[C++][FlightRPC][ODBC] Fix statement descriptor and cursor lifecycle #51341

Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

The Flight SQL ODBC statement implementation has several related descriptor and cursor lifecycle defects:

• The active application row descriptor (ARD) is initialized from the built-in application parameter descriptor (APD), so the implicit ARD and APD alias each other.
• Setting SQL_ATTR_APP_PARAM_DESC or SQL_ATTR_APP_ROW_DESC to SQL_NULL_HANDLE does not restore the corresponding implicit descriptor or detach the explicit descriptor.
• Freeing a statement does not detach it from explicit descriptors, leaving dangling statement pointers that are dereferenced if the descriptors are freed later.
• SQLFetch and SQLGetData without an open cursor can dereference a null result set or return the wrong diagnostic instead of SQLSTATE 24000.
• SQLMoreResults returns SQL_NO_DATA without closing the current cursor.

These are generic framework defects and reproduce on current main.

Component(s)

C++, FlightRPC