sqlite: throw on oversized string values

[araujogui]

SQLite serves TEXT up to SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH (1e9 by default), past what
V8 can represent as a string. String::NewFromUtf8() returns an empty
handle without throwing, and the user-defined function path then called
SetIgnoreNextSQLiteError(true) as if a JavaScript exception were
pending, so the SQLite error was discarded too.

db.exec('INSERT INTO t VALUES (myfn(hex(zeroblob(300000000))))');
// returned normally; myfn never ran; nothing was inserted

db.prepare('SELECT hex(zeroblob(300000000))').get();
// undefined - indistinguishable from "no row"

Utf8StringMaybeOneByte() now throws ERR_STRING_TOO_LONG when the
value exceeds String::kMaxLength, which covers both the UDF arguments
and the column reads that share it. The suppression in
THROW_ERR_SQLITE_ERROR() is gated on an actually pending exception so
it can no longer turn a failed statement into a success.

[nodejs-github-bot]

Review requested:

• @nodejs/sqlite

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 80.00000% with 1 line in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 90.35%. Comparing base (191a3b2) to head (61fffa5).
⚠️ Report is 8 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/node_sqlite.cc	80.00%	0 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #66209      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   90.35%   90.35%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         792      792              
  Lines      275434   275439       +5     
  Branches    52780    52790      +10     
==========================================
- Hits       248878   248861      -17     
- Misses      16981    16987       +6     
- Partials     9575     9591      +16     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/node_sqlite.cc	81.93% <80.00%> (-0.09%)	⬇️

... and 23 files with indirect coverage changes

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[trivikr]

@araujogui The code change looks good. Can you please rebase?

[trivikr]

The lint errors need fixing

/home/runner/work/node/node/test/parallel/test-sqlite-statement.js
Error:   1454:20  error  'DatabaseSync' is not defined  no-undef
Error:   1462:20  error  'DatabaseSync' is not defined  no-undef

[nodejs-github-bot]

CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/78061/

[nodejs-github-bot]

Landed in c5b7a06