settings:
General Python web apps that render user-supplied Markdown (comments, wikis,
issue/ticket bodies, chat, live preview) — notably any app using
pymdownx.extra, which bundlesbetteremwith the vulnerable defaultsmart_enable='underscore', or that reuses a Material-style extension block ina runtime renderer.
Hosted docs/CI systems that build untrusted, user-contributed Markdown, where a
single crafted line hangs the shared build worker.
Attacker: unauthenticated, remote (anyone who can submit Markdown).
Configuration: default for each extension.
Proposed CWE-1333. Proposed CVSS 3.1 (as proposed — the maintainer makes
the final call):
AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H(7.5, High).Suggestion
The vulnerable content groups need to be rewritten so a delimiter run has exactly
one parse, removing the
{2,}partition ambiguity that lets the enginere-segment a run on backtracking. For the emphasis patterns, restructuring the
content so a delimiter run is consumed in a single, non-re-partitionable way
(rather than by a
{2,}branch inside a+?group) removes the blow-up; forRE_LINK, disambiguate the host so.is matched in exactly one place (a singlelabelled-host pattern such as
(?:[-\w]+)(?:\.[-\w]+)*) rather than byoverlapping classes. Possessive quantifiers / atomic groups are the most direct
tool but require Python 3.11+; since the project supports Python 3.10, a
structural rewrite is the portable option.
A regression fixture per extension (a short delimiter run with no valid closer,
asserted to render under a small time budget) would guard against reintroduction.
References
pymdown-extensions 11.0):pymdownx/caret.py:56(SUP2),pymdownx/tilde.py:55(SUB2),pymdownx/betterem.py:93(SMART_UNDER_EM2,default;
:69UNDER_EM2shares the shape),pymdownx/magiclink.py:56(
RE_LINK, host subexpression at:59).pymdownx.blocks.captionRE_FIG_NUM,fixed 10.16.1) but distinct extensions, regexes, and root cause. The
caret/tilde/betteremcontent groups gained the vulnerable{2,}alternation in PR #2547 (v10.13); earlier releases used a linear
(.+?)/([^\s]+?)group.magiclink's host pattern is long-standing. Noneof the four has been touched by a prior security fix; all are present in the
latest release (11.0).
Severity
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:HReferences
This data is provided by the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0).
Release Notes
facelessuser/pymdown-extensions (pymdown-extensions)
v11.0.1Compare Source
11.0.1
v11.0Compare Source
11.0
base_pathby default. Can be disabled by setting newrestrict_pathoption to
False. The newroot_pathcan be specified if paths are desired to be restricted to a differentlocation separate
base_pathwhich is also used as a relative base for image paths.v10.21.3Compare Source
10.21.3
restrict_base_pathis enabled (the default). Found by @gistrec.v10.21.2: 10.21. 2Compare Source
10.21.2
None.v10.2110.21
@joapuiib.
v10.20Compare Source
10.20
NEW: Quotes: New blockquotes extension added that uses a more modern approach when compared to Python Markdown's
default. Quotes specifically will not group consecutive blockquotes together in the same lazy fashion that the
default Python Markdown does which follows a more modern trend to how parsers these days handle block quotes.
In addition, Quotes also provides an optional feature to enable specifying callouts/alerts in the style used by
GitHub and Obsidian.
v10.19.1Compare Source
10.19.1
$$math used inline within a paragraph could result in nested mathparsing.
v10.19Compare Source
10.19
viewmode deprecation as some still like to use it, though further enhancements to thismode are not planned.
v10.18Compare Source
10.18
viewmode has been deprecated. To avoid warnings or future issues, explicitly setmodetoeither
acceptorreject. In the future, the new default will beacceptand theviewmode will be removedentirely.
importantshould have always been available as a default.v10.17.2Compare Source
10.17.2
and other non-conflicting blocks.
v10.17.1Compare Source
10.17.1
v10.17Compare Source
10.17
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